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Wireless Wans: from 1G to 4G Module W.Wan.2 W.wan.2-2 Wireless WAN: 1G Æ 4G 1G Wireless WANs: From 1G to 4G AMPS 2G Module W.wan.2 GSM Case Study: GSM & cdmaOne (W.wan.3) 2.5G 3G Dr.M.Y.Wu@CSE Dr.W.Shu@ECE Case Study: UMTS/W-CDMA (W.wan.4) Shanghai Jiaotong University University of New Mexico Shanghai, China Albuquerque, NM, USA 4G End of module W.wan.2 © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM 1 W.wan.2-3 W.wan.2-4 Cellular network, 1G Cellular network, 1G Analog-based Analog-based, USA: European: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) USA: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), AT&T 1980s Initial setup operations ¾ two 25-MHz bands allocated to AMPS ¾ MT power on, scan for the most powerful control channel, broadcast ¾ Frequency reuse N=7, R = 2-20 km, K = 30KHz its NAM; BS hears MT’s NAM, registers with MSC (Mobile ¾ Each band split into two service providers A & B to encourage competition Switching Center) ¾ MT updates its location every 15 minutes 824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz Making a call A: 12.5 MHz, B: 12.5 MHz A: 12.5 MHz B: 12.5 MHz ¾ # to be called via access channel: MTÆBSÆMSC uplink, uplink downlink downlink ¾ MSC schedule/assign up/down links’ channels 12.5 M / 30 K = 416 channels Answering a call ¾ 395 voice channels, FM/FDD ¾ MT is alerted to incoming call via a paging channel ¾ 21 control data channels, FSK, 10 kbps Power saving An AMPS cell phone includes a NAM (Numeric Assignment Module) ¾ Periodically sleep for 46.3 ms, then scan for paging channel = telephone number + 32-bit serial number from manufacture Designed for GoS (Grade of service) of 2% blocking © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-5 W.wan.2-6 Cellular network, 1GÆ2G Wireless WAN: 1G Æ 4G From 1G to 2G 1G 1G AMPS ¾ Analog-based ¾ Frequency modulation 2G ¾ Developed for a single application: voice GSM ¾ Other services, such as fax, data, were defined as overlay Case Study: GSM & cdmaOne (W.wan.3) services on top of the analog voice service 2G 2.5G ¾ Digital-based 3G ¾ TDMA & CDMA Case Study: UMTS/W-CDMA (W.wan.4) ¾ Integrated voice/data services ¾ provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping 4G ¾ Error detection and correction, giving clear voice reception End of module W.wan.2 ¾ Allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-7 W.wan.2-8 GSM cellular network, 2G GSM physical layer, 2G GSM (Global System for Mobile communications), 1991 Frequency bands: R = 100m - 35 km, K = 200 KHz 890-915 MHz (uplink), 935-960MHz (downlink), Europe Integrated services with three domains: 1800 MHz, DCN (Digital Communication Network) 1900 MHz, USA Service Category Service 450 MHz, replacing analog NMT system Teleservices Telephone (13 kbps voice), emergency calls, SMS (short message service, 160 chars), FAX K = 200 KHz, duplex channels are separated by 45 MHz Bearer services Circuit or packet switching: asynchronous (25 M – 2x100KHz guard band) / 200 K = 124 channels data, (up to 9600 bps), synchronous (2.4, 4.8, ¾ Each 200 KHz Æ 270.8 kbps 9.6 kbps) ¾ Each 200 KHz channel has 8 TDMA slots Supplementary Call forwarding, conference call up to 7, call- Each with 0.577 ms duration services back 270.8/8 = 34 kbps + FEC Æ 9.6 kbps Modulation: GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying) © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-9 W.wan.2-10 GSM frames & channels, 2G GSM frames & channels, 2G FDMA/TDMA; frames & bursts Traffic for every 20 ms 935-960 MHz Logically 4 bursts 124 channels (200 kHz), downlink ¾ every 24 bursts of traffic, adding 2 bursts of control y c n ¾ (4 x 4.615ms) x (26/24) = 20ms e u q e 890-915 MHz Overhead added fr 124 channels (200 kHz), uplink ¾ Application bits + coding Æ payload higher GSM frame structures ¾ Payload + guarding & training Æ traffic time ¾ Traffic + control Æ physical carrier GSM TDMA frame 123 4 5 6 78 Application Payload Traffic 4.615 ms Bits voice: 260 456 624 GSM time-slot (normal burst) data: 244 guard guard tail user dataS Training S user data tail Bandwidth voice: 13 kbps 22.8 kbps 33.8 kbps space space 3 bits 57 bits1 26 bits 1357 bits 546.5 µs data: 9.6 kbps 577 µs © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-11 W.wan.2-12 GSM frames & channels, 2G GSM frames & channels, 2G Alignment of downlink & uplink GSM logical channels = TCHs + CCHs If a MT receives data in time t on the downlink Control channels (CCHs) ¾ it access on the uplink at time t+3x.577ms ¾ BCCH (Broadcast control channel, downlink broadcast), Synchronization, frequency control, BS’s ID & channel ¾ so it does not need a full-duplex transmitter status GSM logical channels = TCHs + CCHs ¾ DCCH (Dedicated control channel, two way) Traffic channels (TCHs) Call setup, location updates, call management ¾ Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F), 22 kbps Every call has its own allocated DCCH ¾ CCCH (Common control channel, one way) 13 kbps speech-coding voice traffic Downlink, paging channel for BS to alert MT for incoming 9.6 or 4.8 or 2.4 kbps data traffic call ¾ Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H) Uplink, random access channel for MT to initiate a new call 4.8 kbps voice traffic Downlink, access grant channel for BS to inform MT of an 4.8 or 2.4 kbps data traffic allotted duplex channel for a call © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-13 W.wan.2-14 Other cellular network, 2G Cellular markets, 2G D-AMPS (Digital AMPS), USA USA Verizon Coexist with AMPS, also known as IS-54 ¾ CDMA and analog Use AMPS carriers to deploy digital channels T-mobile ¾ TDMA, six slots per frame ¾ GSM Sprint PCS cdmaOne, South Korea & Hong Kong, 1993; USA, 1996 ¾ CDMA Also known as IS-95 (telecommunication Industry association Cingular interim Standard) ¾ GSM, TDMA, analog Fully digital standard, in 800 MHz China Only 2G CDMA, supports 4.8 & 14.4 kbps 移动 联通 PDC (Personal digital cellular), Japan Based on D-AMPS © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-15 W.wan.2-16 Wireless WAN: 1G Æ 4G Cellular network, 2.5G 1G Data services over GSM AMPS SMS (Short Message Service) 2G ¾ Each up to 160 characters in length GSM ¾ Message transfer takes place over the control channel Case Study: GSM & cdmaOne (W.wan.3) HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) ¾ 2.5G Circuit-switched protocol for larger file transfer & multimedia ¾ Occupies up to eight TDMA clots per user 3G If using 4 slots, 57.6 kbps Case Study: UMTS/W-CDMA (W.wan.4) Asymmetrical, usually downlink demands more 4G ¾ Increases blocking probability; End of module W.wan.2 ¾ Not efficient for burst data due to connection oriented protocol. Also, being charged by time not data. © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-17 W.wan.2-18 Cellular network, 2.5G Cellular network, 2.5G Data services over GSM Data services over GSM GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) ¾ TCP/IP packet service, no end-to-end connection ¾ Also known as EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) ¾ Use all eight slots, up to 171.2 kbps (depending on coding scheme) ¾ Instead of the binary GMSK, it uses 8-PSK modulation to triple the ¾ Allow for broadcast, multicast, and unicast capacity compared to GSM, but more susceptible to errors ¾ Being charged on volume instead of on connection time ¾ Have 9 different modulation & coding schemes, each designed for a different quality condition Always on, no connection setup ¾ Utilizing 200KHz narrow-band to approach 3G services ¾ All time slots can be shared by the active users, up and down links are allocated separately Data services over AMPS On-demand scheduling, using idle time slots only CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) ¾ Require more addition of infrastructure ¾ Connectionless data packet service ¾ Can also be used for other TDMA systems ¾ Be able to detect idle voice channels to transmit data packets ¾ Extended infrastructure for UMTS (3G) ¾ Continuously hop channels without blocking a voice call © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-19 W.wan.2-20 Wireless WAN: 1G Æ 4G Cellular network, 2GÆ3G 1G Uniform and continuous presentation of services, AMPS independent of location and access Aim at providing a virtual home environment 2G Demand intelligent network to retrieval and update location GSM information, handle handoffs, etc Case Study: GSM & cdmaOne (W.wan.3) Evolution plan: 2G Æ 3G 2.5G Country Existing 2G 3G Standard 3G Europe GSM W-CDMA (UMTS) Case Study: UMTS/W-CDMA (W.wan.4) USA cdmaOne/IS-95 cdma2000 4G IS-136 UWC-136 End of module W.wan.2 Japan PDC W-CDMA (DoCoMo) China © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM © by Dr.Wu@SJTU & Dr.Shu@UNM W.wan.2-21 W.wan.2-22 IMT-2000: cellular network, 3G IMT-2000: cellular network, 3G IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) Enabling technology for 3G The system would become available in the year of 2000 Has data rates of 2000 kbps Smart antennas Operate in the 2000 MHz region ¾ Control a directional array with an advanced digital signal processing Very nice, but dream didn’t come true capability Service Upstream Downstream Example Switching CDMA Interactive 256 kbps 256 kbps Video conf Circuit ¾ Can operate in the presence of interference Multimedia ¾ Support very large bandwidth High multimedia 20 kbps 2 mbps TV Packet ¾ In practice, some disappointing performance Medium 19.2 kbps 768 kbps Web Packet multimedia Spectrum allocation Switched data 43.2 kbps 43.2 kbps Fax Circuit IMT-2000 specified 2GHz spectrum could not be implemented Simple messaging 28.8 kbps 28.8 kbps email packet ¾ Were
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