A Review of Different Generations of Mobile Technology Amritpal Singh

Home , Autoradiopuhelin, Mobile radio telephone, Mobile technology, OLT (mobile network)

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 4 Issue 8, August 2015

 distributed over Abstract— Wireless mobile technology has revolutionized the way people communicate with each land areas called cells each cell has its own cell site or base other the hindrance that was caused to the station the frequencies used by neighboring cells are different communicating parties due to distance has become to avoid interference. obsolete a mobile phone has become an integral part of our day to day work the present day mobile phones that II Zero Generation (0G-0.5G) we use have come a long way since the inception of mobile telephone service introduced in USA in 1940s the The work to design a portable telephone system started evolutionary process of wireless mobile technology is immediately after World War II the phase which is broadly classified into generations (0G, 2G, 3G, 4G) categorized under 0G started from 1946 when Motorola and where G stands for generation with 0G being the initial phase and 4G which is in use currently 0G refers to pre Bell systems began operating first mobile telephone system cell phone telephone technology the concept of “cell” was (MTS) this phase is also known as mobile radio telephone introduced in 1G present day mobile phones are capable system phase and pre cellular phase in this generation the of text, voice and video data transfer work is underway telephone systems were quite different from what are in use on development of 5G mobile technology it will have now the mobile telephone systems were mounted on vehicles features of World Wide Wireless Web(WWWW), like cars, trucks etc. the telephone system had a transceiver Dynamic Adhoc wireless network(DAWN) it will have which preformed the function of a transmitter and receiver much higher speed, better connectivity, high capacity and was placed somewhere in the vehicle‘s trunk and was and high error tolerance right now the term 5G is not connected with a wire to the head which consisted of dialing officially used. mechanism and display the head was placed near the driver‘s seat its working principle was, the telephone device would Index Terms— mobile technology, 1G,2G,3G,4G,5G, connect to local telephone network only when it is in a range WWWW, wireless technology, generations of 20 km a central antenna tower was installed in each city

having 25 channels number of people who were able to avail I INTRODUCTION . the services of this system was very less as only 25 channels In 1895, Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo were available these telephone systems had only voice Marconi paved the way for modern wireless communications transmission facility, used analog signals , were very bulky, by transmitting the three-dot Morse code for the letter ‗S‘ had half duplex mode of communication Technologies used over a distance of three kilometers using electromagnetic in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile waves since then the wireless transmission has come a long Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone way technology is evolving at a rapid pace and it is true in Service), AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), case of mobile technology also mobile or cellular phones OLT and MTD have become a vital element in our day to day work and routine socializing there has been a transition from fixed 0.5G was the successor of 0G technology it had some telephone line systems to mobile phones in the past decade noticeable new features the size was reduced and the there are many factors for this transition one of most telephone systems became portable ARP (autoradiopuhelin) pronounced one being the portability factor. The first brush was launched in 1971 which was the first commercial public we had with mobile wireless technology was after World War mobile network it operated on 8 channels with frequency of II in the form of radio telephones which some cars in USA 147.9-154.87 MHz like 0G these systems had also half used to have in those formative days a mobile operator used duplex mode of communication one path breaking feature of to set up calls and only few channels were available, mobile 0.5 G was the concept of ―cell‖ a cell is an area of some city network is also called cellular network as the network is divided into small sectors also called cells(hence the term cellular phone) cell size being 30 Km these systems didn‘t had handover facility, technologies used in this generation were High Capacity Mobile Telephone System(HCMTS), .

Public Automated Land mobile(PALM)

Fig 2 mobile system of first generation III Second Generation

This technology was introduced in 1991 based on technique known as Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM) in this era the signals were digital so this generation systems had a clear edge over their . Fig 1 mobile telephone systems of 0G predecessors it had the facility of text messages, picture messages and video messages the messages were digitally II First Generation (1G) encrypted due to the use of digital signals voice quality became better than previous generations, spectrum is also This technology was introduced in early 1980‘s from this utilized more efficiently and less amount of bandwidth is phase mobile cellular era began this technology used analog needed for voice and video transmission 2G also introduced signals and had only voice transmission facility the global the ability to download media content on mobile phones the mobile phone market grew after 1G technology was size was considerably reduced from the first generation phones data speed achieved by 2G phones was up to 100 introduced these phones had low capacity, unreliable kbps. The downside of 2G was that it was dependent on handoff, poor voice links, no security from eavesdropping proximity and location to towers 2G systems can be classified these telephones worked on circuit switching, operated at by their multiple access techniques as either TDMA or 150 MHz frequency and speed of 2.4kb/s the voice quality FDMA was poor, suffered interference due to use of analog signals ,had limited capacity of users, these phones were large in size TDMA (2G): 2G Mobiles uses TDMA (Time Division and had poor battery life due to their size there was one more Multiple Access) technology in some of its models. It actually issue concerning secure communication as anyone was able divides the band into three time-periods TDMA contains to hear the transmission after tuning to the same frequency, technologies GSM (Global Service Mobile Communication), semiconductors and microprocessors were used in the design which is the most common technology, uses widely across the of phones of this generation some noticeable models of 1G world use of SIM is a prominent feature of GSM. It needs were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) launched in only a SIM to start communication at a particular region. USA in 1982, Radiocom 2000 launched in France ,Total Access Communication system(TACS), BTMI launched in CDMA (2G): CDMA works using the entire band with the Italy and Nordic Mobile Telephony(NMT) used in Denmark, help of code. CDMA is based on a wide spectrum as many Iceland, Finland and Sweden. The first generation of calls laid over each other identifying on the basis of unique analogue mobile systems was launched in Japan by NTT in code

1979 and covered Tokyo‘s 20m people with 23 base stations Further variants of 2G are 2.5G-GPRS and 2.75-EDGE and by 1984 covered the whole of the country, in USA

Motorola pioneered in creating first mobile network in

Washington DC

Fig 3 mobile systems of 2G

Further variants of 3G are: 2.5 G--GPRS (general Packet Radio service): it has higher data capacity than 2G GPRS adds packet switched 3.5G – HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access): it capabilities and TDMA networking it sends text and is a mobile telephony protocol it provides packet based graphics rich data at a high speed this technology provides service it provides a packet based service it improves the data rates up to 115kbps has features like WAP, e-mail, speed and quality of downlink data transmission on networks MMS and Internet. based on UMTS HSDPA consist of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request 2.75—EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates For GSM (HARQ), Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Evolution):it an extended version 2.5 G it provides fast advanced receiver design and fast cell search provides the transmission without glitches it can transmit packet switched speed ranging from 8-10 Mbps downlink which is much and circuit switched data. more than 3G it has less latency as compared to 3G and is cheap because it only has to be upgraded from 3G. IV Third Generation 3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access): it is It is based on the International Telecommunication Union also known as 3.75G this protocol strives for providing (ITU) family of standards under the International Mobile higher uplink speeds up to 5.8Mbps it enhances the uplink Telecommunications programme it was implemented in year speed by increasing throughput, capacity and decreasing 2000, IMT-2000 this technology redefined the definition of a delays. HSUPA works on request grant principle in which mobile phone which till now was primarily a communication user will seek permission from scheduler to transmit data device but from 3G era internet, email and other web (data is send in packets), scheduler then decides at what time features became associated with mobile phones this the user can send data and number of users who will be technology supports data transfer rates up to 2Mbps, supports permitted to send data. multimedia applications like full motion video, video conferencing location based services like GPS, IPTV, wider bandwidth, its voice quality surpasses all the previous V Fourth generation generations and better spectral efficiency 3G makes use of CDMA and TDMA technologies 3G functions in the range of This generation is an extension of 3G it was implemented 2100 Hz and bandwidth 15-20 MHz and works on packet around 2010 right now the definition of 4G is a bit vague as switching the concept of global roaming also came in this what to include in it one of the main objective of 4G is to generation. The first pre-commercial 3G network was allow all sorts of devices on ―the‖ network and to bring about launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as seamless integration between different devices this FOMA it was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release technology offers best voice quality surpassing all the (test) of W-CDMA technology the first commercial launch of previous generations, higher bandwidth, more user services, 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, high quality audio/video streaming facility , ultra broadband although it was initially somewhat limited in scope on the Internet access, cloud computing, IP Telephony, high downside 3G is very costly as compared to 2G technologies definition(HD) mobile TV it provides a transmission speed due to high bandwidth transmission of 3G technologies, up to 20mbps and increased interaction between power consumption greatly increases which results in corroborating devices it makes use of Orthogonal Frequency reduced device battery life. Division Multiplexing (OFMD) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink and other frequency domain equalization schemes(FDE), Turbo principle error-correcting codes To minimize the required SNR at the reception side, 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication in fourth generation technology the high date speed networks connects simultaneously which offers the faultless handoffs around all over the geographical regions other features include Fully Converged Services, Ubiquitous Mobile Access, Software Dependency, Diverse User Devices , Autonomous Networks, integration of Wireless LANs into the total mobile network, 4G will support ad hoc networking via a more evolved version of a currently existing standard called Bluetooth. Though 4G became available in the US in

Fig 4 mobile system of 3G (Motorola‘s first 3G model) 2009, no specific technologies were officially designated as 4G until 2010 the commercially deployed 4G systems are the mobile WiMAX (first used in South Korea in 2007) standards and Long Term evolution (LTE) (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009) other technologies

3406 ISSN: 2278 – 1323 All Rights Reserved © 2015 IJARCET International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 4 Issue 8, August 2015 under 4G are standard based on GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA, 3 Gen partner project (3GPP) etc. 8. Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get a better and faster solution.

9. The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

10. The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed and support for virtual private network

Application Layer Application (services) Presentation layer Session layer Open transport protocol (OTP) Fig 5 a 4G mobile system Transport layer Network Layer Upper network layer VI Fifth generation Lower network Layer

Fifth generation or 5G technology is deemed to be the next Data link Layer phase of mobile communication till now this nomenclature is Open wireless Architecture limited to research projects and articles it denotes the future Physical layer (OWA) of mobile technology beyond the 4G era right now this term 5G is not officially used for any specification this technology Fig 6 protocol stack for 5G aims at meeting the requirements for mobile communications beyond 2020 some analysts and observers believe that by early 2020‘s 5G technology systems would be in the market. Fifth generation 5G is a complete [5] wireless communication with almost no limitation , Additional features such as Multimedia Newspapers, also to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD T.V, we can send Data much faster than that of the previous generations,5G will bring almost perfect real world wireless or called ―WWWW: World Wide Wireless Web Real wireless world with no more limitation to access and zone issue ,wearable devices with AI capabilities other prominent [5] features include

1. 5G technology offers high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth shaping.

2. The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology make Fig 7 5G mobile phone layout it more attractive and effective.

3. 5G technology also provides subscriber supervision VII Conclusion tools for fast action. Mobile technology has revolutionized the way we 4. The high quality services of 5G technology based on communicate and it occupies an important place in our lives Policy to avoid error. the technology has gone through various phases from the bulky 0G systems to the present day smart phones the 5. 5G technology is provides large broadcasting of data in definition of a mobile phone is also ever changing which was Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections. at once a device for communication now it plays streaming videos ,high speed Internet etc. each generation offered users different services and the successor ones overcame the 6. 5G technology offers a transporter class gateway with shortcomings of the previous ones two key developments the unparalleled consistency. switch from analog signals to digital ones in 2G and then availability of Internet and multimedia in the 3G proved 7. The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more seminal for future research right now mobiles have Internet, accurate. email, different messaging facility, text, video messaging

,GPS facility and the proposed 5G technology would offer phones with AI features ,unmatched speed and many other new features.

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