DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of the Rangelands of Western Canada1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of the Rangelands of Western Canada1 A History of the Rangelands knowledge of good livestock hus- bandry was limited to only a few of of Western Canada1 the colonists. Cattle were most nu- muerous and most important espe- ALEX JOHNSTON2 cially after 320 head were driven in Range Ecologist, Research Station, Canada from the Mississippi River valley Department of Agriculture, Lethbridge, Alberta. in 1822 and 1823. But even in 1812 the settlers had Highlight frozen sea.” The French, in con- cattle on their minds. On the first trast, moved inland, taking the trip southward from York Factory In western Canada, the grass-buffalo on Hudson Bay to the Red River,> economy of the Indian was replaced trade to the natives and, by the the settlers saw a yearling bull and a by the wheat-cattle economy of the 1780’s, were cutting seriously into white man, and the Red River cart and the fur trade of the Hudson’s Bay heifer at Oxford House, a trading boat brigades of the fur trade by the Company. A result was that the post on the Hayes River, and pur- railways and highways of modern Company realized its mistake of re- chased them for the colony. (Sel- times. Ranching was part of the de- kirk earlier had provided eight velopment but its heyday lasted only maining on the Arctic shore, moved from about 1885 to 1905. inland also, and began to compete head of cattle at Stornoway, in the aggressively. By the 1790’s the Hud- Hebrides but they had been left son’s Bay Company and the newly behind when the ship sailed.) The The first cattle came into western organized North West Company of yearlings from Oxford House were Canada in 1702, 267 years ago. Montreal were building posts side- brought along in the boats and took They were brought in, with sheep by-side throughout the Saskatche- readily, to their new mode of travel. and horses, pigs and poultry, wan and Athabasca countries. Ed- “We find the cattle easy to handle,” through the fur trading posts then monton, the capital of Alberta, was wrote a settler, “They jump out and recently established on Hudson founded during this period-about into the boats of their own accord.” Bay. And so, before we can discuss 1794. By 1810 the competition The two animals were named Adam the rangelands and domestic live- throughout the northern prairies and Eve, the settlers obviously stock, we should consider the fur was bitter. hoping that they would multiply trade and the buffalo. The struggle for control of the and thus provide the colony with The British began fur trade op- fur trade led to the development of ample milk and meat. erations on the shores of Hudson agriculture along the Red River The next year-1813-a bull, a Bay in the 1670’s. In addition to of present day Manitoba and North cow, and a heifer were purchased trade goods, the supply ships Dakota. In 1811 the Hudson’s Bay from the North West Company brought out from the Orkney Is- Company granted a large tract of post near Brandon House and, lands, and occasionally from the land to Thomas Douglas, Fifth with Adam and Eve and their calf, Scandinavian countries, livestock Earl of Selkirk, who was a major made a total of six cattle in the and poultry, vegetable seeds and shareholder in the company at the settlement. Buffalo calves were se- grain, which were kept at, or grown time. Selkirk wanted the land, cured with a view to domesticating near, the posts. French explorers, which he called Assiniboia, for two them and crossing them with the notably La Verendrye and his sons, reasons: First, he was anxious to re- European bulls, but the calves discovered the water route from settle small farmers who had been died during the winter. Later in Montreal to the prairies in 1732 forced off their lands in northern the year the North West Company and, by 1738, had established a Scotland by the ‘Clearances’ and, bull became vicious and was number of fur trading posts in second, he thought that the settlers slaughtered for meat. This was un- what is now southern Manitoba would provide agricultural supplies fortunate because during the win- (Fig. 1). and hence improve the position of ter, Adam went through a hole in For the next one hundred years the Hudson’s Bay Company in its the ice in the river and was the Hudson’s Bay Company was struggle with the North West Com- drowned. One bull calf was left to content to sit on the shores of the pany. Also, the colony promised a perpetuate the herd. Bay, a period that was called by a steady and cheap supply of labor in Early in the nineteenth century, British Member of Parliament of the more distant future. A few then, there were cattle on most of the time, “the long sleep by the colonists reached the Red River in the fur trading posts of the Ca- 1812 and established the first per- lPaper presented at the 22nd Annual nadian west, usually brought in as Meeting, American Society of Range manent farms in western Canada. calves by boat. There were cattle Management, Calgary, Canada. Re- Livestock were obtained as soon at Dunvegan, in the Peace River ceived April 22, 1969; accepted for as possible. Generally, the quality country, by 1823, for example, and publication May 5, 1969. 2Drawings by Charles M. Russell was low, it was difficult to house at Edmonton by about 1840. A courtesy of Frederick G. Renner. and feed them properly, and a precarious agriculture was estab- 3 4 JOHNSTON until about 1919-1920 when the prairies were again fully stocked, this time with domestic livestock. There is one other aspect of the Indian trade that should be men- tioned in a discussion of the history of domestic livestock and the rangelands. The Hudson’s Bay Company dominated the fur trade in western Canada for ZOO years but never made any real effort to penetrate the southern plains. The penetra- tion of that area was accomplished in the late sixties and early seventies by prospectors and traders from Fort Benton, Montana. Eventually FIG. 1. The La Vcrentlryes discover the Rocky Mountains. these traders-among them J. J. “Johnny” Healy, Alfred B. Hamil- lished in the Red River valley, the Indians faced starvation. And, tbn, J. B. “Waxey” Weatherwax, destined to be the forerunner of since their traditional food supply Dick Berry, and others-established waves of farming settlement, which was gone, they turned to other ani- about 26 trading posts in southern started in 1871. mals. The pronghorned antelope Alberta and southwestern Saskatch- The plains were still primitive was reduced to’ a fraction of its ewan. Alcohol was their most prof- although the Indian and the fur former numbers; the elk was killed itable stock-in-trade and so the forts trader had put them to use. The or driven from the plains. Smaller came to be known as “whiskey Plains tribes had created an econ- game, and even gophers and other trading posts.” The most notorious omy and a civilization based upon rodents, suffered in turn. By 1880 of these was Fort Whoop-up, lo- the buffalo. They had done this by the Canadian prairie was virtually cated at the junction of the St. means of the horse, which was at devoid of grazing animals and, be- Mary’s and Belly Rivers, near mod- home on the plains, and the buffalo cause the late seventies and early ern Lethbridge. skin tipi, which was a product of eighties were much wetter than Fort Whoop-up and depravity the herds. The way of life that the normal, the grass grew profusely. are still synonymous in the minds Plains Indians created was such Even though prairie fires continued of many southern Albertans. Di- that few men anywhere in the to remove the topgrowth in the fall, luted alcohol was traded at Whoop- world had ever known more inde- winter and early spring months, the up, murders did take place during pendence or a greater security. prairies benefited from non-use drunken brawls, Indians were poi- To the fur traders, the plains and produced a cover of grass the soned by laudanum in the alcohol were a source of provisions. And like of which had never been seen mixture or were frozen to death provision posts, which were also fur before and which will never be seen while intoxicated. At the same trading posts, lined the northern again. Light use continued, in fact, time the fort became a political edge of the open plains from mod- ern Winnipeg to Edmonton. To these posts were sent the dried meat and pemmican of the summer hunt, the fresh and frozen meat of the fall hunt (Fig. 2). Thus the winter col- lection of furs from throughout the northern forests depended pri- marily on the provisions afforded by the buffalo of the southern grass- lands. Gradually the buffalo were reduced in numbers and in range until, in 1879, the last of the Ca- nadian herd was driven by prairie fires into Montana and was hunted to near-extinction there. With the passing of the buffalo, FIG. 2. Early day white buffalo hunters. HISTORY OF RANGELANDS . issue since it was operated by Amer- icans on newly-acquired Cana- dian territory. Also, the Hudson’s Bay Company, which had traded in rum with the Indians intermittently for one hundred years, was par- ticularly incensed at the loss in trade represented by Fort Whoop- up. Missionaries added their voices to the growing clamor for action by the Canadian government.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
    PROJECT 6 – ALL-SEASON ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview PROJECT 6 – ALL-SEASON ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ......................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 The Proponent – Manitoba Infrastructure ...................................................................... 1-1 1.1.1 Contact Information ........................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Legal Entity .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.3 Corporate and Management Structures ............................................................. 1-1 1.1.4 Corporate Policy Implementation ...................................................................... 1-2 1.1.5 Document Preparation ....................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Project Overview .............................................................................................................. 1-3 1.2.1 Project Components ......................................................................................... 1-11 1.2.2 Project Phases and Scheduling ......................................................................... 1-11 1.2.3 The East Side Transportation Initiative ............................................................. 1-14 1.3 Project Location ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution Fidler in Context
    TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgements vii introduction Fidler in Context 1 first journal From York Factory to Buckingham House 43 second journal From Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains 95 notes to the first journal 151 notes to the second journal 241 sources and references 321 index 351 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION FIDLER IN CONTEXT In July 1792 Peter Fidler, a young surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Company, set out from York Factory to the company’s new outpost high on the North Saskatchewan River. He spent the winter of 1792‐93 with a group of Piikani hunting buffalo in the foothills SW of Calgary. These were remarkable journeys. The river brigade travelled more than 2000 km in 80 days, hauling heavy loads, moving upstream almost all the way. With the Piikani, Fidler witnessed hunts at sites that archaeologists have since studied intensively. On both trips his assignment was to map the fur-trade route from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Fidler kept two journals, one for the river trip and one for his circuit with the Piikani. The freshness and immediacy of these journals are a great part of their appeal. They are filled with descriptions of regional landscapes, hunting and trading, Native and fur-trade cultures, all of them reflecting a young man’s sense of adventure as he crossed the continent. But there is noth- ing naive or spontaneous about these remarks. The journals are transcripts of his route survey, the first stages of a map to be sent to the company’s head office in London.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESENTATIONS CANOECOPIA PRESENTATIONS for 2020 We Proudly Offer up a Cornucopia of Canoecopia Speakers & Topics
    PRESENTATIONS CANOECOPIA PRESENTATIONS FOR 2020 We proudly offer up a cornucopia of Canoecopia speakers & topics. Christopher Amidon Paddling Isle Royale National Park Sat 1:30p, Quetico Sun 2:30p, Superior Isle Royale National Park offers unique opportunities for paddling in and around a wilderness island in Lake Superior. The challenges facing paddlers are many, from the logistics of transporting paddling equipment to the unpredictable and cold waters of Lake Superior. Join Ranger Chris Amidon to explore the paddling options and obstacles of Isle Royale National The Aluminum Chef Competition Park. Brought to you by MSR Sat 4:30p, Quetico Gregory Anderson Once again, our three Aluminum Chefs will test their camp culinary The Science of Waves skills against each other in true outdoor style. Kevin Callan returns as Fri 6:30p, Loon our unstoppable emcee in this fast-paced event. Woods-woman, Mona Have you ever wondered why wave fronts Gauthier and former park ranger Marty Koch go up against local chef end up parallel to the beach? How do shoals Luke Zahm of the Driftless Cafe in Viroqua, WI. Using MSR stoves create larger waves? Why do waves bend and cook kits, and a pantry of simple ingredients you might have on around obstacles? Understanding waves will your next camping trip (donated by the Driftless Cafe), our chefs will help you manage the surf zone and make you compete for the best appetizer, entree, and dessert. Come join the fun a better paddler, whether you want to avoid a - you could be one of the judges from the audience who will determine pounding or to catch the ride of your life.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 – Project Setting
    Chapter 4 – Project Setting MINAGO PROJECT i Environmental Impact Statement TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. PROJECT SETTING 4-1 4.1 Project Location 4-1 4.2 Physical Environment 4-2 4.3 Ecological Characterization 4-3 4.4 Social and Cultural Environment 4-5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1-1 Property Location Map ......................................................................................................... 4-1 Figure 4.4-1 Communities of Interest Surveyed ....................................................................................... 4-6 MINAGO PROJECT ii Environmental Impact Statement VICTORY NICKEL INC. 4. PROJECT SETTING 4.1 Project Location The Minago Nickel Property (Property) is located 485 km north-northwest of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and 225 km south of Thompson, Manitoba on NTS map sheet 63J/3. The property is approximately 100 km north of Grand Rapids off Provincial Highway 6 in Manitoba. Provincial Highway 6 is a paved two-lane highway that serves as a major transportation route to northern Manitoba. The site location is shown in Figure 4.1-1. Source: Wardrop, 2006 Figure 4.1-1 Property Location Map MINAGO PROJECT 4-1 Environmental Impact Statement VICTORY NICKEL INC. 4.2 Physical Environment The Minago Project is located within the Nelson River sub-basin, which drains northeast into the southern end of the Hudson Bay. The Minago River and Hargrave River catchments, surrounding the Minago Project Site to the north, occur within the Nelson River sub-basin. The William River and Oakley Creek catchments at or surrounding the Minago Project Site to the south, occur within the Lake Winnipeg sub-basin, which flows northward into the Nelson River sub-basin. The topography in these watersheds varies between elevation 210 and 300 m.a.s.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeyask Generation Project April 2014
    REPORT ON PUBLIC HEARING Keeyask Generation Project April 2014 REPORT ON PUBLIC HEARING Keeyask Generation Project April 2014 ii iii iv Table of Contents Foreword . xi Executive Summary . xv Chapter One: Introduction. .1 1.1 Th e Manitoba Clean Environment Commission. .1 1.2 Th e Project . .1 1.3 Th e Proponent. .2 1.4 Terms of Reference . .3 1.5 Th e Hearings . .4 1.6 Th e Report. .4 Chapter Two: The Licensing Process . .7 2.1 Needed Licences and Approvals . .7 2.2 Review Process for an Environment Act Licence . .7 2.3 Federal Regulatory Review and Decision Making . .8 2.4 Section 35 of Canada’s Constitution. .8 2.5 Need For and Alternatives To. .9 2.6 Role of the Clean Environment Commission . .9 2.7 Th e Licensing Decision. .9 Chapter Three: The Public Hearing Process. 11 3.1 Clean Environment Commission . 11 3.2 Public Participation . 11 3.2.1 Participants . 11 3.2.2 Participant Assistance Program . 11 3.2.3 Presenters. 12 3.3 Th e Pre-Hearing . 12 3.4 Th e Hearings . 12 v Chapter Four: Manitoba’s Electrical Generation and Transmission System . 13 4.1 System Overview. 13 4.2 Generating Stations . 15 4.3 Lake Winnipeg Regulation and the Churchill River Diversion. 17 Chapter Five: The Keeyask Generation Project. 21 5.1 Overview. 21 5.2 Major Project Components and Infrastructure. 23 5.2.1 Powerhouse . 23 5.2.2 Spillway . 24 5.2.3 Dams . 24 5.2.4 Dykes . 24 5.2.5 Ice Boom .
    [Show full text]
  • Circumpolar Wild Reindeer and Caribou Herds DRAFT for REVIEW
    CircumpolarCircumpolar WildWild ReindeerReindeer andand CaribouCaribou HerdsHerds DRAFTDRAFT FORFOR REVIEWREVIEW 140°W 160°W 180° 160°E Urup ALEUTIAN ISLANDS NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN KURIL ISANDS Paramushir ALEUTIAN ISLANDS Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy Commander Islands Bering Sea Kronotskiy Gulf r ive Gulf of Kamchatka a R k 50°N at ch NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN m Ka 40°N Sea of Okhotsk Bristol Bay KAMCHATKA PENINSULA Karaginskiy Gulf Okha ALASKA PENINSULA Tatar Strait Kodiak Gulf of Sakhalin Bethel Iliamna Lake Shelikhova Gulf P’yagina Pen. Koni Pen. Riv Homer ina er iver zh Magadan Cook Inlet R n m Pe Taygonos Pen. wi Coos Bay ok sk u Kenai K Kotlit S . F Gulf of Anadyr' Okhotsk-Kolyma Upland Kenai Peninsula o Western Arctic Wi r Uda Bay llam Anchorage k iver Eugenee Ku r’ R tt Tillamook Gulf of Alaska sk dy e S o Nome A na R Prince William Sound kw Salem2iv Queen Charlotte Islands u im s e Astoria Palmeri R Norton Sound ive r t iv R r STANOVOY RANGE n e a r a Valdez m Portland2 R y r Aberdeen2 Port HardyQueen Charlotte Sound i l e Dixon Entrance v o v Vancouver1 e CHUKCHI PENINSULA K i r R y r Centralia Bering Strait O u e Sitka l t v Olympia Seward Peninsula o h i ALASKA RANGE y R k R Courtenay ive u ia KetchikanAlexander Archipelago r K b TacomaStrait of Juan de Fuca Nanaimo m r Bol’sho u e y l A Wrangell v n o Puget Sound Strait of Georgia i United States of America yu C SeattleEverett R y r er Kotzebue Sound Ri e Juneau p ve iv BellinghamVancouver2 S op r R Yakima t C Kotzebue n ik r o COAST MOUNTAINS in e l COLUMBIA PLAT.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conquest of the Great Northwest Piled Criss-Cross Below Higher Than
    The Conquest of the Great Northwest festooned by a mist-like moss that hung from tree to tree in loops, with the windfall of untold centuries piled criss-cross below higher than a house. The men grumbled.They had not bargained on this kind of voyaging. Once down on the west side of the Great Divide, there were the Forks.MacKenzie's instincts told him the northbranch looked the better way, but the old guide had said only the south branch would lead to the Great River beyond the mountains, and they turned up Parsnip River through a marsh of beaver meadows, which MacKenzie noted for future trade. It was now the 3rd of June.MacKenzie ascended a. mountain to look along the forward path. When he came down with McKay and the Indian Cancre, no canoe was to be found.MacKenzie sent broken branches drifting down stream as a signal and fired gunshot after gunshot, but no answer!Had the men deserted with boat and provisions?Genuinely alarmed, MacKenzie ordered McKay and Cancre back down the Parsnip, while he went on up stream. Whichever found the canoe was to fire a gun.For a day without food and in drenching rains, the three tore through the underbrush shouting, seeking, despairing till strength vas ethausted and moccasins worn to tattersBarefoot and soaked, MacKenzie was just lying down for the night when a crashing 64 "The Coming of the Pedlars" echo told him McKay had found the deserters. They had waited till he had disappeared up the mountain, then headed the canoe north and drifted down stream.
    [Show full text]
  • HAYES RIVER a Canadian Heritage River Ten-Year Monitoring Report: 2006 – 2016
    HAYES RIVER A Canadian Heritage River Ten-year Monitoring Report: 2006 – 2016 Prepared by Manitoba Sustainable Development Parks and Protected Spaces Branch for The Canadian Heritage Rivers Board April 2017 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Manitoba Sustainable Development with contributions from numerous individuals and organizations including: • Manitoba Tourism Secretariat • Historic Resources Branch of Manitoba Sport, Culture and Heritage • Manitoba East Side Road Authority • Manitoba Hydro • Dr. Virginia Petch, president of Northern Lights Heritage Services • Councillor Liberty Redhead of Shamattawa First Nation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Hayes River, Manitoba’s longest naturally Various research and monitoring projects have been flowing river, is rich in cultural history and the conducted in the Hayes River corridor over the sights and sounds of the wilderness. Opportunities past ten years. Much of this has been done by or for natural heritage appreciation and adventure for Manitoba Hydro in relation to its hydroelectric abound for those who undertake the challenge developments on the nearby Nelson River. Work of paddling down all or a portion of the was also undertaken to protect York Factory 600-kilometre route. On the basis of these and National Historic Site, located at the downstream other values, the Hayes was designated to the end of the route, from natural erosion processes. Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS) Other activity in the area involved the work of in 2006. The CHRS requires that a detailed river stewards, provincial staff who travelled the monitoring report be prepared every ten years river corridor maintaining the route and campsites from designation to confirm that rivers continue to over the course of several summers, and the gradual possess the natural, cultural and recreational values development of an all-season road network in for which they were designated.
    [Show full text]
  • Eric W. Morse Fonds
    Canadian Archives Direction des archives Branch canadiennes ERIC W. MORSE FONDS R8288 Finding Aid No. 2279 / Instrument de recherche no 2279 Prepared in 2002 by R. Fisher for the Social Préparé en 2002 par R. Fisher pour les and Cultural Archives Archives sociales et culturelles ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................ iii CANOE TRIPS SERIES ......................................................1, 9 CANOEING and FUR TRADE RESEARCH SERIES .................................4 EDUCATION and PROFESSIONAL LIFE SERIES ..................................7 PERSONAL and FAMILY MATERIAL SERIES ....................................8 ERIC W. MORSE fonds Archival Reference No. R 8288 Inclusive Dates 1926-1995. Extents 85 cm of textual records. 460 photographs. 171 maps. 3 prints. Biographical Sketch Eric Wilton Morse was born 27 December 1904 in Naini Tal, India, the son of Wilton Henry and Florence (Griffin) Morse. His family moved to Canada in 1910 and eventually settled in Port Hope where his father was a school master at Trinity College School. Eric Morse was educated at Trinity College School and eventually followed his father’s footsteps, becoming a school master there. In 1936, he enrolled at Queen’s University and received a Master of Arts degree in History for his thesis on the “Immigration and Status of British East Indians in Canada”. At this time, he also wrote Canada and the Drug Traffic (Toronto 1938) for the Canadian Institute of International Affairs. His teaching career ended after the outbreak of the Second World War when he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force. Morse decided to remain in Ottawa after the war, becoming the National Secretary of the United Nations Association in Canada in 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Hayes River in Manitoba
    Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba. Cover title. At head of title: Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7711-1534-2. 1. Hayes River (Man.). 2. Rivers – Manitoba – Management. 3. Rivers – Recreational use – Manitoba. 4. Wild and scenic rivers – Manitoba. 5. Stream conservation – Canada. 6. Watershed management – Canada. 7. Canadian Heritage Rivers System. I. Manitoba. Parks and Natural Areas Branch. II. Canadian Heritage Rivers System. III. Ti.: Canadian Heritage Rivers System : a management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba. GB1230./H39M36 2005 333.78’45’0971271 C2005-962000-5 The historic Hayes River fur trade route from York Factory to Norway House, comprised of the Hayes, Echimamish and Nelson Rivers, is an outstanding treasure for Manitoba and for Canada. The Aboriginal, fur trade and more recent history, the unspoiled nature, and the recreational potential of this route easily make it worthy of designation as a Canadian Heritage River. This management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba is the designation document submitted to the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board to fulfil the requirements for designation as a Canadian Heritage River. Preparation of this plan has involved the combined efforts of staff of Manitoba Conservation, staff and Councils of Norway House, Bunibonibee, Shamattawa and York Factory First Nations, and the many Manitobans who participated in the consultation process. Their interest and participation is the testimony and commitment that will ensure the Hayes is forever cared for in a way that befits its designation as a Canadian Heritage River.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Exploration And
    THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Earla Elizabeth Croll In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies May 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH By Earla Elizabeth Croll The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Mark Harvey Chair Dr. Gerritdina Justitz Dr. Larry Peterson Dr. Holly Bastow-Shoop Approved: 7/21/2014 Dr. John K. Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH As beaver became scarcer in the east, the quest for Castor Canadensis sent traders into the northern plains. Reluctant explorers, traders looked for easier access and cheaper means of transport. Initially content to wait on the shores of the Bay, HBC was forced to meet their competitors in the natives’ homelands. The Red River Valley was easily accessed from Hudson’s Bay, becoming the center of the fur trade in the northern plains. HBC helped colonize the first permanent settlement west of the Great Lakes in the Red River Valley.
    [Show full text]