Planning and Design of Fixed Wimax Network for University of Al Fashir

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم

Alneelain University

College of Graduate Studies

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Communication Engineering

A Thesis submitted as partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Mobile Communication

Planning and Design of Fixed WiMAX Network for University of Al Fashir

Prepared by:

Leila Omer Adam Ahmed

Supervised By:

Dr. Ibrahim Elimam Abdalla

January 2019

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم

اآليـــــــــــــــــــة

ه ه ُ ْ ْ يَ ْر َفعِ هّللاُ ال ِذي َن آَ َمنُوا ِم ْن ُك ْم َوال ِذي َن أوتُوا ال ِعل َم َد َر َجا ٍت 

صدق هللا العظيم

)سورة المجادلة ,آية رقم 11 (

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this thesis to my Mother (Habeba Alhaj)

With all my love……………….

And

To the soul of my father

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I want to thanks God for giving me the strength and health to accomplish successfully this master thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr.Ibrahim El imam Abdalla for his help and encouragement and for supporting me during my whole trip in writing my thesis starting from deciding the topic and finding out the main contribution points till submitting my thesis. Thank you from the bottom of my heart for you all and I am so proud to deal with you.

I would like to thank the best Mother in the world, who made this all possible and gave me wings when I needed it most and for having faith in me and keeping me positive all the way.

I will not forget my family (my brothers and my sisters). Seriously, without them I wouldn’t have achieved any success.

Many thanks to all my friends for their help and emotional support, Thank you for everything.

Last I would like to thank all the people who have helped me make this thesis possible.

Leila Omer, January 2019

III

Abstract

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the most new technology among all the next wireless technologies to connect to the Internet. With this technology, the user will be able to access the Internet at home or away from home without wires, and companies can cover entire cities by broadcasting the Internet completely.

This research provides a brief overview of WiMAX technology, and the planning of Fixed WiMAX network for a specific study area (Al Fashir University), for a set of different user profiles, different services and requirements, and different scenarios, and explains the simulation and analysis of WiMAX using OPNET modular as a tool of planning because it enables the user to manage the design to better fit for the deployment needs, whether the desired design should have better coverage area or better capacity. The research includes planning a fixed WiMAX network for Al-Fashir University with two different scenarios, taking into account the services that are required to be provided in this network. The services and requirements are fixed for the two scenarios while they differ in the coverage area of the network.

The results show that while, in the first scenario, the coverage area of the antenna (cell area) is comparatively small, the send and receive of the power signal will be strong, the delay is less, the more successful accurate data received and delivered and the better the services provided to the users, that is why scenario one is the best in the services compared to scenario two.

المستخلص

تعتبر تقنية الواي ماكس WiMAX، التقنية األكثر نضجاً من بين كل التقنيات الالسلكية المقبلة لالتصال باإلنترنت ، في ظل تطبيق هذه التقنية سيتمكن المستخدم من الدخول إلى اإلنترنت في منزله أو خارج منزله و بدون أية أسالك، كما يمكن للشركات تغطية مدن بأكملها ببث اإلنترنت تماماً كبث الراديو أو الجوال.

يقدم هذا البحث نظرة عامة موجزة عن تقنية WiMAX ، و شرحاً عن الخطوات التي يجب أخذها بعين االعتبار من أجل تخطيط شبكة WiMAX ثابتة لمنطقة معينة )جامعة الفاشر( ، لمجموعة من التشكيالت المختلفة للمستخدم ، والخدمات والمتطلبات المختلفة ، وسيناريوهات مختلفة ، ويشرح المحاكاة والتحليل من WiMAX باستخدام برنامج الـــــ OPNET كأداة للتخطيط والمحاكاة ألنها تمكن المستخدم من اتخاذ الحل المناسب الحتياجات التنفيذ والتطوير ، سواء كان الحل المطلوب منطقة تغطية أفضل أو قدرة أفضل، ويتضمن البحث تخطيط لشبكة WiMAX ثابتة لجامعة الفاشر بعمل سناريوهين مختلفين مع االخذ باإلعتبار الخدمات المراد تقديمها بهذة الشبكة حيث كانت الخدمات والمتطلبات ثابتة للسناريوهين بينما يختلفان في مساحة التغطية للشبكة.

ومن النتائج تحصلنا علي انه )السيناريو االول( كلما كانت مساحة التغطية للهوائي ) مساحة الخلية ( صغيرة نسبياً كلما كانت قوة االشارة المرسلة والمستقبلة اقوي وكذالك التأخير أقل ونسبة البيانات المستقبلة بصورة صحيحة اكثر وكذلك بعض الخدمات المقدمة للمستخدمين تكون افضل منها عندما تكون مساحة التغطية اكبر لذلك وجد ان السناريو االول افضل في الخدمات من السيناريو الثاني.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO Title Page NO I االية Dedication II Acknowledgement III Abstract (EN) IV V مستخلص )عربي(

Table Of Contents VI List Of figures VIII List Of Table IX List of Abbreviations X Chapter One : Introduction 1- 1 Introduction 1 1-2 Motivation for the Thesis 2 1-3 Problem Definition 2 1-4 Research Objectives 2 1-5 Why WiMAX 3 1-6 Research Methodology 3 1-7 Thesis Layout 3 Chapter Two: Overview of Wireless Communications 2-1 Introduction 4 2-2 Features of Wireless Communication 4 2-3 Wireless Communication Advantages 5 2-4 Classification of Wireless Communications 6 2-5 The Generations Of Wireless Communication 7 2-5-1 Zero Generation (0G – 0.5G) 7 2-5-2 First Generation (1G) 7 2-5-3 Second Generation (2G -2.5G -2.75G) 8 2-5-4 Third Generation (3G) 9 2-5-5 Fourth Generation (4G) 10 2-5-6 Fifth Generation (5G) 11 LTE vs. WiMAX(4th generation telecommunication networks) 12 2-6 WiMAX 13 2-6-1 Advantages Of WiMAX Technology 12 2-6-2 WiMAX Applications 16 2-6-3 WiMAX Services 17 2-6-4 WiMAX Architecture 19 2-6-5 WiMAX Framework 22 2-6-6 WiMAX standards & Specifications 23 2-6-7 Types of WiMAX Technology (802.16) 24 2-6-7-1 Fixed WiMAX 25 2-6-7-2 Mobile WiMAX 25 2-6-8 WiMAX Physical Layer 27 2-6-9 WiMAX MAC layer 28 2-6-10 WiMAX Quality of Service (QoS) Definitions 28 2-7 LTE(Long-Term Evolution) 29

2-8 Related Works 32 Chapter Three: Modeling and Simulation 3-1 Introduction (Network Simulation Overview) 34 3-2 OPNET Modeler (Simulation Tool) 34 3-3 Network Architecture 35 3-3-1 The area under study 35 3-3-2 The Capacity and Applications and Services of the Network 36 3-4 The Model and the Simulation 36 3-4-1 OPNET Models used in the Network Simulation 37 3-4-2 Simulation scenarios 37 3-4-3 Parameter Setup 39 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 4-1 Performance Metrics And Simulation Result 45 4-1-1 The WiMAX metrics 45 4-2 The Services metrics 50 Chapter Five: Conclusion 5-1 Conclusion 60 5-2 Suggested Future Work 61 5-4 References 62

LIST OF FIGURES

F. No Figure Title Page No 2-1 Shows a Simplified Wireless Communication System Representation 6 2-2 WiMAX applications 17 2-3 WiMAX Network Architecture 21 2-4 WiMAX Network Reference Model 22 2-5 WiMAX Standards 24 2-6 the Long Term Evolution (LTE) Architecture 30

VII

3-1 Map of the area under the study 35 3-2 Basic steps for creating network simulation 36 3-3 scenario number one(Al Fashir university as a cell ) 38 3-4 scenario number two(Al Fashir university as subnet inside the cell) 39 3-5 WiMAX configuration attributes 40 3-6 WiMAX Application configuration 41 3-7 WiMAX profile configurations with Application 42 3-8 WiMAX subscriber station parameters 43 3-9 WiMAX Antenna Attributes 44 4-1 the average delay of scenario one(A) and scenario two(B) 45 4-2 The average delay comparison between the two scenarios 46 4-3 the average throughput of scenario one and scenario two 47 4-4 the average throughput comparison between the two scenarios 48 4-5 the average load of scenario one and scenario two 48 4-6 The average load comparison between the two scenarios 49 4-7 average in HTTP Object Response Time the two scenarios 50 4-8 average in HTTP traffic sent in the two scenarios 51 4-9 average in HTTP traffic Received in the two scenarios 51 4-10 average in HTTP sent comparison between the two scenarios 52 4-11 average in FTP Download and Upload Response in scenario two 53 4-12 average in FTP traffic Received in the two scenarios 54 4-13 average in FTP traffic sent in the two scenarios 54 4-14 average in Email Download and Upload Response scenario two 55 4-15 average in Email traffic Received in the two scenarios 56 4-16 average in Email traffic sent in the two scenarios 56 4-17 average in DB query Response time in the scenario two 57 4-18 average in DB query and entry traffic Received in the two scenarios 58 4-19 average in DB query and entry traffic sent in the two scenarios 58

LIST OF TABLES

T. No Table Title Page No 2-1 Types of Access to a WiMAX Network 26 2-2 WiMAX QoS classes and their Applications and Specification 28 2-3 the differences between LTE and WiMAX 30 3-1 OPNET components used in this project 37 3-2 simulation parameters 44

VIII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1G First Generation 2G Second Generation 3G Third Generation 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project AMPS Advance Mobile Phone Service ASN Access Service Network

ASP Application Service Providers BE Best Effort services BS Base Station BWA Broadband Wireless Access BTS Base Transition station CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CSN Connectivity Service Network DSL Digital Subscriber Line EDRGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution ETACS Extended Total Access Communication System FDD Frequency Division Duplexing FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HCMTS High Capacity Mobile Telephone System HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSPA High-Speed Packet Access IMTS Improved Mobile Telecommunications Service IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ITU International Telecommunications Union LOS Line-of-Sight LTE Long-Term Evolution MAC Media Access Control MIMO Multiple in and multiple out MTS Mobile Telecommunications Service NAP Network Access Providers OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access NMT-450 Nordic Mobile Telephone-450 NSP Network Service Providers NLOS Non-Line-of-Sight N-rt-Ps Non – real time poling service PALM Public Automated Land Mobile PC Personal Computers PHY Physical layer QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keyin QoS Quality of Service

Rt-Ps Real Time Poling service SMS Short Message Services TACS Total Access Communication System TDD Time Division Duplexing TDMA Time Division Multiple Access WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

Chapter One

Introduction

1-1 Introduction:

Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving enterprises and operators for years, to the great satisfaction of its users. However, the new IP-based standard developed by the IEEE 802.16 is likely to accelerate adoption of the technology. It will expand the scope of usage thanks to: the possibility of operating in licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, unique performance under Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions, Quality of Service (QoS) awareness, extension to nomad city, and more. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, will encourage the widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology and pushing interoperability between products [1].

This research highlight and assess the value of WiMAX as the right solution to extend the currently limited coverage of public WLAN (hotspots) to citywide coverage (hot zones) the same technology being usable at home and on the move blanket metropolitan areas for mobile data-centric service delivery, offer fixed broadband access in urban and suburban areas where copper quality is poor or unbundling difficult, bridge the digital divide in low-density areas where technical and economic factors make broadband deployment very challenging. In addition to other potential applications, such as telephony or an effective point-to multipoint backhauling solution for operators or enterprises.

1 1-2 Motivation for this Thesis:

One of the new systems that aims to provide the users with high capacity and different services is the WiMAX. Hence; different types of applications can be supported by WiMAX such as web browsers, chatting, files, sharing, and e- mail, video and voice communications with the help of the high capacity of the system. Today, in every continent, one in ten people around the world use Wi-Fi at home, at work, and in countless ways.

1-3 Problem Definition:

The use of multimedia services became one of the most important requirements. Therefore, giving a suitable throughput and delaying each nominal application are being a challenge to the systems and the traditional systems are not able to cover the increasing number of users and multimedia services [1].

University of Al Fashir has about ten colleges and five centers and just one hotspot (Wi-Fi in the Computer Center) the range of the Wi-Fi network is about 40 m2 that mean there is no other internet source in the University , the mean idea (goal) is to use WIMAX technology concept and design a network to extend the currently limited coverage (range) and power of the public LAN ( hotspot in one center) to wide coverage( hot zones in all centers and colleges of the University) and offer high data rate.

1-4 Research Objectives: The objectives of this Thesis is to make a model for fixed WiMAX network that offers a specific services and applications for the converge area (University of AL Fashir) and make a simulation for it to evaluate the experimental results for the services quality, coverage and throughput then to make a comparison between the results of the different scenarios for the converge area, to determine the best topology that can be used in deploying the real network.

2 1-5 Why WiMAX?

Because compared with other wired solution WiMAX based access networks enable operators and service providers to cost effectively reach million of new potential customers providing them with broadband ICTs access. This is even true for developing countries and rural areas for which the cost/profitability and the demand factors are essential. This obviously includes adequate coverage, reliability, performances (throughput), capacity and applications [2].

1-6 Research Methodology:

The methodology used in this research includes four-steps process, the first step is coverage analysis that involves examining the coverage of the network and identifying areas where coverage problems occur (west side of Al Fashir town including University of Al Fashir) by using GIS tools to delineate the study area and all points that involved in the network is being planned. The second step is capacity analysis by considering the number of users and corresponding applications (all the buildings and offices and spots should be covered), the third step includes the construction of a network simulation model in OPNET modular (two different scenarios) and set it for simulation. The final step includes the analysis of results to provide a clear indication of quality of service.

1-7 Thesis Layout:

The chapters of this research will be organized as follows: Chapter two includes an overview of wireless communication and the generations of it, comparison between LTE and WiMAX, types of WiMAX technologies and presenting WiMAX classes and some applications that belong to WiMAX, WiMAX standards & Specifications of WiMAX system QoS in details and some Related Works. Chapter three includes the modelling and simulation and its configuration and parameters, presenting simulation results via OPNET 14.5 modeler. Chapter four includes the analysis of the results and discussion, while Chapter five presents conclusions and suggested works for the future.

Chapter Two

Overview of Wireless Communications

2-1 Introduction:

Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. As such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public. Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the last decade and there are currently around two billion users worldwide [3].

Indeed, cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries, and are rapidly supplanting antiquated wire line systems in many developing countries. In addition, wireless local area networks currently supplement or replace wired networks in many homes, businesses, and campuses. Many new applications, including wireless sensor networks, automated highways and factories, smart homes and appliances, and remote telemedicine, are emerging from research ideas to concrete systems. The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers indicate a bright future for wireless networks, both as stand-alone systems and as part of the larger networking infrastructure. However, many technical challenges remain in designing robust wireless networks that deliver the performance necessary to support emerging applications [3].

2-2 Features of Wireless Communication:

The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features. The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication), Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking,

4 and so on. Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones [4].

2-3 Wireless Communication Advantages:

Wireless communication has several advantages; the most important ones are below:

2-3-1 Cost effectiveness: Wired communication entails the use of connection wires. In wireless networks, communication does not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. Hence the cost is reduced [4]. 2-3-2 Flexibility: Wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive messages. Miners in the outback can rely on satellite phones to call their loved ones, and thus, help improve their general welfare by keeping them in touch with the people who mean the most to them[4]. 2-3-3 Convenience: Wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite simple and therefore allow anyone to use them, wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in order to receive or pass messages [4]. 2-3-4 Speed: Improvements can also be seen in speed, the network connectivity were much improved in accuracy and speed [4]. 2-3-5 Accessibility: The wireless technology helps easy accessibility as the remote areas where ground lines can’t be properly laid, are being easily connected to the network [4]. 2-3-6 Constant connectivity: Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly, a wireless mobile can ensure you a constant connectivity though you move from place to place or while you travel, whereas a wired land line can’t [4].

2-4 Classification of Wireless Communications: There are several kinds of wireless technologies; the main difference being their range. Some offer connectivity over an area as large as your desktop whilst others can cover a medium-sized office space. Our most familiar wireless network, the mobile phone, covers whole continents. Wireless technology can offer businesses more flexible and inexpensive ways to send and receive data [5]. The four key benefits of wireless technology are: 1. Increased efficiency - improved communications leads to faster transfer of information within businesses and between partners/customers. 2. You are rarely out of touch - you don't need to carry cables or adaptors in order to access office networks 3. Greater flexibility and mobility for users – office based wireless workers can be networked without sitting at dedicated PCs. 4. Reduced costs - relative to 'wired', wireless networks are, in most cases, cheaper to install and maintain.

Figure (2-1): Shows a Simplified Wireless Communication System Representation

6 2-5 The Generations Of Wireless Communication:

2-5-1 ZERO GENERATION (0G – 0.5G):

Mobile radio telephone systems referred to as 0G or pre-cellular mobile telephony technology, and were introduced in 1970. In the early 1970s, wireless service offerings were a rare and high-priced way of communication. The first wireless service in the U.S was Improved Mobile Telecommunications Service (IMTS), which consisted of a 100-watt base station centrally located in a service area. In order to complete a call, either operator assisted or manual selection of an available frequency was needed. MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Telephone Mobile System) and AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) are headed under 0 G. This generation was followed by 0.5 G which was a group of technologies with improved features than 0G. HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System) and Autotel, or PALM (Public Automated Land Mobile) come under this generation [5].

2-5-2 FIRST GENERATION (1G):

Also known as the Analogue Radio Interface Generation, the 1st generation began in early 1980’s. It was analog; circuit switched, and carried only voice traffic. The core difference between the existing 0G systems and 1G was the discovery of cellular technology therefore also known as First generation of analog cellular telephone. In this generation the network consists of many cells and each cell is covered by a radio network with one transceiver and so same frequency can to be reused many times which allowed a large spectrum usage and thus increased the system capacity [5].

Different standards of 1G which were used worldwide are: Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Total Access Communication System (TACS) / Extended Total Access Communication System (ETACS), Nordic Mobile Telephone-450 (NMT-450), Nordic Mobile Telephone-900 (NMT-900), Radio

7 Telephone Mobile System (RTMS), Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT), NTACS (Narrowband Total Access Communications System) and JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communication System). The first generation systems suffered from the limitations of low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since anybody with an all-band radio receiver can listen to the conversation.

Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G wireless networks used analog radio signals. A voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and is transmitted between radio towers with the help of 1G. This is done using a technique called Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) [5].

2-5-3 SECOND GENERATION (2G -2.5G -2.75G):

2G is the second-generation wireless telephone, which is based on digital technologies. 2G networks is basically for voice communications only, except SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards. Second generation telephone technology is based on GSM or in other words global system for mobile communication and it’s network allows for much greater penetration intensity[6].

2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multimedia messages). Is more efficient and holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, iS-136 and CDMA

8 technology is IS-95. GSM is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies, now it is used in more than 212 countries in the world, and its technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time [6].

The use of digital data service assists mobile network operators to introduce short message service over the cellular phones. Digital encryption has provided secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use of 2G technology requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be weak.

2-5-4 THIRD GENERATION (3G):

3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards IMT- 2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps [18]. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds. However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing networks while simultaneously planning their "revolutionary" new mobile broadband networks. This led to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G networks that descended from GSM [6]. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.

9  General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.  Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.  UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.  High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps.  LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.

2-5-5 FOURTH GENERATION (4G):

4G is the name of technologies for high-speed mobile wireless communications designed for new data services and interactive TV through mobile network.. Many changes rather improvements are expected in the coming 4G mobile technology. First and foremost priority is giving to the security issue. International Telecommunication Union using Radio defined 4G mobile technology as IMT-Advanced (International Mobile telecommunication Advanced) [18]. Expected issues considered to be resolved in this 4G mobile technology are as follows;

 It is considered to embed IP feature in the set for more security purpose as high data rates are send and receive through the phone using 4G mobile technology.  4G mobile technology is able to download at a rate of 100Mbps like mobile access and less mobility of 1GBps for local access of wireless.  Instead of hybrid technology used in 3G with the combination of CDMA and IS-95 a new technology OFDMA is introduced 4G. In OFDMA, the concept is again of division multiple accesses but this is neither time like TDMA nor code divided CDMA rather frequency domain equalization process symbolizes as OFDMA.  CDMA sends data through one channel but with the division of time in three slots. While CDMA also sends data through one channel identifying the

10 receiver with the help of code. Whereas in 4G mobile technology OFDMA is going to introduce in which data packets sends by dividing the channel into a narrow band for the greater efficiency comprises a prominent feature of 4G mobile technology.  IEEE 802.16m is processing for the IEE802.16e comprising the 4G brand will define it as WMBA (Wireless Mobile Broadband Access). This is a plain indicator for the internet availability. The implementation is in progress to avoid the call interference in case of data download from a website. It will propose 128 Mbps downlink data rate and 56Mbps uplink data rate which is an extra ordinary step in 4G mobile technology. The service will limit as the availability of hotspot is condition for the internet connectivity.  Parallel with WiMAX, LTE is intended to incorporate in 4G mobiles. It is also a wireless technology for the broadband access. The difference between WiMAX and LTE is that LTE goes for the IP Address. It follows the same TCP / IP concept inherited from networking technology. Restricted for the IP addresses it will provide great security as well as high data transferability, avoid latency, having the ability to adjust the bandwidth. LTE is compatible with CDMA so able to back n forth the data in between both networks.  3GPP Organization is going to introduce two major wireless standards; LTE and IEEE802.16m. Former is granted permission for the further process while second is under consideration and that will become a part of 4G mobile technology.  IPv6 is approved by Version as a 4G standard on June 2009[5].

2-5-6 FIFTH GENERATION (5G):

The fifth generation of wireless mobile communication refers to WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web. It is the wireless internet network that will be supported by the technologies like by OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB, Network-LMDS and IPv6. Ipv6 will be the basic protocol for running 5G systems [5].

11 The 5G systems shall maintain virtual multi-wireless network. Therefore, the network layer is divided into two sub layers. The upper network layer for the mobile node and the lower network layer for the interface. This is the preliminary framework for the internet, where all the routing will be based on IP addresses which will be different in each IP network world wide .In the existing wireless radio interface a higher bit rate is a big loss; to control this loss the 5G systems will use Open Transport Protocol (OTP). The application layer is for quality of service management over different type of networks [5].

Features of the fifth generation: 1. Bidirectional larger bandwidth, and less traffic, 2. Equal availability of network across the world, 3. 25Mbps connectivity speed, 4. Data bandwidth higher than 1GB and Low-cost.

WiMAX Vs. LTE (4th generation telecommunication networks)

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Long- Term Evolution (LTE) promise to bring better transfer rates, lower latency, better availability and more to fulfill the needs of the customers, but they also have to be more effective. They should not be too expensive for providers, they should reach more devices with less costs. Otherwise they would be unprofitable for the carriers or it would take too much time until the new communication networks would cover a large area. And maybe until then other communication networks would be developed. That’s what happened to the 3rd generation telecommunication networks. They are still not fully available everywhere and newer generation networks such as WiMAX and LTE are on the way or even already out [7].

12 2-6 WiMAX:

WiMAX technology is a telecommunications technology that offers transmission of wireless data via a number of transmission methods; such as portable or fully mobile internet access via point to multipoint links. The WiMAX technology offers around 72 Mega Bits per second without any need for the cable infrastructure. WiMAX technology is based on Standard that is IEEE 802.16, it usually also called as Broadband Wireless Access. WiMAX Forum created the name for WiMAX technology that was formed in Mid June 2001 to encourage compliance and interoperability of the WiMAX IEEE 802.16 standard. WiMAX technology is actually based on the standards that making the possibility to delivery last mile broadband access as a substitute to conventional cable and DSL lines [8].

WiMAX (802.16) technology often misinterpreted by the people by the names of mobile WiMAX, 802.16d, fixed WiMAX and 802.16e. Actually 802.16-2004 or 802.16d is developed by the third party as a standard and it is also referred to call as Fixed WiMAX because this standard is lacking behind just because of the non-mobility feature that’s why it’s often called as Fixed WiMAX. During the maturity period of WiMAX (802.16) technology some of the amendments were made to the above mentioned 802.16d and they referred this amending standard as 802.16e. 802.16e introduced mobility and some other features amongst other standards and is also known as Mobile WiMAX [8].

2-6-1 Advantages of WiMAX Technology

WiMAX stands for WiMAX services brings long time term evolution in wireless data market. WiMAX Technology is facing many hurdles in market while it has some great advantages which make it a technology of todays. The advantages of WiMAX Technology are discussed in details below [9].

13 2-6-1-1 WiMAX Coverage: The single station of WiMAX can operate and provide coverage for hundred of users at a time and manage sending and receiving of data at very high speed with full of network security [9].

2-6-1-2 WiMAX High Speed: The High speed of connectivity over long distance and high speed voice makes it more demanded in hardly populated areas plus compacted areas [9].

2-6-1-3Multi-functionality within WiMAX Technology : WiMAX Technology perform a variety of task at a time such as offering high speed internet, providing telephone service, transformation of data, video streaming, voice application.

2-6-1-4 Potential and development: WiMAX Technology is a great invention for new Era because WiMAX has enough potential for developing and opportunity to offer various types of services for new generation. Now you can connect internet anywhere and browse any site and make possible online conference with mobile internet, multimedia application never let you bored, IPTV stay you up to date [9].

2-6-1-5 Stay in touch with end user: WiMAX network always keep stay in touch with your friends and all others using same WiMAX network because it provide absolute communication service to the end users to make possible rich communications[9].

2-6-1-6 WiMAX Infrastructure: WiMAX infrastructure is very easy and flexible therefore it provides maximum reliability of network and consent to actual access to end users.

2-6-1-7 WiMAX, cheap network: WiMAX is a well known wireless network now days because it provide a low cost network substitute to internet services offered via ADSL, modem or local area network.

14 2-6-1-8 WiMAX Rich Features: WiMAX Technology is offering rich features which make it useful. WiMAX offers separate voice and data channel for fun, the semantic connection make your network more secure than before, fast connectively, license spectrum, liberty of movement.

2-6-1-9 WiMAX and Wi-Fi: The WiMAX network providing much higher speed and very long range as compared to Wi-Fi Technology.

2-6-1-10 Smart antenna and Mesh Topology: The use of smart antenna in WiMAX network offering high quality widest array which enable you to make possible communication on long route without any encryption. It offers 2.3, 2.7, 3.3, 3.8GHz frequency ranges. The use of Mesh topology in WiMAX network for the expansion is an extensive spectrum of antennas for commercial as well as for residential users [9].

2-6-1-11 Ultra wide Band: The unique and excellent infrastructure of WiMAX is offering Ultra-Wideband. Its exclusive design is providing range from 2 to 10 GHz and outstanding time response.

2-6-1-12 Homeland Security: Security options of WiMAX Technology also offer very high security because of encryption system used by WiMAX. The WiMAX is providing exclusive homeland security. Now you can exchange your data on whole network without any fear of losing data.

2-6-1-13 Lack of history: The best advantage of WiMAX vendor technology is lack of history within mobile industry for protection. WiMAX push the existing technologies and forward on steady stream, only WiMAX technology offers first major mobile standard to all mobile broadband infrastructures. It is a foremost mobile transporter. WiMAX technology support both wireless and wired network including cable operator which are now successful due to core networks of WiMAX [9].

2-6-2 WiMAX Applications:

WiMAX network provides the ability for service provider to deploy new era broadband service. WiMAX applications are most effective than today. It provides a broad customer base, while adding up a mobility feature to those services. WiMAX technology applications are a mean of service providers to present data, video, voice, mobile and internet access. There are various benefits of WiMAX technology such as it provides simple based prospective cost saving and service efficiency but to be capable to allow VoIP calling, mobile devices, video making and high speed data transfer [3].

WiMAX technology brings a new ingredient to today’s mobile community. The most important application offered by WiMAX Technology is business, consumer connectivity, and backhaul. WiMAX Technology carries real augmentation to communications through which you can get benefit not only from voice but also video and data transmission to get quick response to situation. Through WiMAX Technology a client can deploy a temporary communication services and speed up their network to support events and circumstances. WiMAX technology applications enable you to get temporary access to media, visitors and employees. If you are exist in tower range then you can get easy access to premises equipment for such events. The basic strength behind the WiMAX Technology applications are high bandwidth, high quality services, security, deployment, full duplex including DSL and versus cable, and its cost[3].

Figure (2-2) : shows WiMAX applications

2-6-3 WiMAX Services:

WiMAX is a new wireless technology which provides Mobility, Coverage, Maintainability, Roaming Services etc. WiMAX offers both point to point data transformation known as fixed WiMAX. It also provides full cellular type mobile data services refer to Mobile WiMAX. It offers point to point or point to multipoint network. It employs radio signal which carry both voice and data signals. WiMAX technology offers various types of high value services for the ease and multi-tenancy expansion [9]. WiMAX services totally change the way of living. The most valuable services offered by WiMAX are under:

2-6-3-1 Data and networks: WiMAX network is offering a network which meets your today and future need. The cabling system of WiMAX network are appropriately planned, managed and installed. It provides accurate proficiency in telecommunications and latest technology of hub and routers to get best result during broadcasting. WiMAX services make available a customized network for home, business and others [9].

17 2-6-3-2 CCTV Surveillance: WiMAX network is allowing various types of devices to communicate. WiMAX Services facilitate you with security cameras through which you can secure your business such as colleges, school, offices, shopping mall, jewelry shops, mobile shops etc. WiMAX services also providing time lapse security recorder for your home or business security, spy security cameras which can protect you from spy, nanny cam, monitors and other equipment’s through which you can secure your home or any type of business without any fear of theft and make confident about security conditions[9].

2-6-3-3 Home Automation: WiMAX services offering home automations such as home theatre technology which enable you to get full cinema experience with plasma screen, high quality sound, best quality DVD player and recorder, Through WiMAX services you can enjoy long time fun with music, TV cable, and FM radio. WiMAX services offering a well design system, wiring installment etc according to client needs and requirements [9].

2-6-3-4 Access Control: The Access control system presented by WiMAX services permit the flow of personal data into a site and encrypted unwanted visitors to save your data. WiMAX services are providing a range of access control system such as pin codes, swipe card and proxy readers. The CCTV, time and attendance records offered by WiMAX services can be incorporated into other systems in the building [9].

2-6-3-5 Intercoms: The intercom systems for WiMAX services permit inhabitants to speak via a call station with visitor. Intercom systems linked to an internal unit within a handset and control functions. After confirmation of visit the host may allow the visitor to enter home by releasing electronic door. The use of intercom is increasing with the passage of time in big hotels, restaurants, educational institute, collages, universities etc and it is only possible by WiMAX services[9].

18 2-6-3-6 Security: such a considerable WiMAX service which provides full security with well thought-out wiring for telephone, video, and LAN. It is possible via home theatre and multi room audio. It also provides advanced lighting control via build up system. The other services are control of blinds, flow of water, air conditioning, keyless entry and security, exhaust fans, ceiling fans, and lots of other electric devices from touch screens. The fire alarm, smoke, and heating system, utility bills, and other multimedia equipment’s are great services provided by WiMAX [9].

In short WiMAX Services facilitate you with up-to-date equipment’s, facilities, and customized solutions for upcoming challenges. WiMAX services solutions make possible the network connectivity without any cable and high quality of access including PC platforms, notebook etc. WiMAX technology makes our lives more comfortable and tension free. WiMAX services are providing inflexible performance with superior security, supple connectivity at business work, at building, or on the road.

2-6-4 WiMAX Architecture:

WiMAX technology is based on IEEE standard for high layer protocol such as TCP/IP, VoIP, and SIP. WiMAX network is offering air link interoperability and vendor for roaming. The multi vendor access from WiMAX focused on higher level networking specifications for fixed, mobile, and portable WiMAX. The Architecture of WiMAX technology based on all IP platforms. The packet technology of WiMAX needs no legacy circuit telephony. Therefore it reduces the overall cost during life cycle of WiMAX deployment [3].

19 The main guide lines of WiMAX Architecture are as under.

1. The WiMAX architecture support structure of packet switched. WiMAX technology including IEEE 802.16 standard and its modification, suitable for IETF and Ethernet. 2. WiMAX architecture allowing decoupling and also sustained topologies for connectivity purpose like IEEE 802.16 radio specifics. 3. WiMAX architecture offers flexibility to accommodate a wide range of deployment such as small to large scale. It offers licensed to unlicensed opportunity. WiMAX also support urban, rural radio propagation. The uses of mesh topologies make it more reliable. It is the best co existence of various models. 4. WiMAX architecture offers various services and applications such as multimedia, Voice, mandated dogmatic services as emergency and lawful interception. 5. WiMAX architecture providing a variety of functions such as ASP, mobile telephony, interface with multi internetworking, media gateway, delivery of IP broadcasting such as MMS , SMS, WAP over IP. 6. WiMAX architecture supporting roaming and internetworking. It support wireless network such as 3GPP and 3GPP2.It support wired network as ADSL, MSO based on standard IETF protocols. 7. WiMAX architecture also support global roaming, consistent use of AAA for billing purposes, digital certificate, subscriber module, USIM, and RUIM. 8. The range of WiMAX architecture is fixed, portable, nomadic, simple mobility and fully mobility[3].

20 The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:-  Base stations (BS): used by the end user to access the network.  The access service network (ASN): which comprises one or more base stations and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.  The connectivity service network (CSN): which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core network functions

The WiMAX architecture is offering a flexible arrangement of functional entities when constructing the physical entities, Because AS may be molded into BTS, BSC, and an ASNGW, Which are equivalent to the GSM model of BSC, BTS and GPRS Support (SGSN)[9].

Figure (2-3) :shows the WiMAX Architecture

21 2-6-5 WiMAX Framework:

The architecture framework is defined such that the multiple players can be part of the WiMAX service value chain. More specifically, the architecture allows for three separate business entities:  network access provider (NAP), which owns and operates the ASN  network services provider (NSP), which provides IP connectivity and WiMAX services to subscribers using the ASN infrastructure provided by one or more NAPs.  application service provider (ASP), which can provide value-added services such as multimedia applications using IMS (IP multimedia subsystem) and corporate VPN (virtual private networks) that run on top of IP[3].

Figure (2-4): The WiMAX Network Reference Model

22 2-6-6 WiMAX standards & Specifications:

Many standards are often referred to as WiMAX (802.16) or broadband access standards just like Wi-Fi. Technically, WiMAX supports IEEE 802.16 WiMAX specifications and will continue to developments as the specifications evolve, but other standards have also been produced based on the 802.16 specification. Some of them are extensive enough to get attention by the WiMAX Forum, including HiperMAN and WiBro. WiMAX (802.16) effectively holds all of WiMAX (802.16) standards [3].

2-6-6-1 IEEE 802.16-2004

This standard is the formal one being used for current fixed and nomadic Line Of Sight(LOS) and Non Line Of Sight(NLOS) WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) implementations and is based on and backwardly compatible with 802.16 and 802.16a . The WiMAX Forum profiles supporting IEEE 802.16 2004 are in the 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. Vendors are currently creating indoor and outdoor customer subscriber stations equipment and laptop PCMCIA cards to support this specification. This standard will be used for cell creation in non- mobile scenarios and LOS distance links [3].

The theory of duplexing refers to the management of upstream and downstream traffic flows. Frequency division duplexing (FDD) uses two channels. One channel is used for upstream traffic and the other is used for downstream traffic. Time division duplexing (TDD) uses a single channel, and the devices at each end must exchanges between sending and receiving [9].

2-6-6-2 IEEE 802.16e

802.16e standard is an extension to the 802.16-2004 specification and supports mobile communications. This mobility is provided through handoffs and roaming support built in to the standard. While intended to provide mobility,

23 this technology is used by service providers to provide fixed access as well. 802.16e specification operates in the 2.3 and 2.5 GHz frequency bands [3].

Figure (2-5): shows WiMAX Standards

2-6-7 Types of WiMAX Technology (802.16):

The WiMAX family of standards (802.16) concentrate on two types of usage models a fixed WiMAX usage model and a mobile WiMAX usage model. The basic element that differentiates these systems is the ground speed at which the systems are designed to manage. Based on mobility, wireless access systems are designed to operate on the move without any disruption of service; wireless access can be divided into three classes; stationary, pedestrian and vehicular [1].

A mobile WiMAX network access system is one that can address the vehicular class, whereas the fixed WiMAX serves the stationary and pedestrian classes. This raises a question about the nomadic wireless access system, which is referred to as a system that works as a fixed WiMAX network access system but can change its location [1].

24 2-6-7-1 Fixed WiMAX:

Fixed WiMAX is being deployed worldwide, and the networks are increasing in size. Measurements have been performed, but the amount of measurements are few and do therefore not demonstrate performance in a real life deployment. We have performed analyses of the physical performance in a fixed WiMAX deployment, Broadband service and consumer usage of fixed WiMAX access is expected to reflect that of fixed wire-line service, with many of the standards-based requirements being confined to the air interface. Because communications takes place via wireless links from WiMAX Customer Premise Equipment (WiMAX CPE) to a remote Non Line-of-sight (NLOS) WiMAX base station, requirements for link security are greater than those needed for a wireless service. The security mechanisms within the IEEE 802.16 standards are sufficient for fixed WiMAX access service [1].

Another challenge for the fixed WiMAX access air interface is the need to set up high performance radio links capable of data rates comparable to wired broadband service, using equipment that can be self installed indoors by users, as is the case for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modems. IEEE 802.16 standards provide advanced physical (PHY) layer techniques to achieve link margins capable of supporting high throughput in NLOS environments [1].

2-6-7-2 Mobile WiMAX:

The 802.16a extension, refined in January 2003, uses a lower frequency of 2 to 11 GHz, enabling NLOS connections. The latest 802.16e task group is capitalizing on the new capabilities this provides by working on developing a specification to enable mobile WiMAX clients. These clients will be able to hand off between WiMAX base stations, enabling users to roam between service areas [1].

25 WiMAX continues the developments on different stages to support the mobility. it supports subscriber stations(SCs) moving at vehicular speeds, thereby Specification it introduced a system for combined fixed and mobile broadband Wireless Access(BWA), the mobility services also known as mobile ,WiMAX System used 4G (Fourth generation)system to solve the problems of 3G (Three generation) systems. 4G designed to give new services like high-quality voice to high-definition video to high –data-rate wireless channels. Video conferencing contains the transfer of audio and video between two users point to point (PTP) or among multiple users multiple users to multiple users (MTM). The video is encoded as a series of video frames, with frame rates ranging from 8 frames per second (fps) for low-bandwidth, video with low quality, to 30 fps or higher for video with high-quality. The video is compressed by using lossy compression codes like MPEG-4 or H.264 to save bandwidth [10]. VoIP may deliver voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP). This process includes fragmentation defragmentation of voice, isolation of jam signals and then compression the voice signal with the use of compression/decompression (coding/ encoding) algorithms. The communication basic role in WiMAX network consists of one Base Station (BS) and one or more Subscribers Station (SS) [10].

Table (2-1): shows Types of Access to a WiMAX Network

2-6-8 WiMAX Physical Layer:

The WiMAX physical layer is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. OFDM is the transmission scheme of choice to enable high-speed data, video, and multimedia communications and is used by a variety of commercial broadband systems, including DSL, Wi-Fi and Digital Video. Broadcast-Handheld (DVB-H), and Media FLO, besides WiMAX. OFDM is an elegant and efficient scheme for high data rate transmission in an online-of-sight or multipath radio environment [11].

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing):

OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; it’s a technology that provides the operator to beat the challenges of Non-Line-of- Sight (NLOS) transmission in the more efficient manner. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform put forward the advantage of functioning with the larger delay spread of the NLOS background. With the excellent quality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) functionality, time and use of a cyclic prefix and it’s also removes the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) complications of adaptive equalization. Multiple narrowband orthogonal carriers composed because of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, localizing selective fading to a subset of carriers that are comparatively simple to equalize[12].

The facility to remove delay spread, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and multipath in a proficient manner allows for higher data rate throughput. It is simpler to equalize the individual Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) carriers than it is to equalize the broader single carrier signal. For these entire reasons modern international standard such as those set by IEEE 802.16, have created Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as the ideal technology [12].

27 2-6-9 WiMAX MAC layer:

A MAC layer or Media Access Control data communication protocol sub-layer may also be known as a Medium Access Control layer. A MAC layer is a sub- layer of the Data Link Layer. This is defined in the standard seven-layer OSI model as layer 2. The MAC layer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network, typically a local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN). The WiMAX MAC has been designed and optimized to enable point to multipoint wireless applications and the WiMAX MAC layer provides an interface between the physical layer and the higher application layers within the stack [13].

2-6-10 WiMAX Quality of Service (QoS) Definitions : QoS is one of the important advantages of WiMAX system, where WiMAX broadband provides five classes of QoS. Every service can be classified according to those different types: Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), Extended Real-Time Polling Service (Ert-PS), Real-Time Polling Service (Rt-PS), Non- Real Time Polling Service (Nrt-PS) or Best Effort (BE). WiMAX supplies the five QoS classes via an architecture that emphasize process requests, access control and assign the fundamentals of radio frequencies that can achieve the needed target through each service. Table (3-1) WiMAX QoS classes and their Applications and Specification

WiMAX QoS WiMAX QoS Class Application QOS Specifications Class Used for real-time services such as Voice Maximum sustained rate Unsolicited Grant over IP, VoIP of for applications where Maximum latency Service (UGS) WiMAX is used to replace fixed lines such tolerance as E1 and T1. Jitter tolerance Used for real-time services including video Minimum reserved rate streaming. It is also used for enterprise Maximum sustained Real-time Packet access services where guaranteed E1/T1 rate Maximum latency Services (Rt-PS ) rates are needed but with the possibility of tolerance Traffic

28 higher bursts if network capacity is priority available. And offers a variable bit rate but with guaranteed minimums for data rate and delay. used for applications where variable packet Minimum reserved Extended sizes are used -often where silence rate, (Enhanced)Real suppression is implemented in VoIP. One Maximum sustained rate Time Packet typical system is Skype. Maximum latency Services (Ert-PS), tolerance, Jitter tolerance, Traffic priority used for services where a guaranteed bit Minimum reserved rate Non-real time rate is required but the latency is not Maximum sustained rate Packet Services critical. It might be used for various forms Traffic priority (Nrt-PS) of file transfer. Best Effort (BE) for Internet services such as email and browsing. Data packets are carried as space Maximum sustained rate becomes available. Delays may be incurred Traffic priority and jitter is not a problem.

2-7 LTE(Long-Term Evolution):

Long Term Evolution also known as LTE was developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), collaboration between groups of telecommunication associations. The LTE standard is officially known as “document 3GPP Release 8”. LTE Release 8 is sometimes also called as 3.9G because it almost achieves full compliance with IMT Advanced [7].

LTE uses also orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in the downlink, but it uses single carrier frequency-division multiple access (SCFDMA) in the uplink. OFDMA is power inefficient, because of the high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), but since the downlink is part of the base station (e-Node-B in 3GPP terminology) it does not matter that much. In the uplink, where the transmission starts from the mobile devices that use batteries, LTE uses SCFDMA, which brings a reduced peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). It saves power without degrading system flexibility or performance ensuring a better mobility since the higher power efficiency is important for

29 mobile devices. SCFDMA is an alternative solution to OFDMA. The performance of OFDMA can be better than SCFDMA but it is less power efficient [7].

Figure (2-6): shows the Long Term Evolution (LTE) Architecture

The Differences between LTE and WiMAX:

Table No (2-3) : shows the differences between LTE and WiMAX

Point of WiMAX LTE difference

Subcarrier The subcarrier spacing can be variable due Constant at 15kHz. Spacing to which capacity can be varied.

Latency The time between the user-B.S.- user is The time between UE-RNC-UE 50msec. is10msec.

Channel optimizes for maximum channel usage by organizes the available spectrum utilization processing all the information in a wide into smaller chunks. channel.

30 FFT Due to High channel utilization, processing Organization of data into smaller that much information requires 1000-point chunks makes it process the Fast Fourier Transform. information by a lower point FFT (like 16-point FFT). Evolution It is a completely new technology with It has evolved from WCDMA to upgrading in generations but not an exact HSPA to LTE with a core evolution. backbone of GSM.

Duplexing Uses only TDD(Time Division Duplexing). Uses FDD(Frequency Division mode However 802.16m release 1.5 added FDD Duplexing) and TDD(Time feature due to growing market Division Duplexing). opportunities and to avoid interference. Uplink WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency LTE uses single-carrier frequency signaling Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for division multiple access (SC- uplink signaling. FDMA) for uplink signaling. Power Due to OFDMA on the uplink signaling the Due to SC-FDMA on the uplink consumption PAPR (Peak to Average Power ratio) hence signaling the PAPR is lower and more power consumption at the handset. PA efficiency is high hence less power consumption and improved battery life.

2-8 Related Works

Wireless Networks Deployment, Planning, Optimization and quality of services has a lot of challenges with respect to Coverage area and the Capacity of the Network. In the literature, there are a number of studies which are focused on planning WiMAX network and quality of service that WiMAX gave.

In [14], Bruno Rés, Susana Sargento. Have used developed application for the planning of wireless networks using WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), for a set of different user profiles, different services and requirements, and different scenarios (residential, business, mixed) with different terrains. The results show that there are several possibilities of solutions to satisfy the needs of specific scenarios, whether the desired solution should have better coverage area or better capacity. The planning tool enables the user to change the solution to better fit for the deployment needs.

In [15], Asad Bilal, in his study explained the simulation and analysis of WiMAX using the Matlab, cell planner and OPNET simulation tools. The results show that Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) outperforms OFDM in WiMAX system and enhances the performance when spreading factor increases.

In [16], Dr. Adnan Hussein Ali, Dr. Ali Abdulwahhab Abdulrazzaq. Compared in their study the performance of WiMAX and Wi-Fi networks for voice and (light and heavy) video using OPNET Modeler in terms of throughput and voice packet end to end delay. Quality of service (QoS) support for both technologies provide smooth and steady voice and video transfer. Wi-Fi operates with base line and fiber line subnets and WiFi fiber base can be considered the ideal design for these network.

In [17], Nupur Rajan Malankar and Ruchi Shah they made a comparative analysis of video conferencing over WiMAX networks is conducted. QoS parameters like network delay, load and throughput are evaluated with respect to different modulation.

In [18], Jamil Hamodi , Khaled Salah and Ravindra Thool. Studied the performance of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) over Fixed WiMAX system considering different combinations of digital modulation. The performance is studied taking into account a number of key system parameters which include the variation in the video coding, path-loss, scheduling service classes different rated codes in FEC channel coding. The performance study was conducted using OPNET simulation. The performance is studied in terms of packet lost, packet jitter delay, end-to-end delay, and network throughput. Simulation results show that higher order modulation and coding schemes (namely, 16 QAM and 64 QAM) yield better performance than that of QPSK

33 Chapter Three

MODELING AND SIMULATION

3-1 Introduction (Network Simulation Overview)

Digital communication network has developed for more than 20 years and in this process the communication network has been progressively computerized. Its structure and function have become more complex, and technology has grown faster. As a result, the research and development of communication networks have become more and more difficult. Thus, innovative development of the traditional method is required. It needs the research and development methods which are based entirely on the physical entities by using simulation tools as a support or verification mechanism. In addition to the design, any simulation tool can be used to validate and test products, and thus reduces research costs. Network simulation is a method to simulate the network behavior using mathematical modeling and statistical analysis. Simulating the transmission of network traffic, we can do an optimized network design to check the network performance [19].

Network simulators attempt to model real world networks. In his work, the idea being that if a system can be modeled, then features of the model can be changed and the results were analyzed. As the process of model modification is relatively cheap, then a wide variety of scenarios can be analyzed at low cost (relative to making changes to a real network)[25].

3-2 OPNET Modeler (Simulation Tool) :

OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool) Company originated in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and released its first commercial network performance simulation software which provided an important network performance optimization tool which revolutionized network simulation, making powerful predictive network performance management through simulation has thus become possible. OPNET has developed other products

34 besides Modeler .There are various types of products in OPNET for different networking needs [20]. This software uses an object-oriented modeling and graphical editors. It reflects the structure of actual networks and network components. It provides comprehensive support communication systems and distributed systems development environment. Flexible hierarchical modeling method of OPNET Modeler can support all network research related communications, devices and protocols [20]. In the thesis OPNET modeler 14.5- Educational version was used to simulate the model of the WiMAX network.

3-3 Network Architecture

3-3-1 The area under study

The area under study include the west side of Al Fashir town (about 20 km×20 km) including Government ministries, the UNAMED camp and University of Al Fashir (3 km ×1.5 km) .The map of the area under study is created by using GIS tool (GPS). In this research, we will focus on the impact of the implemented network in the area of Al-Fashir University only.

Figure(3-1 ): Shows Map of the area under study

3-3-2 The Capacity and Applications and Services of the Network

Al Fashir University has about 83 buildings, which are different from each other, some of them are high buildings and the others ground buildings (campuses), which represents the vast majority of buildings.

There are many service quality classes that fixed WiMAX offers used in the simulation such as

1- Real Time Poling service (rt-ps). 2- Non – real time poling service (N-rtps). 3- Best-effort service (BE). The main applications of the network to be designed is high quality of Web browsing (HTTP), Database (data transfer), Email, FTP and streaming audio and video which are gave by the three services quality that fixed WiMAX offer.

3-4 The Model and the Simulation: When we are making model about any network there are five steps as follows we should do:

1 Create Network models

2 Choose Statistics

3 Determine Parameters

Run Simulations 4

5 View and Analyzed Results

Flow chart (3-2) shows Basic steps for creating network simulation

3-4-1 OPNET Models used in the Network Simulation The main OPNET components used in this project are listed in Table NO (3-1 )

Table NO (3-1) shows the maim OPNET components used in the project

Model Application Profile WiMAX WiMAX-Serve Name Configuration Configuration Configuration (Fixed node)

Model Icon

wimax_bs_eth Wimax-ss-wkstn 10BasteT ip32_cloud Model Name ernet8_slip8_router (Fixed node)

Model Icon

3-4-2 Simulation scenarios

For the simulations we constructed two scenarios. The position of a BS is changed in the different scenarios. But the number of SSs is fixed (83 work stations), For more accuracy we run the simulations several times with same seeds in the different scenarios and Simulation time is fixed with 2000 seconds for each run.

A. Scenario one Scenario one is simulated in an area of 3 km ×1.5 km by Considering the University of Al fashir as a cell, The base station is located at (0.61 km, 0.82 km) position which is near to the most crowded place The number of SSs is (83 work stations) and their locations are changed away from the Base Station as presented in Figure (3-3).

Figure (3-3): shows scenario number one (Al Fashir University as a cell)

B. Scenario two Scenario two is simulated in an area of 20 km×20 km by considering the University of El Fashir ( inside subnet) part of a cell radius of 10 km where BS is located at a position of (4.29 km, 5 km). The number of SSs is the same as in scenario one but they are all in subnet and are 3km away from the Base Station as presented in Figure (3-4).

Figure (3-4) : shows scenario number two(Al Fashir university as subnet inside the cell)

4-4-3 Parameter Setup parameter associated with WiMAX configuration object includes (Contention Parameters, Efficiency Mode, MAC Service Class Definitions and OFDM(A) PHY Profiles) Efficiency Mode attributes is set in Efficiency Enabled mode and the attributes for MAC service class Definition for WiMAX Configuration is three types of MAC Layer Quality of services (QoS) : Real Time Poling , Non – real time poling and Best Effort are used, with maximum sustained traffic rate of 1 Mbps and minimum sustained traffic rate of 0.5 all scheduling types. Other WiMAX parameters in OFDM PHY Profiles is set as Wireless OFDMA 20 MHz as shows in figure(3-5).

Figure (3-5). Shows WiMAX configuration attributes

Application definition specifies many applications. Here are five types of services are used (Voice, HTTP, FTP, Email, Database) application services. Voice application includes PCM quality speech and HTTP application includes Heavy Browsing while FTP, Email and Database applications include High load, figure (3-6) shows the application definition.

Figure (3-6 ): shows WiMAX Application configuration

A user profile is built using various application definitions with parameters and application may have tasks and a task may have multiple phases. A phase can have many requests and responses, Parameter associated with WiMAX profile configurations is given in Figure (3-7)

Figure (3-7) : shows WiMAX profile configurations with Application.

The set of the profile name on the “Application Supported Profiles” attribute and Application Supported files on the workstation Parameter associated with WiMAX Subscriber Station (SS) is given in Figure (3-8)

Figure (3-8): shows WiMAX subscriber station parameters

While figure (4-9) shows Antenna Attributes includes Antenna Gain (dBi) and the Classifier Definitions which contain the classes of services and the physical profile that are used.

Figure (3-9): shows WiMAX Antenna Attributes

And there are other parameters included in the simulation show in the table (3-2):

Table (3-2) Shows simulation parameters

System simulation Parameters Simulation Time 30 minutes (1800 seconds) Antenna Gain Use Antenna Model Number of SSs 83 PHY profile Wireless OFDMA 20 MHz Duplex Technique TDD Efficiency Mode Efficiency Enabled BS MAC address Distance based

44 Chapter Four

Results and Discussion

4 -1 Performance Metrics and Simulation Result

The proposed studies and scenarios are related to different performance metrics to find out results and decisions with respect to the main attributes of BS and SSs. 4-1-1 The WiMAX metrics (includes Delay, throughput and the load) 1) Average delay (sec): Average delay is the end-to-end transmission time between BS and SS. It represents how long it takes to transmit a bit from source node to destination node.

A B

Figure (4-1): shows the average delay of (A) scenario one and (B) scenario two

As it is shown in figure (4-1) it can be seen that the average delay in scenario one is very less than in scenario two , in scenario one the time it takes to transmit a bit from the source node to the destination node start in the beginning of the simulation with (0.0011sec in average) and reduces to (0.0009

45 sec in average) to the end of the simulation while in scenario two it talks(0.035sec in average) in the beginning of the simulation to transmit a bit and the time increases up to (0.050sec in average)to the end of the simulation. This means that the transmission speed in scenario one is more better than in scenario two, the different very clear in the figure (4-2) bellow

Figure (4-2) shows the average delay comparison between the two scenarios

2) Average throughput (bits/sec or packet/sec): Average throughput is the average number of bits of successful message delivery over a communication channel per unit of time (second).

A B Figure (4-3): shows the average throughput of (A) scenario one and (B) scenario two

As it shows in figure (4-3) we can clearly see that the increase of average throughput in scenario one is stable than in scenario two , the average number of bits of successful message delivery over a communication channel per unit of time start from 0 in the beginning of the simulation with and increase to( 100.000 in average ) in the two scenarios they just different in the stability of the transmission. But the average of transmit packets there is different in the two scenarios. in scenario one increase to( 100 packet in average) but in scenario two is just (25 packets in average ), the average throughput in the two scenarios is shows in figure (4-4) bellow:

Figure (4-4): shows the average throughput comparison between the two scenarios

3) Average load (bits/sec): Average load is the number of bits being submitted to the WiMAX MAC layer by its upper layer in second.

A A Figure (4-5): shows the average load of scenario one(A) and scenario two(B)

As it is shown in figure (4-5) it can be seen that it is very clear that there is big different in scale of the load between the two scenarios, in scenario one the number of bits being submitted to the WiMAX MAC layer by its upper layer in second is start from (0 bit and 0 packet ) in the beginning of the simulation up to (8000.000 bit in average) and up to(8000 packet in average ) and the increasing is stable . but in scenario two the number of bits being submitted to the WiMAX MAC layer by its upper layer in second is start from (0 bit and 0 packet ) in the beginning of the simulation up to just (100.000 bit in average) and up to(25 packet in average ) and the increasing is stable the different very clear in the figure (4-6) bellow

Figure (4-6): shows the average load comparison between the two scenarios

49 [

4-2 The Services metrics ( include internet browsing (HTTP), File Transfer process (FTP), Email, Database )

4-2-1 Internet Browsing (HTTP)

Figure (4-7): shows average in HTTP Object Response Time the two scenarios

In the internet browsing the object response time is shown in the figure (4-7), it can be seen from the figure that the average object response time in scenario one is more less than in scenario two , in scenario one the time it takes the object to response is (0.0010 sec in average) and it’s stable in the all the simulation time while in scenario two it talks from the object to response (0.05sec in average) in the beginning of the simulation and up to (0.11sec in average) and become vacillating to the end of the simulation. This means that the HTTP Object Response Time in scenario one is better than in scenario two.

Figure (4-8): shows average in HTTP traffic sent in the two scenarios

Figure (4-9 ): shows average in HTTP traffic Received in the two scenarios

51 HTTP average traffic sent and received is shown in Figures (4-8) and (4-9), respectively. The traffic sent by the two scenarios is identical to the traffic received on the both scenarios, it can be seen from the figures that the average average traffic sent and received in scenario one is more less than in scenario two , in scenario one the traffic start After 100 sec from the beginning of the simulation time and start with (0 byte/ sec in average) and increase in vacillatory way up to (14 byte/sec in average), while in scenario two the traffic Regardless if is sent or received start as the simulation begin with (0 byte/ sec in average) d up to (120 byte/sec in average) and become vacillating to the end of the simulation. This means that the HTTP Object Response Time in scenario Two is better than in scenario one. The different very clear in the figure (4-10) bellow

Figure (4-10): shows the traffic sent comparison between the two scenarios

52 4-2-2 File Transfer Process (FTP)

Figure (4-11): shows average in FTP Download and Upload Response in scenario two

The FTP Download and Upload Response is shown in the figure (4-11), it can be seen from the figure that the average Download Response time in scenario twp is (1.6 sec in average) at the beginning of the simulation and reduce to (1.3 sec in average) in the 600sec of the simulation time and became stable in the rest of the simulation time while the average upload Response time (1.6 sec in average) at the beginning of the simulation and reduce to (1.5 sec in average) and became stable in the rest of the simulation time . This means that the FTP Download Response Time in scenario one is better than the Upload Response

time in scenario two.

[ Figure (4-12): shows average in FTP traffic Received in the two scenarios

Figure (4-13): shows average in FTP traffic sent in the two scenarios

FTP average traffic sent and received is shown in Figures (4-11) and (4-12), respectively. The traffic sent by the two scenarios is identical to the traffic received on the both scenarios, it can be seen from the figures that in scenario one is there is no FTP traffic sent or received , but in scenario two the traffic

54 start from the beginning of the simulation time and start with (2, 0000 byte/ sec in average) and increase vacillatorly to the end of the simulation and stable in (500 byte/sec in average ) but still better than scenario one.

4-2-3 Email

Figure (4-14) shows average in Email Download and Upload Response scenario two

The Email Download and Upload Response is shown in the figure (4-14), it can be seen from the figure that the average Download Response time in scenario two start (0.40 sec in average) at the beginning of the simulation and vacillate between it and (0.35 sec in average) in the rest of the simulation time while the average upload Response time start (0.35 sec in average) at the beginning of the simulation and up (0.4 sec in average) and became stable in the rest of the simulation time . This means that the Email Download Response Time and Upload Response time in scenario two is almost the same.

Figure (4-15): shows average in Email traffic Received in the two scenarios

Figure (4-16 ) :shows average in Email traffic sent in the two scenarios

Email average traffic sent and received is shown in Figures (4-14) and (4-15), respectively. The traffic sent by the two scenarios is identical to the traffic received on the both scenarios, it can be seen from the figures that in scenario

56 one is there is no Email traffic sent or received , but in scenario two the traffic start from the beginning of the simulation time and start with (160 byte/ sec in average) and decrease vacillatorly to the end of the simulation and stable in (60 byte/sec in average ) at the 600 sec of the simulation but still better than scenario one.

4-2-4 Database (database query)

Figure (4-17): shows average in DB query Response time in the scenario two

As it is shown in figure (4-18) it can be seen that it is very clear that the average Database in scenario two the time it takes from the DB query to response is (0.80 sec in average) in the beginning of the simulation decreases to

(0.75sec in average)to the end of the simulation.

Figure (4-18): shows average in DB query traffic Received in the two scenarios

Figure (4-19) :shows average in DB query traffic sent in the two scenarios

Database query average traffic sent and received is shown in Figures (4-16) and

(4-17), respectively. The traffic sent by the two scenarios is identical to the traffic received on the both scenarios, it can be seen from the figures that in scenario one is there is no database query traffic sent or received, but in scenario two the traffic start (0 byte/sec in average) in the beginning of the simulation time and increase gradually up to (4000 byte/ sec in average) and at the 600 sec of the simulation, but still better than scenario one.

59 Chapter Five

Conclusion and References

5 - 1 Conclusion

This Research presented a brief overview of WiMAX networks, which is the first technology to apply OFDMA as physical layer. The OPNET Modeler is used to design and Deployment, Planning and Optimization and characterize the performance parameters of WiMAX network.

Firstly we conclude that it is possible to deploy a WiMAX network for each considered scenario capable of satisfying the needs of its users and services. There are several factors that have great influence on the performance of the system, which alerts to the need of a careful planning. Some important parameters that affect cellular planning were presented, as well as their effect. With the obtained results we can conclude that there are several possible solutions to deploy a WiMAX network

Secondly, It can be concluded from simulation results that it’s very clear that the average delay in scenario one is more less than in scenario two and the average throughput in scenario one is stable and better than in scenario two, and in scenario one the number of bits being submitted to the WiMAX MAC layer by its upper layer in second (Load) is the best for scenario two, from the results we can see that when cell is small (scenario one) the strength of the signals will be the best.

60 5 –2 Suggested Future Work

As WiMAX network planning is an ongoing research problem which introduces new challenges as the technology matures and gets more integrated into the telecommunications industry there are several factors in the proposed optimization framework which can be further improved and complemented in order to enhance it, The current model considers only fixed WiMAX and simple services, Other crucial features of WiMAX need to be addressed such as mobility and handoff requirements.

Additional modifications can be implemented to the framework to optimize existing networks for expansion purposes. In order to gain the maximum profit from the deployed networks the financial model can be modified taking into consideration more complex calculations and predictions, user subscription expansion, and the use of WiMAX technology as a backhaul solution and finally the widely predicted integration of WiMAX technology with Wi-Fi can be examined on different deployment scenarios.

5-3 References

[1] A. Kumar , “ WiMAX Technology”, School Of Engineering , Cochin University OF Science & Technology, September 2010.

[2] www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax.htmal, October 2018

[3] www.electronics-notes.com/connectivity/wimax.php, November2018

[4] Wireless Communications www.tutorialspoint.com. October 2018.

[5] R. Vir, “A comprehensive survey of the Wireless Generations” , International Journal Of Research in Computer Applications and Robotic, ISSN 2320-7345 .Vol.3 Issue 9, September 2015.

[6] G. P. Kaur, J. Birla, J. Ahlawat, “Generations of Wireless Technology”. International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 02, August 2011.

[7] D. Eberle, “LTE vs. WiMAX 4th generation telecommunication networks”, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany, March 2012

[8] A. N. Mahmood, “Coverage Area and Capacity Evaluation for WiMAX Networks”, the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Eastern Mediterranean University ,January 2014.

[9] www.Freewimaxinfo.com/wimax-applications.html, October 2018.

[10] J. Hamodi, K. Salah, R. Thool “Evaluating the Performance of IPTV over Fixed WiMAX”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 84 – No 6, December 2013.

[11] G. Prakash, S. Pal, “WIMAX Technology and its Applications”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp.327-336, February 2014.

[12] WiMAX Forum™ , “WiMAX – Part I:A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation” , August 2006.

[13] A. Kumar, “WiMAX Technology”, School Of Engineering ,Cochin University Of Science & Technology, September 2010.

[14] B. Rés, S. Sargento, “WiMAX Deployment, Planning and Optimization: Application to Different Scenarios”, Institute of Telecommunications, University of Aveiro, July 2011

[15] A. Belal, A. M. Abbas, “Simulation of Converge of WiMAX”, School of IT and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, 2011 .

[16] A. H. Ali, A. A. Abdulrazzaq, H. S. Hamad, S. H. Omran, V. H. Faraj , “QoS WiMAX and Wi-Fi Performances Analysis based OPNET Modeler”, International Journal of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (IJCSEE) , ISSN 2320-4028,Volume 6, Issue 1, 2018.

[17] N. R. Malankar , R. Shah, “QoS Analysis over WiMAX Network with Varying Modulation Schemes and Efficiency Modes”, AMET University and International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 162 – No 8, March 2017.

[18] J. Joshi, K. Yadav “A Study on Wimax Network Technology” International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, ISSN: 2320-9801 , Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2014.

[19] Long H. Shan Xi “OPNET Modeler and Computer Network Simulation”. University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2006.

[20] Opnet technologies, http://www.opnet.com, November, 2018.