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Cellular Wireless Communication: Past Present and the Future Past

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Cellular Wireless Communication: Past Present and the Future Past Iqra University IU Cellular Wireless Communication: Past, Present and the Future Presentedbd by: SSye d Isma ilShhil Shah E-mail: [email protected] ismail@@g3gca.or g 1 Iqra University IU Outline 1) Introduction to Mobile Communication and First Generation Systems 2) Digital Communication and the 2G Systems 3) The 2.5G systems 4) Third Generation Systems 5) Wireless Local Loop 6) OhOther Wire less S ystems 7) IMT-Advanced (4G) 8) Wirel ess O perat ors i n P aki st an 9) Some Recommendations 2 Iqra University IU Why Mobile Communication? Question: Why do we need a new technology when we hhdldblilhkhave such a developed public telephone network. Answer: Mobility. Confinement Versus Freedom 3 Iqra University IU Challenges of Mobility Challenges of using a radio channel: ¾ The use of radio channels necessitates methods of sharing them – channel access. (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) ¾ The wireless channel – poses a more challenging problem than with wires. ¾Bandwidth: it is possible to add wires but not bandwidth. So it is important to develop technologies that provide for spectrum reuse. ¾Privacy and security - a more difficult issue than with wired phone. ¾Others: low energy (battery), hand off, roaming, etc. 4 Iqra University IU First Generation Systems ¾ Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s. ¾ Cellular technology allows freqqyuency-reuse. With this we need to have Handoff (handover) ¾ In 1G we had analog voice but Control Link was digital 5 Iqra University IU Examples of First Generation Cellular Systems (FDMA based) 1) Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2) Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) 3) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NAMPS) 4) European Total Access System (ETACS) 5) Japanese TACS (JTACS) 6) Nippon Telephone and Telegram (NTT) 7) Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) 6 First Generation – AMPS and European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS) Parameter AMPS ETACS Multiple Access FDMA FDMA Duplexing FDD FDD Channel Bandwidth 30kHz 25kHz Traffic Channel per RF Channel 11 Reverse Channel Frequency 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Forward Channel Frequency 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Voice Modulation FM FM Peak Deviation: Voice Channels ± 12 kHz ± 10 kHz Control/Wideband Data ± 8 kHz ± 6.4 kHz Channel Coding for Data BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on Transmission RC RC Data Rate on Control channel 10kbps 8kbps Spectral Efficiency 0.33 bps/Hz 0.33 bps/Hz Number of Channels 832 1000 7 Iqra University IU Digital Communication: Transmitter From Other Channels 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Analog to Source Encrypt Multiplex Digital Encode Analog Converter Bits Encoded Encrypted input Bits Data 0 1 1 0 1 Multiplexed 010100 1 0 1 0 Data 1 0 1 0 1 Pulse Channel Scrambled Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data waveform waveform DtData Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel modulate & Pulse Encode Scrambler Modulate 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 110001 0 0 0 1 8 Iqra University IU Digital Communication: Receiver Digital Digital Channel Bandpass Baseband Bits Decoded waveform waveform Equalizer, Data De-modulate Channel Timing and De-scramble Decode Sym. to Bits 0 1 1 0 1 Descrambled Bits 1 0 0 0 1 Source DtdDecrypted De- Decoded Bits multiplexed Bits Source Bits D/A De- Analog Decode Decrypt 1 0 1 1 0 Multiplex output 10100101 0 1 0 0 1 0 To other Channels 9 Iqra University IU Performance Metrics • Analog Communication Systems – Metric is fidelity: want^ m(t)≈m(t) – SNR typically used as performance metric • Digital Communication Systems – Metrics^ are data rate (R bps) and probability of bit error (Pb=p(b≠b)) – Symbols already known at the receiver – Without noise/distortion/sync. problem, we will never make bit errors 10 Iqra University IU Second Generation Cellular Systems (TDMA and CDMA based) 1) GSM (Global System for Mobile) 2) PDC ((g)Personal Digital Cellular) 3) PHS (Personal Handy System) 4) DAMPS (Digital AMPS) 5) CDMAone (IS-95) 6) PlCiiS(PCS)Personal Communication System (PCS)-1900 (IS-136) 11 Second Generation – IS136/CDMA/GSM Parameter IS-136 IS-95 GSM Multiple Access TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD TDMA/FDD Modulation π/4 DQPSK BPSK GMSK Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 kHz Reverse Channel 824 – 849 MHz 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Forward Channel 869 – 894 MHz 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Channel Data Rate 48.6 kbps 1.2288 Mcps 270.83 kbps Carrier Spacing 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 KHz Speech Coding VSELP(Vector Sum CELP RPE-LTP excited linear prediction) Users per carrier 3 variable 8 12 Iqra University IU Second Generation –Benefits Higher Capacity, Mobility MAHO (Soft Handoff in Easy frequency planning CDMA) -Dynamic Channel Error correction Allocation (GSM) -FEC -Single Frequency Band (CDMA) -Interleaving Better performance Value-added Services -Low dropped call rate -SMS -Faster switching -Limited data transmission capabilities13 Iqra University IU Second Generation - Success Four operational digital cellular technology: Dec’ 2000 Source: EMC Database 14 Iqra University IU Evolution to 2 .5G Mobile Radio Networks (data-centric) 1. High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD): GSM 2. GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 3. EDGE for 2. 5G GSM and IS-136 4. IS95B and CDMA2000 1x 15 Iqra University IU General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 16 Iqra University IU Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE) • EDGE uses 8PSK as opposed to GMSK as a modulation scheme. Essentially squeezing in more data in the available bandwidth. • Data rates closer to 3G. Intended to be used by operators who don ’t have a 3G license but wish to deliver higher data rates. • Requires all the radio cards in the existing GSM/GPRS network to be replaced. • Expensive solution to obtain similar data rates to the lowest expected 3G performance. • Raw data rate using one GSM carrier can go up to 547.2 kbps (practical 384 kbps) 17 Iqra University IU IS 95 B and CDMA2000 1x • The 2.5 G Evolution of IS95 A. • Uses extra codes for increased data rates • Data Rates upto 115.2 kbps • Easy upgrade to CDMA2000 • Intermediate steps to 3G: – CDMA2000 1x, Release 0: Data rates of up to 153. 6kbps – CDMA2000 1x, Release A: Data rates of up to 307.2 kbps 18 Iqra University IU IMT-2000 (3G) • The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) services. • These requirements were that the system should support data rates of: • 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments • 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments •144 kbps in wide area mobile environments • IMT-2000 is more commonly known as… 3G. 19 Iqra University IU Migration Path 2000 2001 2002 2003 Japan PDC W-CDMA Europe GSM GPRS EDGE HSCSD America AMPS/D-AMPS D-AMPS IS-95A IS-95B CDMA2000 2G System Easy upgrade Upgrade requiring new modulation 3G System Upgrade requiring entire new radio system 20 Iqra University IU Universal Frequency Reuse Frequency CDMA Universal Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS FRFrequency Reuse CC A C BB DD A A A B D AA A A A A GG EE A A A G E FF A A AA F C A A B D A A A A G E A A F A Frequency Reuse Factor = 4 for 21 TDMA systems Iqra University IU CDMA2000 • Eltif1RTTEvolution of 1x RTT concept • High data rate service which is compatible to IS 95 • 1x EVDO: Evolution of the 1x system data optimized • As in 1x-RTT technology utilizes 1.25 MHz of band • System requires a separate carrier for the data • 2.4 Mbps forward link, 153.3 kbps reverse link • Rev. A: Support for VoIP: 3.1 Mbps FL, 1.8 Mbps RL • New revisions: B and other enhancement 22 Iqra University IU 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) • High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) • HSUPA and HSPA, HSPA+ Phase 1 and 2 23 Iqra University IU TD-SCDMA 24 Iqra University IU Timeline: For UMTS and CDMA2000 25 Iqra University IU 5) Wireless Local Loop 26 WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP • Definition: A telephone system where subscribers are connected to the pppublic switched telephone network using radio signals rather than copper wire for part or all of the communication between the subscriber and the switch. • Countries with available elaborate telecommunication infrastructure used it to increase competition • Coun titries with out avail ilblable el lbaborat e t tlelecommuni cati on infrastructure use it for efficient and feasible method of broadband delivery 27 Iqra University IU Some Countries using CDMA for WLL Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Brazil, Cambodia, China , Col umbia , Dem . Rep . of Congo,Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, G uatemala , Haiti , India , Indonesia Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, MiMexico, MldMoldova, Nepa lNil, Niger ia, PkitPakistan, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, UdUkiVitYUganda, Ukraine,Vietnam,Yemen 28 Iqra University IU 6) Other Systems 29 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLANs) • Network- group of two or more computer systems linked together. Local area networks are usually confined to one building. • Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) – 802.11a (DS-SS) became standard (2Mpbs). – 802.11b is common ((p)11Mbps) 2.4 GHz. Also has the FH-SS extension. – 802.11g also uses the 2.4 GHz band. Data Rate: 54 MbObps. Uses OFDM – 802.11n: Uses OFDM and MIMO 30 Iqra University IU Other Standards • Long Term Evolution – Initial Deployment in the 700 MHz Frequency Band – Data Rate of tens of Mbps – Uses OFDM and MIMO • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) – Operate in the 2 .5 , 3 .5 , or 5 .8 GHz bands .
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