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Istanbul Technical University Institute of Science And İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEXT GENERATION ON MOBILE NETWORKS; 3G TO 4G(LTE) EXCHANGE REQUIREMENTS AND COMPATIBILITY M.Sc. Thesis by Hüseyin TÜRKER Department : Electronic And Commumication Engineering Programme : Electronic And Commumication Engineering Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Osman PALAMUTÇUOĞULLARI June 2010 İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEXT GENERATION ON MOBILE NETWORKS; 3G TO 4G(LTE) EXCHANGE REQUIREMENTS AND COMPATIBILITY M.Sc. Thesis by Hüseyin TÜRKER (504001364) Date of submission : 7 May 2010 Date of defence examination: 17 May 2010 Supervisor (Chairman) : Prof. Dr. Osman PALAMUTÇUOĞULLARI Members of the Examining Committee : Prof. Dr. Sıddık YARMAN Doc. Dr. Selçuk PAKER İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YENİ NESİL MOBİL NETWORKLER; 3G DEN 4G (LTE)’ YE GEÇERKEN MİMARİ DEĞİŞİM GEREKSİNİMLERİ VE UYUMLULUK YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hüseyin TÜRKER (504001364) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 7 Mayis 2010 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 17 Mayis 2010 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Osman PALAMUTÇUOĞULLARI Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. Sıddık YARMAN Doc. Dr. Selçuk PAKER FOREWORD I thank my precious supervisior, Prof. Dr. Osman PALAMUTÇUOĞULLARI, who helped me during the preparation of this thesis. June 2010 Huseyin Turker Electronic And Communication Engineer ii iii CONTENTS Pages ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………...………...…x LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………...…………… xiv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………...………...… xvi SUMMARY...……………………………………………………………...………… xx OZET...……………………………………………………………………..………… xxii 1. INTRODUCTION..………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Aim of Thesis..……………………………………….………………………….1 1.2 Mobile Communications Generations and Technologies.………………………2 1.3 Scope of Thesis..……………………………………………………………….. 5 2. TECHNOLOGY…………. ………………………...…………………………….. 7 2.1 Before 3G Technology..……………………………………………………….. 7 2.2 GSM...................................... ..........…………………………………………… 9 2.3 3G Technology…………………………………………………………..............10 2.3.1 UMTS …..…….…………………………………………………………… 11 2.3.2 W-CDMA …..…….………………………………………………….……. 12 2.3.3 HSPA …..…….……………………………………………………………. 12 2.3.4 HSPA+ …..…….…………………………………………………………... 13 2.3.5 LTE Technology …..…….………………………………………………… 14 2.3.6 LTE Advanced Technology …..…….……………………………………... 15 2.3.7 WIMAX Technology …..…….……………………………………………. 18 3. ORGANIZATIONS, STANDARDS, FREQUECY BANDS…………………….21 3.1 Organizations....………………………………………………………………... 21 3.1.1 ITU Organization..………………….……………………………………... 21 3.1.2 ETSI Organization………………….……………………………………... 22 3.1.3 ANSI Organization……………….……………………………………...... 23 3.1.4 Other Telecommunication Organization..………………….……………... 24 3.2 Standards..…………….….……………………………………………………..26 3.2.1 3GPP Standards...………………….…………………………………….... 26 3.2.2 3GPP2 Standards………………….……………………………………..... 27 3.2.3 Other Standards………………….……………………………………........ 30 3.2.4 LTE Standards………………….………………………………………..... 32 3.3 LSTI Forum..…………………………………………………………………... 37 3.4 Frequency Bands..…………………………………………………………… 38 3.5 Use of Spectrum..…………………………………………………………… 42 4. E UTRAN…………..……….………………………………………….…….……..45 4.1 Basic Concepts Evolved 3G Radio Interface………..…………………………..47 4.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM)………………………….. 49 4.2.1 OFDMA Multiple Access…………………………………………………. 55 4.2.2 Frequency Stability Considerations for OFDM Systems…………………... 58 4.2.3 System Load in OFDMA Systems.….……………………………………... 58 4.2.4 SC-FDMA: The PAPR (Peak-Average-Power-Ratio) Problem…………. 59 iv 4.2.5 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)……………….….……………… 63 4.2.5.1 Traditional Beamforming..…………………………………………… 63 4.2.5.2 MIMO Channel and Capacity………………………………………… 64 4.2.5.3 A Simplified View of MIMO 2.2.……………………………………. 69 4.2.5.4 The Harmonious Coupling between OFDM and MIMO.……………. 70 4.2.5.5 MIMO Schemes and Link Adaptation.……………………………… 71 4.2.5.6 MU-MIMO, Virtual MIMO and Transmit Diversity………………… 72 4.2.5.7 Towards a Generalized Downlink Scheme…………………………. 73 4.2.6 Architecture of the Base Station…………………………………………… 75 4.2.6.2 The Analogue-to-Digital Conversion………………………………… 78 4.2.6.3 Power Amplification (PA) Basics…………………………………….. 80 4.2.6.4 Cellular Antennas Basics..……………………………………………. 82 4.2.7 The E-UTRAN Physical Layer Standard………………………………….. 86 4.2.7.1 FDD and TDD Arrangement for E-UTRAN…………………………. 88 4.2.8 Downlink Scheme: OFDMA (FDD/TDD)………………………………… 88 4.2.8.1 Downlink Physical Channels and Signals.…………………………… 90 4.2.8.2 Physical Signal Transmitter Architecture..…………………………… 92 4.2.8.3 Downlink Data Multiplexing.………………………………………… 93 4.2.8.4 Scrambling……………………………………………………………. 94 4.2.8.5 Modulation Scheme.…………………………………………………. 95 4.2.8.6 Downlink Scheduling Information and Uplink Grant……………….. 95 4.2.8.7 Channel Coding.……………………………………………………… 95 4.2.8.8 OFDM Signal Generation……………………………………………. 96 4.2.8.9 Downlink MIMO…………………………………………………….. 97 4.2.8.10 E-MBMS Concepts…………………………………………………. 98 4.2.8.11 Downlink Link Adaptation.………………………………………… 99 4.2.8.12 HARQ………………………………………………………………. 100 4.2.8.13 Downlink Packet Scheduling……………………………………….. 102 4.2.8.14 Cell Search and Acquisition...………………………………………. 105 4.2.8.15 Methods of Limiting the Inter-Cell Interference……………………. 111 4.2.8.16 Downlink Physical Layer Measurements…………………………… 114 4.2.9 Uplink Scheme: SC-FDMA (FDD/TDD)…………………………………. 115 4.2.9.1 Uplink Physical Channel and Signals………………………………… 115 4.2.9.2 SC-FDMA……………………………………………………………. 115 4.2.9.3 Uplink Subframe Structure.………………………………………….. 117 4.2.9.4 Resource Grid.……………………………………………………….. 120 4.2.9.5 PUSCH Physical Characteristics.……………………………………. 122 4.2.9.6 PUCCH Physical Characteristics…………………………………….. 124 4.2.9.7 Uplink Multiplexing Including Reference Signals…………………… 125 4.2.9.8 Reference Signals…………………………………………………….. 126 4.2.9.9 Multiplexing of L1/L2 Control Signalling…………………………… 127 4.2.9.10 Channel Coding and Physical Channel Mapping…………………… 128 4.2.9.11 SC-FDMA Signal Generation………………………………………. 128 4.2.9.12 The Random Access Channel.……………………………………… 129 4.2.9.13 Scheduling…………………………………………………………… 128 4.2.9.14 Link Adaptation…………………………………………………….. 130 4.2.9.15 Uplink HARQ………………………………………………………. 131 5. 4G TECHNOLOGY VENDORS..……….……………………………….………133 5.1Core Network solution for LTE………………………………………………….133 v 5.1.1 Huawei Solutions………………….………………………………………. 133 5.1.2 NSN Solution…………………………………….…………………..……. 133 5.1.3 E/// Solution…………………………………….…………………………. 133 5.2 Radio Network Solutions for LTE………………….…………………..……… 134 5.2.1 Huawei Solutions………………….……………………………………….. 134 5.2.2 NSN Solution…………………………………….………………………… 134 5.2.3 E/// Solution…………………………………….………………………….. 134 5.3 Transport Network Solutions for LTE…………….…………………………….135 5.3.1 Huawei Solutions………………….……………………………………….. 135 5.3.2 NSN Solution…………………………………….……………………...…….135 5.3.3 E/// Solution…………………………………….……………………………. 135 5.4 Management System Solutions for LTE………….…………………………..... 136 5.4.1 Huawei Solutions………………….…………………………………………..136 5.4.2 NSN Solution…………………………………….………………………… 136 5.4.3 E/// Solution…………………………………….………………………….. 137 5.5 Roadmap of Vendors for LTE…………….…………………………………..... 137 5.5.1 Huawei Solutions………………….……………………………………….. 137 5.5.2 NSN Solution…………………………………….………………………… 138 5.5.3 E/// Solution…………………………………….………………………….. 139 6. EARLY TEST RESULTS ………………………………………………...………141 6.1 LTE: Performance from End User Perspective ………………………………... 143 6.2 LTE: Performance from Operator Perspective ……………………………….... 145 6.3 LTE: Performance In Terms Of Peak Data Rates ……………………………... 145 6.4 Performance Evaluation of 3G Evolution ……………………………………....146 6.4.1 Models and Assumptions…………………….…………………………..… 146 6.4.2 Performance Numbers For LTE With 5 Mhz FDD Carriers ……………… 149 6.5 Evaluation of LTE in 3GPP…………………………………… …………...….. 151 6.5.1 LTE Performance Requirements…………………….…………………...… 151 6.5.2 LTE Performance Evaluation…………………….…………...…………… 153 6.5.3 Performance of LTE with 20 MHz FDD carrier……….………………...… 154 6.6 Performance Test Results of LTE Done By LTE/SAE Trial Initiative ……….. 156 6.6.1 Data Rates……………..…………………….………………………...…… 156 6.6.2 Latency……………..…………….………………………………………… 160 6.6.3 Inter Operability Testing……………..…………….…………….………… 164 6.7 Summary of LSTI Test Results………………..……………………………….. 164 7.DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS, SOLUTIONS, OPERATOR CASES …………167 7.1 Moving Towards a Multi-system Integration ………………………………….. 168 7.1.1 A New Platform…………………….………………………………………… 168 7.1.2 Unified Platform…………………….………………………………….…….. 168 7.1.3 Multi-System Support……………… ………………….……………………..169 7.1.4 Multi Band Support……………… ………………….………………………..169 7.1.5 How to Carry Out……………… ………………….…………………….……170 7.1.5.1 Modular Design………………………..…………………………...……… 170 7.1.5.2 All IP Frame.…………..……………………………………………………170 7.1.5.3 Distributed Architecture ……………………………………………………170 7.1.5.4 Large Capacity and High Integration ....…………………………….. 171 7.2 Solutions…………………………………… ………………………………….. 171 7.2.1 Voice…………………….……………………………………………….… 171 7.2.1.1 Overview………………………..…………………………………….. 171 vi 7.2.1.2 LTE Voice Deployment Scenarios……..…………………………….. 172 7.2.2 SMS…………………….……………….………….………….…………… 177 7.2.3 MMS…………………….……………….………….………….………….. 178 7.2.4 Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)…………………….……………… .……… 179 7.2.5 IN/CAMEL Service …………………………………….………………… 180 7.3 Operator Cases……..……………………… ………………………………….. 180 7.3.1 LTE for 3G Operators……………..…………………….……………….……180 7.3.2 LTE for Greenfield Operators……………..…………….……………….……182 7.3.3 Summary……………… ………………….………………………………..…183 7.4 Case Study……..……………………… ………………………………………. 184 7.4.1Assumptions……………..…………………….…………………………….…184
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