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Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) AMPS Facts

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Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) AMPS Facts Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) AMPS facts • Analog FM modulation • RF bandwidth 30 kHz. The band can accommodate 832 duplex channels, among which 21 are reserved for call setup, and the rest for voice communication. • Frequency allocated by FCC on 824-849 MHz for downlink and 869-894 MHz for uplink traffic. • Uses the same system throughout the US • Available in U.S., Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Thailand • A narrowband versus exists with a 10 kHz channel spacing, such that 2496 channels can be assigned, in stead of 832 for the normal AMPS mode. Digitization of AMPS The uniformity of the analogue AMPS system throughout the US highly contributed to its success of capturing 2/3 of the analog cellular subscribers worldwide. Around 1995, AMPS had an estimated 13 Million subscribers in the U.S.. US manufacturers and operators have been divided about the operational merits of various technologically advanced options for radio channel access and digital modulation, in particular the choice between Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) transmission formats for cellular telephony. For the migration towards all-digital operation, the objective of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has been to introduce a digital system that was fully compatible with the existing analog AMPS system, i.e., the FCC was looking for a new system that uses the same radio spectrum as the old analog system, but at least ten times more efficient in spectrum use. By 1988, the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) defined a full set of User Performance Requirements (UPR). Two different solutions have come up. US cellular network operators are implementing a narrowband TDMA version of AMPS, known as IS-54. Meanwhile, the Californian company Qualcomm promotes a CDMA concept, presenting scientific and experimental evidence to academic fora about the technical superiority of CDMA over TDMA. Experimental CDMA systems are in operation in several cities, based on the IS-95 standard. Expectations are that AMPS product shipments reached its top in 1996 with Motorola, Nokia, NEC and Ericsson dominating the market. Digital systems including PCS are expected to become cost effective with analog AMPS in the time frame 1997-2000. PCS: AMPS 1900 A 1900 MHz version of AMPS has been developed, which allows dual-band/dual-mode 800/1900 MHz systems. It allows operators to provide identical PCS applications and services in both bands. Seamless inter-working between 800 and 1900 MHz networks is possible through dual-band/dualmode mobile stations. Subscribers on a D-AMPS 1900 channel can handoff both to/from a D-AMPS channel on 800 MHz as well as to/from an analog AMPS channel. Existing 800 MHz D-AMPS operators can use the 1900 MHz spectrum to increase capacity and develop new user segments in their 800 MHz networks. For example, 800 MHz cells can provide wide-area coverage (through macro-cells) and act as umbrellas for 1900 MHz micro- and picocells. The small cells can cover the indoor office environment, shopping malls, airports and hot spot coverage. The umbrella cells would carry the signals for fast-moving subscribers and fill in gaps in between two isolated microcells. D-AMPS 1900 mobile phones will be marketed initially in single-band 1900 MHz as well as dual-band 800/1900 MHz versions. In the long run, dual-band versions may prove themselves able to replace single- band versions at both 800 and 1900 MHz. AMPS Network Layout The D-AMPS 800/1900 system architecture is similar to most other cellular system architectures (e.g. GSM network architecture). It contains a Switching System, an Operation and Support System, base stations and mobile station. The switching system The Switching System contains five main functional entities: • The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) performs the telephony switching functions for the network. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data communications networks such as Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) and Public Data Networks. • The Visitor Location Register (VLR) database contains all temporary subscriber information needed by the MSC to serve visiting subscribers who are temporarily in the area of the MSC. • The Home Location Register (HLR) database stores and manages user subscriptions. It contains all permanent subscriber information including the their service profile, location information and activity status. • The Authentication Center (AC) supports authentication and encryption functionality. It verifies the user’s identity (by authitication) and ensures the confidentiality of each call (by encryption) . This protects network operators against fraud. • The Message Center (MC) supports messaging services. The base station The Base Station is the radio equipment needed to serve each cell in the network. One base station site may serve more than one cell. The Operation and Support System The Operation and Support System supports operation and maintenance activities in the network to allow for reliable and cost-efficient operation. The mobile station IS-54 and IS-136 (Digital AMPS) IS-54 is the standard for the digital version of the US AMPS system. Recently IS-54 has been replaced by the IS-136 standard. The system uses and hybrid Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access concept as it accepts 3 users per carrier. The carrier spacing 30 kHz, similar to the analog AMPS. Thus, assuming that the analog and digital system use the same frequency reuse pattern, the digital version can accommodate three times more users. In terms frequency planning the digital system behaves similar to analog AMPS. Carrier frequencies are in the 800 and 1900 MHz bands. Although the digital system has advantages for the operator, marketers found it difficult to convince subscribers to go digital, i.e., to buy a new phone. The advantages of improved security in a digital system were intentionally not used, to avoid that subscribers would be alerted that the analog AMPS system had less security. Radio Aspects • Channel bit rate 48.6 kbit/s • Frame duration 40 ms, divided into six 6.67 ms slots. If follows that for usual carrier frequencies, on the average one fade per bursts occur. See Spreadsheet v = 27 m/s, fc = 1900 MHz, fade margin 6 .. 10 dB) • Each slot: 324 bits, 260 user data • Full rate and half rate codebook excited linear predictive coding: Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP) Source rate 7.95 kbit/s, transmitted at 13 kbit/s • Differential QPSK (not constant envelope: power penalty) pi/2 shifted, root cosine roll-off filtering, roll-off factor 0.35 • 1.62 bit/s/Hz • Idle voice channels can be used for CDPD packet data transmission. • Equalization was initially not included in the standard, but appears useful for delay spreads larger than T/8, with T the symbol time. This corresponds to delay spreads of a few microseconds. EXTENDED AMPS • Proposed by Hughes • Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI): Speech pauses are exploited to enhance user capacity. Typically speech activity is about 0.4. Compare with PRMA. • Frame of six slots; dynamically assigned to different users Example of DSI performance: o No DSI: E-AMPS has 6 times capacity of analogue AMPS o DSI on 1 RF carrier: 6 times analogue o 3 RF carriers: 7 times analogue o 8 RF carriers: 9 times analogue o 19 RF carriers: 11 time analogue o Many RF carriers: Law of large numbers: o ultimately 6 / 0.4 = 15 times analogue AMPS • DSI in forward link: multiplexing DSI in reverse link: random access: throughput loss because of collisions • Slow frequency hopping : mitigates effect of fading Generations of Mobile Wireless Technologies Mobile wireless industry has started its technology creation, revelution and evolution since early 1970s. In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evelution, namely from 0G to 4G. The cellular concept was intoduced in the 1G technology which made the large scale mobile wireless communicaton possible. Digital communication has replaced the analogy technology in the 2G which significantly improved the wireless communication quality. Data communication, in addition to the voice communication, has been the main focus in the 3G technologies and a converged network for both voice and data communication is emerging. With continued R&D, there are many killer application opportunities for the 4G as well as technological challengies. We briefly listed all the key technologies and protocols used in each generation of the mobile wireless communications in th following table. 0G 0G refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s. These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. PTT Push to talk MTS Mobile Telephone System IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone Service AMTS Advanced Mobile Telephone System 0.5G 0.5G is a group of technologies with improved feature than the basic 0G technologies. Autotel/PALM Autotel, or PALM (Public Automated Land Mobile) ARP Autoradiopuhelin, Car Radio Phone HCMTS High Capacity Mobile Telephone System 1G 1G (or 1-G) is the first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones. These are the analog cellphone standards that were introduced in the 1980s. NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System TAGS Total Access Communication System (TACS) is the European version of AMPS. JTAGS Japan Total Access Communication System 2G 2G (or 2-G) is the second-generation wireless telephone, which is based on digital technologies. 2G networks is basically for voice communications only, except SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards. GSM Global System for Mobile Communications iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System based on TDMA cdmaOne Code Division Multiple Access technology defined by IS-95 PDC Personal Digital Cellular TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 2.5G 2.5G is a group of bridging technologies between 2G and 3G wireless communication.
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