Chronological ­Tables

Table 1 Egyptian Chronologies Dynasty Breasted Meyer CAH Helck Mellaart Bernal

1st 3400 3315 ± 100 3100 2955 3400 3400 2nd 2900 2780 3200 3200 3rd 2980 2895 ± 100 2730 2635 2950 3000 4th 2900 2840 ± 100 2613 2570 2850 2920 5th 2750 2680 ± 100 2494 2450 2725 2800 6th 2625 2540 ± 100 2345 2290 2570 2630 7th 2475 —­ 2181 2155 2388 2470 8th 2475 —­ —­ —­ 2388 2470 9th 2445 2360 ± 100 2160 —­ —­ 2440 10th —­ —­ 2130 —­ —­ —­ 11th 2160 2160 2133 2134 2287 2140 12th 2000 2000/1997 1991 1991 2155 1979 13th 1788 1778 1786 ? 1946 1801 14th —­ —­ —­ —­ —­ —­ 15th —­ —­ 1674 1655 1791 1750 16th —­ —­ 1684 —­ —­ —­ 17th —­ —­ —­ —­ —­ —­ 18th 1580 1580/75 1567 1552 1567 1567 19th 1315 1320 1320 1306 1320 1320 20th 1200 1200 1200 1196/86 1200 1200

Sources: Breasted (1906, I, pp. 40–5); Meyer (1907b, pp. 68 and 178); Cambridge Ancient History (charts at the end of vols I.2B, II.1 and II.2); Helck (1971, chart; 1979, pp. 146–8); Mellaart (1979, pp. 9 and 19).

xlix l Chronological ­Tables

Table 2 Mesopotamian and Syrian chronologies Lagash Umma Kish Akkad Assur Mari Ebla

2600

Igris-­Kalam 2550 Eblul-li Irkab-­Damu Tudia 2500 Iku-Š­ ar Ar-­Ennum Ebrium

Eannatum Šuru-­Damu Ibbiš–Šipiš– 2450

2400 Lugalzaggizi Sargon (2380–2325) 2350

2300 Naram-­Sin (2300–2238) 2250

2200 Šu-­Durul (2214–2199) Chronological ­Tables li

Long Chronology Babylon Assur Mari

2000 Erišum I (1997–71)

Ikunum 1950 Šarum-­kin Puzzur-­Aššur II Naram-­Sin 1900 Erišum II

Šamši-­Adad (1869–36) 1850 Hammurabi (1848–1806) Zimri-­Lim (1831–18) 1800 Šamšuiluna (1805–1767) Kassites 1750

1700 Ammisaduqa (1701–1683) Šamšuiditana (1681–51) Hittite Conquest followed by Kassite rule 1600

1250 Tukulti-­Ninurta I (1244–1208) conquers Babylon 1235. lii Chronological ­Tables

­Middle Chronology Cambridge Ancient History Babylon Assur Mari

1900 Erišum I (1906–1867)

Ikunum 1850 Šarum-­kin Puzzur-­Aššur II Naram-­Sin Iakhtun-­Lim Erišum II 1800 Šamši-­Adad (1813–1781) Hammurabi (1792–50) Zimri-­Lim (1775–62) 1750 Šamšuiluna (1749–12) Kassites 1700

1650 Ammisaduqa (1646–26)

Šamšuiditana (1625–1595) 1600 Hittite Conquest followed by Kassite rule

1250 Tukulti-­Ninurta I (1244–1208) conquers Babylon 1235. Chronological ­Tables liii

Short or Low Chronology Babylon Assur Mari

1900 Erišum I (1885–4?)

Ikunum 1850 Šarum-­kin Puzzur-­Aššur II Naram-­Sin 1800 Erišum II Iakhtun-­Lim Šamši-­Adad (1749–16) 1750 Hammurabi (1728–1684) Zimri-­Lim (1711–1698) 1700 Šamšuiluna (1675–47) Kassites

1650

1600 Ammisaduqa (1581–63) Šamšuiditana (1561–31) Hittite Conquest followed by Kassite rule 1600

1250 Tukulti-­Ninurta I (1244–1208) conquers Babylon 1235. liv Chronological ­Tables

Chart 3 Aegean chronology Ceramic Period CAH K & M Bet. Bernal 1 Bernal 2

EMI 3000? 3300 EMII 2500? 3000 EMIII 2200 2400 MMIA 1900 2050 MMIB 2000 1950 MMII 1800 1820 MMIII 1700 1775–50 1730 1730 LMIA 1600 1675–50 1650 1675 LHI 1550 LMIB/ 1500 1600–1575 1610 1550 1600 LHIIA LMII 1450 1500–1475 1550 1450 1520 LHIIB 1430 1550 1520 LHIIIA1 1400 1490 1470 LMIIIA 1380 1490 1470 LMIIIA2/ LHIIIA2 1430–10 1420 LMIIIB/ LHIIIB 1275 1375–50 1365 1370

LMIIIC/ LHIIIC 1180 1200 1220

CAH = Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd edition. K & M = Kemp and Merrillees (1980) Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt. Bet. = Betancourt (1989) ‘High chronology and low chronology: Thera archaeological evidence.’ Bernal 1 = Black Athena, Volume 1. Bernal 2 = Black Athena, Volume 11. Black Athena