Iqra University IU

Cellular Wireless Communication: Past, Present and the Future

Presentedbd by: SSye d Isma ilShhil Shah

E-mail: [email protected] ismail@@g3gca.org

1 Iqra University IU Outline 1) Introduction to Mobile Communication and First Generation Systems 2) Digital Communication and the Systems 3) The 2. systems 4) Third Generation Systems 5) Wireless Local Loop 6) OhOther Wirel ess S ystems 7) IMT-Advanced () 8) Wirel ess O perat ors i n P aki st an 9) Some Recommendations

2 Iqra University IU Why Mobile Communication? Question: Why do we need a new technology when we hhdldblilhkhave such a developed public telephone network. Answer: Mobility. Confinement Versus Freedom

3 Iqra University IU Challenges of Mobility Challenges of using a radio channel: ¾ The use of radio channels necessitates methods of sharing them – channel access. (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) ¾ The wireless channel – poses a more challenging problem than with wires. ¾Bandwidth: it is possible to add wires but not bandwidth. So it is important to develop technologies that provide for spectrum reuse. ¾Privacy and security - a more difficult issue than with wired phone. ¾Others: low energy (battery), hand off, roaming, etc.

4 Iqra University IU First Generation Systems

¾ Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s. ¾ Cellular technology allows freqqyuency-reuse. With this we need to have Handoff () ¾ In we had analog voice but Control Link was digital

5 Iqra University IU Examples of First Generation Cellular Systems (FDMA based) 1) Advanced System (AMPS) 2) Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) 3) (NAMPS) 4) European Total Access System (ETACS) 5) Japanese TACS (JTACS) 6) Nippon Telephone and Telegram (NTT) 7) Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)

6 First Generation – AMPS and European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS)

Parameter AMPS ETACS Multiple Access FDMA FDMA Duplexing FDD FDD Channel Bandwidth 30kHz 25kHz Traffic Channel per RF Channel 11 Reverse Channel Frequency 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Forward Channel Frequency 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Voice Modulation FM FM Peak Deviation: Voice Channels ± 12 kHz ± 10 kHz Control/Wideband Data ± 8 kHz ± 6.4 kHz Channel Coding for Data BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on Transmission RC RC Data Rate on Control channel 10kbps 8kbps 0.33 bps/Hz 0.33 bps/Hz Number of Channels 832 1000 7 Iqra University IU

Digital Communication: Transmitter

From Other Channels

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Analog to Source Encrypt Multiplex Digital Encode Analog Converter Bits Encoded Encrypted input Bits Data 0 1 1 0 1 Multiplexed 010100 1 0 1 0 Data 1 0 1 0 1 Pulse Channel Scrambled Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data waveform waveform DtData Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel modulate & Pulse Encode Scrambler Modulate

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 110001 0 0 0 1

8 Iqra University IU Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Digital Channel Bandpass Baseband Bits Decoded waveform waveform Equalizer, Data De-modulate Channel Timing and De-scramble Decode Sym. to Bits 0 1 1 0 1

Descrambled Bits 1 0 0 0 1

Source DtdDecrypted De- Decoded Bits multiplexed Bits Source Bits D/A De- Analog Decode Decrypt 1 0 1 1 0 Multiplex output 10100101 0 1 0 0 1 0 To other Channels 9 Iqra University IU

Performance Metrics • Analog Communication Systems – Metric is fidelity: want^ m(t)≈m(t) – SNR typically used as performance metric • Digital Communication Systems – Metrics^ are data rate (R bps) and probability of

bit error (Pb=p(b≠b)) – Symbols already known at the receiver – Without noise/distortion/sync. problem, we will never make bit errors 10 Iqra University IU Second Generation Cellular Systems (TDMA and CDMA based) 1) GSM (Global System for Mobile) 2) PDC ((g)Personal Digital Cellular) 3) PHS (Personal Handy System) 4) DAMPS (Digital AMPS) 5) CDMAone (IS-95) 6) PlCiiS(PCS)Personal Communication System (PCS)-1900 (IS-136)

11 Second Generation – IS136/CDMA/GSM

Parameter IS-136 IS-95 GSM Multiple Access TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD TDMA/FDD Modulation π/4 DQPSK BPSK GMSK Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 kHz Reverse Channel 824 – 849 MHz 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Forward Channel 869 – 894 MHz 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Channel Data Rate 48.6 kbps 1.2288 Mcps 270.83 kbps Carrier Spacing 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 KHz Speech Coding VSELP(Vector Sum CELP RPE-LTP excited linear prediction) Users per carrier 3 variable 8

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Second Generation –Benefits

ŠHigher Capacity, Mobility ŠMAHO (Soft Handoff in ŠEasy frequency planning CDMA) -Dynamic Channel ŠError correction Allocation (GSM) -FEC -Single Frequency Band (CDMA) -Interleaving ŠBetter performance ŠValue-added Services -Low dropped call rate -SMS -Faster switching -Limited data transmission capabilities13 Iqra University IU

Second Generation - Success

Four operational digital cellular technology: Dec’ 2000 Source: EMC Database 14 Iqra University IU Evolution to 2 .5G Mobile Radio Networks (data-centric)

1. High speed (HSCSD): GSM

2. GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

3. EDGE for 2. 5G GSM and IS-136

4. IS95B and CDMA2000 1x

15 Iqra University IU General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

16 Iqra University IU Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE) • EDGE uses 8PSK as opposed to GMSK as a modulation scheme. Essentially squeezing in more data in the available bandwidth. • Data rates closer to . Intended to be used by operators who don ’ t have a 3G license but wish to deliver higher data rates. • Requires all the radio cards in the existing GSM/GPRS network to be replaced. • Expensive solution to obtain similar data rates to the lowest expected 3G performance. • Raw data rate using one GSM carrier can go up to 547.2 kbps (practical 384 kbps)

17 Iqra University IU IS 95 B and CDMA2000 1x • The 2.5 G Evolution of IS95 A. • Uses extra codes for increased data rates • Data Rates upto 115.2 kbps • Easy upgrade to CDMA2000 • Intermediate steps to 3G: – CDMA2000 1x, Release 0: Data rates of up to 153. 6kbps – CDMA2000 1x, Release A: Data rates of up to 307.2 kbps

18 Iqra University IU IMT-2000 (3G)

• The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) services. • These requirements were that the system should support data rates of: • 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments • 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments •144 kbps in wide area mobile environments • IMT-2000 is more commonly known as… 3G.

19 Iqra University IU Migration Path

2000 2001 2002 2003

Japan PDC W-CDMA

Europe GSM GPRS EDGE

HSCSD

America AMPS/D-AMPS D-AMPS

IS-95A IS-95B CDMA2000

2G System Easy upgrade Upgrade requiring new modulation 3G System Upgrade requiring entire new radio system

20 Iqra University IU Universal Frequency Reuse

Frequency CDMA Universal Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS FRFrequency Reuse

CC A C BB DD A A A B D AA A A A A GG EE A A A G E FF A A AA F C A A B D A A A A G E A A F A Frequency Reuse Factor = 4 for 21 TDMA systems Iqra University IU CDMA2000 • Eltif1RTTEvolution of 1x RTT concept • High data rate service which is compatible to IS 95 • 1x EVDO: Evolution of the 1x system data optimized • As in 1x-RTT technology utilizes 1.25 MHz of band • System requires a separate carrier for the data • 2.4 Mbps forward link, 153.3 kbps reverse link • Rev. A: Support for VoIP: 3.1 Mbps FL, 1.8 Mbps RL • New revisions: B and other enhancement

22 Iqra University IU 3G W-CDMA (UMTS)

• High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) • HSUPA and HSPA, HSPA+ Phase 1 and 2 23 Iqra University IU

TD-SCDMA

24 Iqra University IU Timeline: For UMTS and CDMA2000

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5) Wireless Local Loop

26 WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP • Definition: A telephone system where subscribers are connected to the pppublic switched telephone network using radio signals rather than copper wire for part or all of the communication between the subscriber and the switch.

• Countries with available elaborate telecommunication infrastructure used it to increase competition

• Coun titries with out avail ilblable el lbaborat e t tlelecommuni cati on infrastructure use it for efficient and feasible method of broadband delivery

27 Iqra University IU Some Countries using CDMA for WLL Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Brazil, Cambodia, China , Col umbia , Dem . Rep . of Congo,Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, G uatemala , Haiti , India , Indonesia Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, MiMexico, MldMoldova, Nepa lNil, Nigeri a, PkitPakistan, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, UdUkiVitYUganda, Ukraine,Vietnam,Yemen

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6) Other Systems

29 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLANs) • Network- group of two or more computer systems linked together. Local area networks are usually confined to one building. • Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) – 802.11a (DS-SS) became standard (2Mpbs). – 802.11b is common ((p)11Mbps) 2.4 GHz. Also has the FH-SS extension. – 802.11g also uses the 2.4 GHz band. Data Rate: 54 MbObps. Uses OFDM – 802.11n: Uses OFDM and MIMO

30 Iqra University IU Other Standards • Long Term Evolution – Initial Deployment in the 700 MHz Frequency Band – Data Rate of tens of Mbps – Uses OFDM and MIMO

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) – Operate in the 2 .5 , 3 .5 , or 5 .8 GHz bands . – Data Rates of tens of Mbps. – Versions: IEEE 802.16d and e with amendments like: 802.16f, g, h, i, j and k – Uses OFDM and MIMO

• Variants of both are candidates for IMT-Advanced (4G) 31 Iqra University IU

7) IMT-Advanced(4G)

32 Iqra University IU IMT-Advanced (()4G) • The min requirements for peak spectral efficiencies – Downlink peak spectral efficiency is 15 bit/s/Hz – Uplink peak spectral efficiency is 6.75 bit/s/Hz.

• Six Proposals are under review

• Some are based on WiMax 802.16m and some on LTE

• Bot h uses OFDM an d MIMO

• Final Decision by October 2010

33 Iqra University IU IMT-Advanced (()4G): Time-Line

2008 2009 2010 2011 WP 5D No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10 meetings Step1 and 2 (0) (20 months) Step 3 (8 months) (1) Step 4 (16 months) (2) Steps 5,6 and 7 (20 months) (3) Steps 8 (12 months) (4) Steps in radio interface development process: Step 1: Issuance of the circular letter Step 5: Review and coordination of outside evaluation activities Step 2: Development of candidate RITs and SRITs Step 6: Review to assess compliance with minimum requirements Step 3: Submission/Reception of the RIT and SRIT proposals Step 7: Consideration of evaluation results, consensus building and acknowledgement of receipt and decision Step 4: Evaluation of candidate RITs and SRITs Step 8: Development of radio interface Recommendation(s) by evaluation groups Critical milestones in radio interface development process: (0): Issue an invitation to propose RITs March 2008 (2): Cut off for evaluation report to ITU June 2010 (1): ITU proposed cut off for submission October 2009 (3): WP 5D decides framework and key October 2010 of candidate RIT and SRIT proposals characteristics of IMT-Advanced RITs and SRITs (4): WP 5D completes development of radio February 2011 interface specification Recommendations IMT-Advanced A2-01 Iqra University IU Cellular Technology Roadmap

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8) Wireless Operators in Pakistan

36 Iqra University IU Cellular Operators in Pakistan 1) Mobilink Technology: GSM , GPRS , EDGE (WiMAx deployment: Infinity) 2) Ufone Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE 3) China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak, Paktel): Zong Technology: EGSM, GPRS, EDGE 4) Warid Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE (Associated company Wateen: WiMax) 5) Telenor Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE

37 Iqra University IU WLL Operators 1) V-PTCLWirless Technology: CDMA2000 , EVDO Rev. A 2) TeleCard Technology: CDMA2000 3) WorldCall Techno logy: C DMA2000, EV D O R ev. A 4) Diallog (negotiation going on with World Call) Technology: CDMA2000 1x, EVDO 5) SCO Technology: CDMA2000 1x, EVDO (?)

38 Iqra University IU LtLatest tN News (P (Pkitakistan) • Auction of 3G spectrum???????? • Only Mobile operators are eligible to bid ?? • Three licenses to be issued?? • Possible (UMTS FDD Band I): – 1920 to 1980 MHz (Up link) – 2110 to 2170 MHz (Down link) • WiMax has been deployed

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Issues with widespread usage of wireless data

‡ Why are new services/mobile content required? ‡ Tough competition ‡ Low ARPU ‡ No differentiation in Service Offerings

‡ Problem: ‡ What services will differenti at e one operat or from the othth?er? ‡ How would these services be delivered?

40 Iqra University IU Technologies

‡ 2G: Mainly Voice & SMS

‡ 2.5G: Limited Data Capability

‡ 3G and Beyond: High Speed Data coupled with data centric applications and services

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Services Ev olu tion With Enriched User E xperiences

Mobile TV 3D Gaming Mobile Location Based Commerce 2D Gaming Services Voice Wallpaper Services Evolution Text Messaging Ringtones MMS Blogging Paul, Music & Video on DdDemand How Social Networking RSS Feeds did the & Tagging meetin g go?

Send Options 42 Iqra University IU Some Recommendations • Appoint a minister ???????????? • Need to expand our knowledge base • Human resource development (HRD) • Industry-university collaboration: HRD can be a starting point • Research: Both relevant like content development and not so immediately relevant to the current problems faced by the industry in Pakistan. • ThlTechnology transf er th rough government poli liicies • Involvement of the private sector in policy making

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Thank You

44 Iqra University IU Thank You

For qu estions/comments: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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