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A Synthesis of the Pollinator Management Symposium

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A Synthesis of the Pollinator Management Symposium VICTORIA WOJCIK LISA SMITH WILLIAM CARROMERO AIMÉE CODE LAURIE DAVIES ADAMS SETH DAVIS SANDRA J. DEBANO CANDACE FALLON RICH HATFIELD SCOTT HOFFMAN BLACK JENNIFER HOPWOOD SARAH HOYLE THOMAS KAYE SARINA JEPSEN STEPHANIE MCKNIGHT LORA MORANDIN EMMA PELTON PAUL RHOADES KELLY ROURKE MARY ROWLAND WADE TINKHAM NEW RESEARCH AND BMPS IN NATURAL AREAS: A SYNTHESIS OF THE POLLINATOR MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM FROM THE 44TH NATURAL AREAS CONFERENCE, OCTOBER 2017 New Research and BMPs in Natural Areas: A Synthesis of the Pollinator Management Symposium from the 44th Natural Areas Conference, October 2017 Victoria Wojcik, Lisa Smith, William Carromero, Aimée Code, Laurie Davies Adams, Seth Davis, Sandra J. DeBano, Candace Fallon, Rich Hatfield, Scott Hoffman Black, Jennifer Hopwood, Sarah Hoyle, Thomas Kaye, Sarina Jepsen, Stephanie McKnight, Lora Morandin, Emma Pelton, Paul Rhoades, Kelly Rourke, Mary Rowland, and Wade Tinkham Index terms: bee competition, Best Management and suburban areas through habitat planting and Practices, forest management, grazing, restoration gardening shows the same positive trend of attracting seeding diverse communities of pollinators (Hernandez et al. 2009; Wojcik and McBride 2012). Less evidence exists INTRODUCTION for the restoration of natural landscapes; neverthe- less, case studies indicate that planting for pollinators Land managers face constant challenges when (Cane and Love 2016; Tonietto and Larkin 2018) or balancing multiple land use goals that include ensur- modifying management practices and seed mixes ing that keystone species are protected. As mindful (Galea et al. 2016; Harmon-Threatt and Chin 2016) stewards of our natural areas we aim to promote, indeed results in corresponding positive changes in secure, and enhance our natural landscapes and the the pollinator community: more pollinators using the species that make them their home. When we focus landscape and more plant reproduction as a result. our efforts on protecting and promoting pollinators as well as the ecosystem services they provide we are To address the growing interest and expressed need met with an additional challenge. Limited resources for pollinator management strategies a special pol- and guidance are available, the data is patchy, and linator symposium was held at the 2017 annual con- there is an enormous diversity of species. More than ference of the Natural Areas Association, curated by 30,000 bees (Michener 2000), 150,000 butterflies William Carromero of the US Forest Service and Lisa and moths (Grimaldi and Engel 2005), 150,000 flies Smith of the Natural Areas Association. The overar- (Thompson 2006), 12 bats (Medellin et al. 1997), 63 ching goal of this symposium was to present new re- birds (Arizmendi and Ornelas 1990), and over 350,000 search and the current body of knowledge surround- other arthropods, primarily beetles (Grimaldi and En- ing pollinator system management to practitioners, gel 2005), visit flowers, transferring pollen and aiding giving them the tools to better manage this essential in reproduction. This is compounded by the diversi- natural resource. Although such an extensive topic ty of ecosystems globally and the sheer number of can hardly be examined fully in a half-day sympo- plant–pollinator interactions that can be expected. sium, the topics presented showed that research is Pollinators are directly responsible for the reproduc- progressing in an effort to fine-tune best manage- tion of 67–96% of flowering plants globally (Ollerton ment practices across ecosystems. Active research et al. 2011); these flowering plants define our natural into pollinator management and conservation on natural areas addressed large ungulate grazing and landscapes and ecosystems. forest management, with a focus on alpine systems. Reviews of research, practices, and programs in- When pollinators are considered in management tended to provide management guidance focused on decisions, ecosystem benefits can include increased honeybee pasturing on natural lands, prairie resto- pollination services and overall support of other key ration seeding, and managing pollinators in western ecosystem services. Evidence of the impact that pro- regions. This synthesis, written by the presenters active pollinator management has is most clear and and participants, recapitulates the symposium with a abundant in agricultural systems, where hedgerow presentation of research and review findings, and an and habitat planting translates to increased pollinator assessment of key gaps and next steps in topic area. occurrence (Shepherd et al. 2003; Kremen et al. 2004; Pollinator management in natural areas is a broad Ricketts et al. 2008) and often benefits crop yields topic. The symposium allowed us a detailed look at a (Klein et al. 2003; Greenleaf and Kremen 2006; Garib- subset of topics, starting the discussion on how we aldi et al. 2014). Increasing floral diversity in urban aim to consider pollinators in our land management decisions. 1 NATIVE BEES AND LARGE MAMMALS: turbance and subsequent restoration, and thus often VERTEBRATE–INVERTEBRATE INTERACTIONS represent a very actively managed landscape type IN RIPARIAN NATURAL AREAS within natural areas. What is our current state of knowledge of impacts of Mary Rowland and Sandra J. DeBano ungulate grazing on pollinators? Herbivory can impact presented by Mary Rowland plant architecture, abundance, growth, diversity, and species composition (Black et al. 2011). Depending Grazing is perhaps one of the most common man- on the preferences of the grazing ungulate involved, aged land uses in natural landscapes. Its manage- herbivory can alter potential food resources for ment focuses on both native ungulate species, which pollinators, both by decreasing and, in some cases, provide recreational, socioeconomic, and cultural increasing biomass and abundance of certain species benefits, and nonnative livestock species, such as (Vázquez and Simberloff 2004; Vulliamy et al. 2006). cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries) Livestock . These changes can, in turn, influence the abundance grazing has occurred for well over a century in North of pollen and nectar available to pollinators, as well America. While it can be well-managed, many gaps as the availability of nesting material and habitat. The remain in our understanding of its impact on the full physical presence of large mammals in the landscape scope of ecosystem services provided by natural can also impact soils, including compaction and lands and its interaction with native ungulate herbiv- stability, which can affect habitat quality for ground- ory. Investigations of how grazing impacts pollinators nesting bees (Kimoto et al. 2012; Schmalz et al. are beginning to illuminate how grazing-induced 2013). A more nuanced impact of grazing is the changes in floral abundance, plant community com- alteration of microhabitat conditions, including position, plant architecture, and soil characteristics, changes in temperature and humidity (DeBano such as compaction (a key factor for ground-nesting 2006). Both temperature and humidity can impact bees), influence pollinator communities (e.g., Carvell pollen and nectar availability in plants, as well as the 2002; Kruess and Tscharntke 2002b; Vulliamy et al. development of bees in some cases. 2006; Hatfield and LeBuhn 2007; Sjödin 2007; Kearns and Oliveras 2009; Kimoto et al. 2012). There remains, Given the variety of factors that may be influenced however, very little known about the effects of native by ungulate grazing, a first step in developing best ungulate herbivory on pollinators, especially in the management practices in riparian areas that consider United States. ungulates and pollinators is to identify areas of shared niche space between these groups. Diet overlap be- The degree to which strategies for managing ungu- tween large herbivores and pollen- and nectar-seek- lates and pollinators in natural areas may conflict with ing species, combined with common feeding habitats, each other is not well understood, especially in sensi- create the potential for competition of food resources. tive areas such as riparian zones (DeBano et al. 2016). At the most fundamental level, grazing removes plant Riparian systems provide key resources to native resources that pollinators use (i.e., flowers). However, grazers and are often preferred by livestock, especial- direct competition may be reduced depending on the ly during summer when green forage has senesced in timing of herbivory (e.g., pollinators may feed on the upland areas. Significant impacts of livestock grazing plant prior to the grazing event or regrowth may occur in riparian areas have been documented, particularly after blooming, including additional blooming). Nev- for cattle in arid ecosystems (Kauffman and Krueger ertheless, ungulate herbivory can alter the availability 1984; Belsky et al. 1999). However, herbivory by wild of pollen or nectar in a system, and understanding the ungulates such as deer (Odocoileus spp.) and elk basics of diet overlap among these groups can help (Cervus canadensis) can also affect vegetation in managers predict where and when such interactions riparian areas (Averett et al. 2017). Riparian systems might occur and their outcomes. are often a focus of restoration and management, in recognition of the relatively high biodiversity and As part of a larger, collaborative project evaluating in- ecosystem services these lands provide compared to teractions of ungulate grazing and riparian restoration other systems (Kauffman
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