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Biodiversité Des Pollinisateurs Dans Les Cannebergières : Effets Des Pratiques Culturales, Du Type De Sol Et De L’Habitat Naturel

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Biodiversité Des Pollinisateurs Dans Les Cannebergières : Effets Des Pratiques Culturales, Du Type De Sol Et De L’Habitat Naturel Biodiversité des pollinisateurs dans les cannebergières : effets des pratiques culturales, du type de sol et de l’habitat naturel. Mémoire Amélie Gervais Maitrise en biologie végétale Maître ès sciences (M.Sc) Québec, Canada © Amélie Gervais, 2015 Résumé Les pollinisateurs indigènes sont importants pour la production de canneberges. Ils sont pourtant menacés par les pratiques agricoles qui s'intensifient. Pour établir un plan de conservation efficace, une meilleure connaissance des facteurs intrinsèques aux exploitations est essentielle. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de déterminer la diversité et abondance des abeilles et syrphes retrouvées en cannebergières. Quinze fermes ont été échantillonnées selon la régie de culture, le type de sol et le type d’habitat naturel retrouvé près des cannebergières. Des pièges-bols disposés en transect ainsi que l’utilisation de filet entomologique ont été utilisés pour échantillonner les pollinisateurs. Au total, 135 espèces de pollinisateurs indigènes ont été capturées en 2013 et 2014. Le type de sol ainsi que l’habitat naturel influençaient les communautés de pollinisateurs, alors que la régie de culture ne les affectait pas. L’abeille Melitta americana, spécialiste du pollen de canneberge, a été capturée plus souvent dans les tourbières. iii Abstract Cranberry flowers greatly benefit from insect pollination, increasing fruit production. Recently, there has been a growing interest in wild pollinators. The main objective of this study was to document the diversity and abundance of Hymenopteran and Dipteran pollinators found in cranberries grown in Quebec. A total of 15 farms were sampled. Pollinator biodiversity was compared according to crop management (organic vs. conventional), soil type (sand vs. peat) and natural habitats (meadow, forest and bog). A combination of netting and pan traps was used to sample pollinator before, during and after cranberry blooming period. A total of 135 wild pollinator species were identified in 2013 and 2014. The soil type and the natural habitat influenced the bee community, while the management type did not affect the flies nor the bees. The bee Melitta americana, a cranberry specialist, was more prevalent in bogs. v Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... v Table des matières ............................................................................................................................................. vii Liste des tableaux .............................................................................................................................................. xi Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................................ xiii Remerciements ................................................................................................................................................ xvii Avant-Propos .................................................................................................................................................... xix Introduction générale............................................................................................................................................ i Chapitre I : État des connaissances .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. La canneberge ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Pollinisation et diversité des pollinisateurs dans la culture de canneberge .......................................... 10 1.2.2. Apoidea (apiformes, apoïdes) ............................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2.1. Nids (Sites de nidification) ........................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2.2. Relations avec les fleurs (anthophilie) ......................................................................................... 12 1.2.3. Diptera ................................................................................................................................................ 14 1.2.4. Facteurs environnementaux et agricoles importants pour les espèces de pollinisateurs indigènes ... 15 1.2.4.1. Régie de culture .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.4.2. Importance du type de sol ........................................................................................................... 16 1.2.4.3. Habitat naturel et semi-naturel..................................................................................................... 16 1.3. Études antérieures portant sur les pollinisateurs des cannebergières ................................................. 17 1.4. Problématique ...................................................................................................................................... 18 1.5. Hypothèse générale et objectifs du projet ............................................................................................ 19 Chapitre II: Diversity of native pollinators in cranberry crops: Impact of farm management and soil type ......... 23 Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 27 2.2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1. Study area .......................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.2. Native pollinator survey ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Statistical approach ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.3. Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 vii 2.3.1. Native pollinator diversity .................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.2. Site Clustering ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.3. Soil type and farm management impacts ............................................................................................ 34 2.4. Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 35 2.4.1. Bee biodiversity ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2. Hover fly biodiversity ........................................................................................................................... 36 2.4.3. Impact of farm management ............................................................................................................... 37 2.4.4. Impact of soil type and year ................................................................................................................ 38 2.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 39 2.6. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... 39 2.7. References ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Chapitre III: The contributions of natural habitat to wild bee biodiversity in cranberry agroecosystems ............ 49 Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................. 50 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 51 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 53 3.2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.1. Study Area .........................................................................................................................................
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