DOCSLIB.ORG

Behaviour of First Instar Ectropis Excursaria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Behaviour of First Instar Ectropis Excursaria wAÌ'l'þ. lì\'';ll lll'['E zo' r D't5\ Liiliì,¡'ï17 BEHA\TIOIIR 0F EIRST INSTÁR EeIrcPß EXC{IRSARIA(I.BPII}OPIERA: GEOITETRIDAE) IN RELATTON TO HOST-ETNDING PROCESS by RAMÅN RÄ}ÍACIÂ}IDRÂN B. Sc. (Âg), M. Sc. (I.À.R.I.' NBIü DEIflI). A thesLs subnítted for the degræ of Doctor of PhiTosophy 7n the FacuTty of AgricuTturaT Scienæ to the Aníversity of AdeLaide. /. 1'¡¡..... '-- ?5'" Jvt,--t , /-{'-ì8å Department of Entomology, I{aite .Agrlcultural Research Institute, Ttre Unversity of Adelaide. MARCI, 1986. PLATE 1 First lnstars of Ectropis excursaria on the edge of a citrus leaf. IO MY PÂRENÏS TABT,E OF CONTENIS SIIMMÄRY t DECLARATIOII iv ACKiIOWI.EDGH,IM{TS v CfrAPTER 1 I}ITRODUGIIOI{ I ffiAPTER 2 PRBLII{INÂRIËS 2,I General Methods. 5 2.2 Hatchíng of eggs. 6 2,2.t Hatching in the field. 7 2.3.I Hatching in laborat,ory. 7 CTAPTER 3 \TISUAL BBHAVIOIIR OF HTRST INSTAR ECIROPIS EXCTIRSARIA 3.1 fntroduction. 10 3.1.1 Role of vision in detection of host plants. 10 3.I.2 Role of vision in the host-finding of larval stages of lepidoptera. 11 3.2 Response of first. instar caterpillars to vertical and horizontal angles subtended by objects. 11 3.2.L Materials and methods. L2 3.2.2 Results and discussion t3 3.3 Discrimination of objects on the basis of vertical and horÍzontal angles. L4 3.3.1 Matería1s and methods. T4 3.3.2 Results and discussion. 16 3.4 Distance perception in caterpillars. T7 3.4.I Materials and methods. L7 3.4.2 Results and discussion. o.;.44a*lon 20 3.5 Role of visual and chemical cues in the set+++ng behavlour of caterpillars. 25 3.5.1 Materi.als and methods. 25 3.5.2 Results and discussion. 26 CfrAPTER 4 GK}TACTTC AND PHO]ÛTASTIC BffiAVIOUR OF FITROPIS EXCURSARTA 4.1 Introduction. 29 4.1.1 Upward migration of caterplllars. 29 4.I.2 Gravit.y. 29 4.L.3 Response to gravitY. 30 4.I.4 Geotaxis in insects. 30 4.2 Geotaxis in caterpíl1ars. 32 4.2.L The role of light and gravity ín the behaviour of caterpillars. 33 4.2.2 Angle of inclination of walking surface and its influence on response to gravity. 34 4"2.3 Influence of the curvature of walking surface on response to gravity. 38 4.2.4 Behaviour on a flat inclined surface. 39 4.2.5 Response in a centrifugal field. 42 4.2.6 Interaction of light and gravíEy in the behaviour of first instars. 47 4.3 Effect of food deprivation on response to light and gravlty of the first instars. 52 4.4 Geotactlc behaviour 1n caterpillars of later instars. 54 4.5 Response to light and gravit.y in pre-pupa1 stage. 55 4.6 Process of gravity perception in insects. 58 4.7 A club form sensory hair in the first insLars. 62 4.7.t Introduction. 62 4.7.2 Morphology. 63 4.7.3 DistrÍbution of the hair. 63 4.7.4 Distríbution with respect to the instar of the caterpillars. 64 4.7.5 Orientation of the sensory halr. 64 4.7.6 Geometrical parameters of the hair. 64 4.7.7 Role of the sensory hair in the behaviour of caterpillars. 65 4.7.8 Discussion. 69 IÙIND DISPETTSAL OF ETRST INSTAR BSIROPTS EXGIIRSARTA I Behaviour of caterpillars on vertical objects. 72 5.1.1 Effect of temperature on time spent on vertical objects. 73 5.I.2 Effect of releasÍng the insect on the top or the bottorn of a vertical object on Lhe rrcharacteristic stance behaviourrr. 75 5.1.3 Effect of temperature on the time spent one posltion. 76 5 .I.4 Effect of the height of the object on time spent on a verLical object. 77 5 .1.5 Movement of the caterplllars with respect to tíme of the day. 78 5 .1.6 Time on an object: Time from hatching or time S penL on Lhe object . 79 5 .L.7 Effect of tlme on the length of downward j ourney. 80 5 .1.8 Downr'¡ard excursions-Response to stimuli . 80 5 .1.9 Discussion. 81 5.2 hlind dispersal of first instars. 85 5.2.L Introductíon. 85 5.2.2 l,lind dispersal. 86 5.3 Effect of host plants in wind dispersal of first lnstars. 8B 5.3.1 Materials and met,hods. 88 5.3.1.1 Experinent I, 89 5.3.1.2 Experíment 2. 90 5.3.1.3 Experiment,3. 90 5.3.1.4 Experiment 4. 90 5.3.2 Results. 9L 5.3.2.1 Experirnent 1 . 91 5.3.2.2 Experiment 2. 91 5.3.2.3 Bxperiment 3. 9t 5.3.2.4 Experiment, 4. 91 5.3.3 Discussion. 93 5.4 Ternlnal velocity of fírst. instars. 99 5.4.L fnLroductlon. 99 5.4.2 Materials and rnethods. 100 5.4.2.1 Experi.ment 1. 101 5.4.2.2 Experíment 2. 101 5.4.2.3 Experiment.3. 101 5.4.3 ResulEs and di.scussion. to2 5.4.3.1 Termlnal veloclty of the first insLars. 102 5.4.3.2 Effect of silk J-ength and size of the insect on terminal velocÍty. 104 5.4.3.3 Effect of aerial maneouvring of fÍrst insLars on terminal velocity. 105 CflAPIER 6 STIR\ITVAL PO|IENrIAL OF F"IRST TNSTAR EGIROPIS ETCTJRSARIA 6.1 ïntroduction. 107 6.2 Effect of temperature on the duration of survival of first instars. 109 6.2.L MaLerÍals and methods. 109 6.2.2 Results. 110 6.3 Effect of temperature and humidiLy on the duratlon of survlval of first instars. 110 6.3.1 Introduction. 110 6.3.2 Materials and methods. 110 6.3.3 Results and discussion. 111 6.4 Effect of food plants on the survival of first instars. 114 6.4.I Introduction. 6.4.2 Materials and nethods. 114 6.4.3 Results and discussion. 115 6.4.3.1 Effect of food plants on the survival of first instars. 116 6.4.3.2 Effect of food plants on the growth of caterpillars. 119 6.4.3.3 Effect of food plants on the pupal welght of caterpillars. r20 6.5 Effect of selective rearing on the performance of progenies. L2T 6.5.1 Materials and nethods. L22 6.5.2 Results and discussion" 123 6.6 Effect of food deprivation on the establishnent of flrst instars on host plants. L25 6.6.1 Materials and ¡nethods. L2s 6.6.2 Result and discussion. L2s 6.6.2.1 Effect of food deprivation of the survival of first instars. L25 6.6.2.2 Effect of food deprivation on the duratÍon of first sLadium. 126 CHÄP1ER 7 GENERAT DISCUSSION L29 7.L Host-finding process of the first lnstar Ectropis excursaria. L29 BIBLIOGR.APET APPENDICBS LIST OF TABIJS ÁND IIUEIR LoCATION llf lfE lEft l{o. Title After page 2.L Hatching pattern in the field. 6 3.1 Three-way ANOVA of the counts of newly emerged and fasted first instar caterpillars at differenL places in the experimental area. 26 3 .2 DistribuLion of caterpillars at different places at different observational periods. 26 4.L Distribution of insects in the canister. 33 4.2 lrratson-hlilliamrs tesl to compare the mean direction of Ínsects in experiments conducted on two different days. 45 4.3 Centrifugal accelaratÍon and the circular statistical parameters for the distribution of the first ínstars in petridish size f. 4s 4.4 Centrifugal acceleration and the circular statistical parameters for the distribution of the first instars in petridish size II. 45 4.5 Effect of food deprivation on geotactÍc behaviour. 53 4.6 Effect of food deprivation on phototactic behaviour. 53 - 4.7 Effect of food deprivation on the rate of movement of the first instars. 53 4.8 Comparison of the reaction of the first and fifth instar caterpillars Lo centrifugal acceleration. s4 4.9 l,ilatson-l{il1iamts test for comparison of the mean directions of the first and fifth ínstars in centrifugal fie1d. 5l+ 4.10 Behaviour of pre-pupa in a centrifugal fie1d. 56 4.11 Angular parameters of the walking behaviour of insects after immobilization of some organs. 61 4.Ii Frequency of sensory hairs in the dífferent part.s of the caterpillars body. 63 4.13 Geor¡etrical parameters of the hair. 64 4.14 Maximum possible deflection in the sensory hair of different orientations. 66 4.15 Effect of gravity on the deflection of the sensory hair. 66 5.1 Tíme spent on a vertical object at dífferent temperatures. 74 5.2 Effect of releaslng the insect at the top or bottom of a vertlcal object on the trcharacteristic stance behaviourrr 74 5.3 BehavÍour on a vertical object: Counts of Ínsect movement. 76 5.4 Estlmated probablllties of movlng at various temperatures. 76 5.5 Effect of ternperature on the tirne spent in a single characteristic stance. 74 5.6 Effect of light and darkness on the numbers moving away fron the object (temperature experimeot). 78 5.7 Effect of light and darkness on the nunbers noving away fron the objecÈ (height. experiment,). 78 5.8 Frequency distributlon of the distance moved down by Ínsects at various time intervals. 78 5.9 Effect of host plants on the dispersal of first instars. 91 5.10 Multiple comparison of iaecal pellet production at different tines after incubation with host foliage.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Butterflies and Moths of Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States
    Heliothis ononis Flax Bollworm Moth Coptotriche aenea Blackberry Leafminer Argyresthia canadensis Apyrrothrix araxes Dull Firetip Phocides pigmalion Mangrove Skipper Phocides belus Belus Skipper Phocides palemon Guava Skipper Phocides urania Urania skipper Proteides mercurius Mercurial Skipper Epargyreus zestos Zestos Skipper Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus spanna Hispaniolan Silverdrop Epargyreus exadeus Broken Silverdrop Polygonus leo Hammock Skipper Polygonus savigny Manuel's Skipper Chioides albofasciatus White-striped Longtail Chioides zilpa Zilpa Longtail Chioides ixion Hispaniolan Longtail Aguna asander Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna claxon Emerald Aguna Aguna metophis Tailed Aguna Typhedanus undulatus Mottled Longtail Typhedanus ampyx Gold-tufted Skipper Polythrix octomaculata Eight-spotted Longtail Polythrix mexicanus Mexican Longtail Polythrix asine Asine Longtail Polythrix caunus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Zestusa dorus Short-tailed Skipper Codatractus carlos Carlos' Mottled-Skipper Codatractus alcaeus White-crescent Longtail Codatractus yucatanus Yucatan Mottled-Skipper Codatractus arizonensis Arizona Skipper Codatractus valeriana Valeriana Skipper Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper Urbanus viterboana Bluish Longtail Urbanus belli Double-striped Longtail Urbanus pronus Pronus Longtail Urbanus esmeraldus Esmeralda Longtail Urbanus evona Turquoise Longtail Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail Urbanus teleus Teleus Longtail Urbanus tanna Tanna Longtail Urbanus simplicius Plain Longtail Urbanus procne Brown Longtail
    [Show full text]
  • Report-VIC-Croajingolong National Park-Appendix A
    Croajingolong National Park, Victoria, 2016 Appendix A: Fauna species lists Family Species Common name Mammals Acrobatidae Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider Balaenopteriae Megaptera novaeangliae # ~ Humpback Whale Burramyidae Cercartetus nanus ~ Eastern Pygmy Possum Canidae Vulpes vulpes ^ Fox Cervidae Cervus unicolor ^ Sambar Deer Dasyuridae Antechinus agilis Agile Antechinus Dasyuridae Antechinus mimetes Dusky Antechinus Dasyuridae Sminthopsis leucopus White-footed Dunnart Felidae Felis catus ^ Cat Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus ^ Rabbit Macropodidae Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropodidae Macropus rufogriseus Red Necked Wallaby Macropodidae Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby Miniopteridae Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis ~ Eastern Bent-wing Bat Muridae Hydromys chrysogaster Water Rat Muridae Mus musculus ^ House Mouse Muridae Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat Muridae Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat Otariidae Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus ~ Australian Fur-seal Otariidae Arctocephalus forsteri ~ New Zealand Fur Seal Peramelidae Isoodon obesulus Southern Brown Bandicoot Peramelidae Perameles nasuta Long-nosed Bandicoot Petauridae Petaurus australis Yellow Bellied Glider Petauridae Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider Phalangeridae Trichosurus cunninghami Mountain Brushtail Possum Phalangeridae Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Potoroidae Potorous sp. # ~ Long-nosed or Long-footed Potoroo Pseudocheiridae Petauroides volans Greater Glider Pseudocheiridae Pseudocheirus peregrinus
    [Show full text]
  • Home Pre-Fire Moth Species List by Species
    Species present before fire - by species Scientific Name Common Name Family Abantiades aphenges Hepialidae Abantiades hyalinatus Mustard Ghost Moth Hepialidae Abantiades labyrinthicus Hepialidae Acanthodela erythrosema Oecophoridae Acantholena siccella Oecophoridae Acatapaustus leucospila Nolidae Achyra affinitalis Cotton Web Spinner Crambidae Aeolochroma mniaria Geometridae Ageletha hemiteles Oecophoridae Aglaosoma variegata Notodontidae Agriophara discobola Depressariidae Agrotis munda Brown Cutworm Noctuidae Alapadna pauropis Erebidae Alophosoma emmelopis Erebidae Amata nigriceps Erebidae Amelora demistis Pointed Cape Moth Geometridae Amelora sp. Cape Moths Geometridae Antasia flavicapitata Geometridae Anthela acuta Common Anthelid Moth Anthelidae Anthela ferruginosa Anthelidae Anthela repleta Anthelidae Anthela sp. Anthelidae Anthela varia Variable Anthelid Anthelidae Antipterna sp. Oecophoridae Ardozyga mesochra Gelechiidae Ardozyga sp. Gelechiidae Ardozyga xuthias Gelechiidae Arhodia lasiocamparia Pink Arhodia Geometridae Arrade destituta Erebidae Arrade leucocosmalis Erebidae Asthenoptycha iriodes Tortricidae Asura lydia Erebidae Azelina biplaga Geometridae Barea codrella Oecophoridae Calathusa basicunea Nolidae Calathusa hypotherma Nolidae Capusa graodes Geometridae Capusa sp. Geometridae Carposina sp. Carposinidae Casbia farinalis Geometridae Casbia sp. Geometridae Casbia tanaoctena Geometridae Catacometes phanozona Oecophoridae Catoryctis subparallela Xyloryctidae Cernia amyclaria Geometridae Chaetolopha oxyntis Geometridae Chelepteryx
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS INDIA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/18E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department Overview of forest pests - India DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in India. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). ii Overview of forest pests - India TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • º'‡ Èõàπõπ§ ∫ (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) ¢Õ߇¢Μ√—°…“Æ
    π‘æπ∏åµâπ©∫—∫ º’‡ ◊ÈÕÀπÕπ§◊∫ (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) ¢Õ߇¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“ Œ“≈“-∫“≈“ ®—ßÀ«—¥π√“∏‘«“ »ÿ¿ƒ°…å «—≤π ‘∑∏‘Ï 1 ™—¬«—≤πå ª√–¡«≈2 ÿ√‰°√ ‡æ‘Ë¡§”3 ·≈– »‘√‘æ√ ∑ÕßÕ“√’¬å 4 Abstract Watanasit, S.1, Pramual, C.1, Permkam, S.2, and Thong-Aree, S.3 Geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2004, 26(2) : 197-210 The purpose of this research was to investigate the species diversity and abundance of geometrid moths in tropical rain forest of Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary (< 200 meters above sea level), Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand. Field data were collected every 2 months from July 2001 to July 2002. Three light traps were placed 200 meters apart. Moths were collected every 2 hours between 18.00 - 24.00 pm for 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 2Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resourecs, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, 3Peat Swamp Hala-Bala Research Station, Narathiwat, 96160 Thailand. 1«∑.¡. ( —µ««‘∑¬“) √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å 2«∑.¡. (𑇫»«‘∑¬“) π—°»÷°…“ ¿“§«‘™“™’««‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å 3Ph.D. (Entomology) √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¿“§«‘™“°“√®—¥°“√»—µ√Ÿæ◊™ §≥–∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å Õ”‡¿ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ 90112 4«∑.¡. (™’««‘∑¬“ªÉ“‰¡â) π—°«‘™“°“√ ∂“π’«‘®—¬ —µ«åªÉ“ ªÉ“æ√ÿªÉ“Œ“≈“-∫“≈“ 96160 π√“∏‘«“ Corresponding e-mail : [email protected] √—∫µâπ©∫—∫ 10 µÿ≈“§¡ 2546 √—∫≈ßæ‘¡æå 18 µÿ≈“§¡ 2546 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Geometrid moths in Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Vol. 26 No. 2 Mar.-Apr. 2004 198 Watanasit, S., et al. 3 consecutive nights. Seven hundred and fifty six individuals of geometrid moths comprising 5 subfamilies, 17 tribes, 67 genera and 129 species were collected and identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Beginner S Guide to Moths of the Midwest Geometers
    0LGZHVW5HJLRQ86$ %HJLQQHU V*XLGHWR0RWKVRIWKH0LGZHVW*HRPHWHUV $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH ,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYH&RPPLVVLRQ Photos: Angella Moorehouse ([email protected]). Produced by: Angella Moorehouse with the assistance of Alicia Diaz, Field Museum. Identification assistance provided by: multiple sources (inaturalist.org; bugguide.net) )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN LVQRWSHUPLWWHG >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@YHUVLRQ $ERXWWKH%(*,11(5¶6027+62)7+(0,':(67*8,'(6 Most photos were taken in west-central and central Illinois; a fewDUH from eastern Iowa and north-central Wisconsin. Nearly all were posted to identification websites: BugGuide.netDQG iNaturalist.org. Identification help was provided by Aaron Hunt, Steve Nanz, John and Jane Balaban, Chris Grinter, Frank Hitchell, Jason Dombroskie, William H. Taft, Jim Wiker,DQGTerry Harrison as well as others contributing to the websites. Attempts were made to obtain expert verifications for all photos to the field identification level, however, there will be errors. Please contact the author with all corrections Additional assistance was provided by longtime Lepidoptera survey partner, Susan Hargrove. The intention of these guides is to provide the means to compare photographs of living specimens of related moths from the Midwest to aid the citizen scientists with identification in the field for Bio Blitz, Moth-ers Day, and other night lighting events. A taxonomic list to all the species featured is provided at the end along with some field identification tips. :(%6,7(63529,',1*,'(17,),&$7,21,1)250$7,21 BugGuide.net LNaturalist.org Mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu Insectsofiowa.org centralillinoisinsects.org/weblog/resources/ :+,&+027+*8,'(7286( The moths were split into 6 groups for the purposes of creating smaller guides focusing on similar features of 1 or more superfamilies.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 162 (2021) 107198
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 162 (2021) 107198 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography and diversification patterns of a diverse group of moths (Geometridae: Boarmiini) a,b,* c d ~ e,f g Leidys Murillo-Ramos , Nicolas Chazot , Pasi Sihvonen , Erki Ounap , Nan Jiang , Hongxiang Han g, John T. Clarke e,h, Robert B. Davis e, Toomas Tammaru e, Niklas Wahlberg a a Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden b Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Colombia c Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden d Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland e Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia f Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia g Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China h Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska, Torun,´ Poland ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Understanding how and why some groups have become more species-rich than others, and how past biogeog­ Lepidoptera raphy may have shaped their current distribution, are questions that evolutionary biologists have long attempted polyphagyPolyphagy to answer. We investigated diversification patterns and historical biogeography of a hyperdiverse lineage of female flightlessness Lepidoptera, the geometrid moths, by studying its most species-rich tribe Boarmiini, which comprises ca. 200 boarmiines genera and ca. known 3000 species. We inferred the evolutionary relationships of Boarmiini based on a dataset of Cleora Biston 346 taxa, with up to eight genetic markers under a maximum likelihood approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Insect Hormone Biosynthesis Pathway Involved in Desynchronized Development Phenomenon in Hybridi
    insects Article Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Insect Hormone Biosynthesis Pathway Involved in Desynchronized Development Phenomenon in Hybridized Sibling Species of Tea Geometrids (Ectropis grisescens and Ectropis obliqua) 1, 1, 2 1 2 1, Zhibo Wang y, Jiahe Bai y, Yongjian Liu , Hong Li , Shuai Zhan and Qiang Xiao * 1 Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Tea Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (H.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (S.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0571-86650801 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 19 September 2019; Accepted: 24 October 2019; Published: 1 November 2019 Abstract: Ectropis grisescens and Ectropis obliqua are sibling species of tea-chewing pests. An investigation of the distribution of tea geometrids was implemented for enhancing controlling efficiency. E. grisescens is distributed across a wider range of tea-producing areas than Ectropis obliqua in China with sympatric distribution found in some areas. In order to explore reproductive isolation mechanisms in co-occurrence areas, hybridization experiments were carried out. Results showed they can mate but produce infertile hybrids. During experiments, the desynchronized development phenomenon was found in the hybridized generation of sibling tea geometrids. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of those individuals of fast-growing and slow-growing morphs revealed that the insect hormone biosynthesis pathway was enriched in two unsynchronized development groups of hybrid offspring.
    [Show full text]
  • A List of Species and Their Abundance at Each Study Site
    Table S1: A list of species and their abundance at each study site. Family Species CC* AR NC OA Arctiidae Collita griseola 3 Arctiidae Katha deplana 1 16 Bombycidae Bombyx mandarina Drepanidae Agnidra scabiosa fixseni 1 6 Drepanidae Auzata nigrata 1 Drepanidae Auzata superba 1 3 Drepanidae Callidrepana patrana palleolus 1 Drepanidae Drepana curvatula koreula 1 Drepanidae Epipsestis ornata obscurata 5 Drepanidae Epipsestis nikkoensis 5 Drepanidae Habrosyne aurorina 2 Drepanidae Habrosyne pyritoides derasoides 1 Drepanidae Nordstromia grisearia 1 1 2 Drepanidae Nordstromia japonica 1 10 Drepanidae Tethea (Tethea) ampliata 1 13 Erebidae Arctornis album 1 Erebidae Arctornis l-nigrum 1 Erebidae Aventiola pusilla 1 3 Erebidae Barsine striata 1 1 Erebidae Bertula bistrigata Erebidae Calliteara argentata 1 Erebidae Calliteara lunulata 1 3 Erebidae Catocala deuteronympha 1 Erebidae Catocala dissimilis 21 Erebidae Catocala streckeri 1 1 1 12 Erebidae Catocala actaea 2 Erebidae Catocala electa 1 Erebidae Catocala nagioides 2 Erebidae Colobochyla salicalis Erebidae Cyana hamata 2 Erebidae Diomea cremata 1 1 Erebidae Diomea jankowskii 1 Erebidae Edessena hamada 1 Erebidae Enispa lutefascialis 1 Erebidae Erebidae spp. 1 4 3 12 Erebidae Ghoria collitoides 1 1 3 Erebidae Hadennia incongruens 1 1 2 Erebidae Herminia grisealis Erebidae Herminia tarsicrinalis 1 2 2 2 Erebidae Hydrillodes pacifica 2 2 17 100 Erebidae Hypena amica 1 1 Erebidae Hypena melanica 1 3 Erebidae Hypena proboscidalis 1 1 Erebidae Hypena sp. 1 Erebidae Hypena zilla 3 Erebidae Hypenodes
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Biodiversity of Norfolk Jeff Price
    The potential impacts of climate change on the biodiversity of Norfolk Jeff Price Introduction on a trajectory for ~3.2°C increase (UNEP Climate change is posing, and will continue 2016). While this is an improvement over to pose, increasing risks to biodiversity the previous ‘business as usual’ estimate (O’Neill et al. 2017). Changes in phenology of 4°- 4.5°C, it is still likely to have a large and range were first noted more than a impact on biodiversity. decade ago (Root et al. 2003) with many This paper reviews the projected climate publications since. Land use change is change impacts (relative to 1961-1990 increasingly a problem as species are being baseline) on some of the biodiversity further challenged by barriers to their in Norfolk (including birds, mammals, potential dispersal with their preferred reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, common climate across fragmented landscapes macro moths, dragonflies, bumblebees, (Settele et al. 2014). Many studies have grasshoppers, shieldbugs, ferns, orchids, examined the potential future impacts and some trees and shrubs. The paper of climate change on biodiversity using concentrates on the species currently found a variety of modelling techniques. This in Norfolk (largely based on lists on the includes results from Wallace Initiative Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist’s Society Phase 1 models showing the potential for website) and not on potential colonists range losses of greater than 50% across large from Europe. The exception is for some fractions of species globally at warming of the birds and dragonflies. For brevity levels of approximately 3.6 °C above pre- it concentrates on the climate changes industrial levels (Warren et al.
    [Show full text]
  • BIODIVERSITY and ENVIRONMENT of NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON and NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1
    BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1. Summary. 2. A brief history. 3. Notable habitats alongside New Road and in the neighbouring countryside. 4. Protected and notable species found on New Road and in the surrounding countryside. Appendix 1 - Historical land use in Little London and its influence on biodiversity. Appendix 2 - Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) recorded on New Road, Little London 2004-2019 (generalised OS Grid Reference SU6159). Appendix 3 - Ageing Hedgerows. About the author : Paul Sterry has BSc and PhD in Zoology and Ecology from Imperial College, London. After 5 years as a Research Fellow at the University of Sussex working on freshwater ecology he embarked on a freelance career as a wildlife author and photographer. Over the last 35 years he has written and illustrated more than 50 books, concentrating mainly on British Wildlife, with the emphasis on photographic field guides. Best-selling titles include Collins Complete British Trees, Collins Complete British Wildlife and Collins Life-size Birds. Above: Barn Owl flying over grassland in the neighbourhood of New Road. 1. Summary Located in the Parish of Pamber, Little London is a Biodiversity hotspot with New Road at its environmental heart. Despite the name New Road is one of the oldest highways in the village and this is reflected in the range of wildlife found along its length, and in the countryside bordering it. New Road has significance for wildlife far beyond is narrow, single-track status. Its ancient hedgerows and adjacent meadows are rich in wildlife but of equal importance is its role as a corridor of wildlife connectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Caterpillars on the Foliage of Conifers in the Northeastern United States 1 Life Cycles and Food Plants
    INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Coniferous forests are important features of the North American landscape. In the Northeast, balsam fir, spruces, or even pines may dominate in the more northern forests. Southward, conifers still may be prevalent, although the pines become increasingly important. In dry, sandy areas, such as Cape Cod of Massachusetts and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, hard pines abound in forests composed of relatively small trees. Conifers are classic symbols of survival in harsh environments. Forests of conifers provide not only beautiful scenery, but also livelihood for people. Coniferous trees are a major source of lumber for the building industry. Their wood can be processed to make paper, packing material, wood chips, fence posts, and other products. Certain conifers are cultivated for landscape plants and, of course, Christmas trees. Trees of coniferous forests also supply shelter or food for many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. Insects that call these forests home far outnumber other animals and plants. Because coniferous forests tend to be dominated by one to a few species of trees, they are especially susceptible to injury during outbreaks of insects such as the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the fall hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, or the pitch pine looper, Lambdina pellucidaria. Trees that are defoliated by insects suffer reduced growth and sometimes even death. Trees stressed by defoliation, drought, or mechanical injury, are generally more susceptible to attack by wood-boring beetles, diseases, and other organisms. These secondary pests also may kill trees. Stress or tree death can have a negative economic impact upon forest industries.
    [Show full text]