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Nutrients in Lakes and Reservoirs – a Literature Review for Use in Nutrient Criteria Development

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Nutrients in Lakes and Reservoirs – a Literature Review for Use in Nutrient Criteria Development NUTRIENTS IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS – A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR USE IN NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA 2007 NUTRIENTS IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS – A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR USE IN NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT Grant No. 06HQGR0021 Submitted to: Ms. Tiffany Crawford U.S. EPA Region III Submitted by: Dr. Tamim Younos Virginia Water Resources Research Center Virginia Tech August 24, 2007 Authors: J. L. Walker T. Younos C. E. Zipper VWRRC Special Report SR34-2007 Funding for this review was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3 through a collaboration of the Department of the Interior, USGS and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under Grant Agreement No. 06HQGR0021. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government or the Virginia Water Resources Research Center. The mention of commercial products, trade names, or services does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation. This report is available online. Hard copies may be obtained from the Virginia Water Resources Research Center for a small fee. 210 Cheatham Hall (0444) Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540)231-5624 FAX: (540)231-6673 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.vwrrc.vt.edu Stephen Schoenholtz, Director Virginia Tech does not discriminate against employees, students, or applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, sexual orientation, disability, age, veteran status, national origin, religion, or political affiliation. Anyone having questions concerning discrimination should contact the Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Office. TABLE OF CONTENTS page MAJOR SECTION CONTRIBUTORS …………………………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………………………….. iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………. vii SECTION I — BACKGROUND INFORMATION ……………………………………… 1 SECTION I-A. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………… 1 1. Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………... 2 2. Characteristics of Lakes ……………………………………………………………... 3 3. Characteristics of Reservoirs ………………………………………………………... 4 4. Trophic State …………………………………………………………………………. 6 SECTION I-B. NUTRIENT INPUT AND FATE IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS …… 7 1. Phosphorus …………………………………………………………………………… 8 2. Nitrogen ………………………………………………………………………………. 9 3. Nutrient Limitation …………………………………………………………………... 9 4. Primary Production in Lakes and Reservoirs ……………………………………… 13 SECTION I-C. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS NUTRIENTS IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS ……………………………………………………………… 15 1. Dissolved Oxygen Depletion …………………………………………………………. 16 2. pH Fluctuations ………………………………………………………………………. 17 3. Release of Toxins ……………………………………………………………………... 18 4. Changes in the Aquatic Life Community …………………………………………... 18 5. Production of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water ……………………….. 18 SECTION II — WHAT WE KNOW ……………………………………………………… 20 SECTION II-A. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL LAKES AND RESERVOIRS ………………………………………………………………………………. 20 1. Differences in Nutrient Input, Cycling, and Export ……………………………….. 21 2. Differences in Primary Production Levels ………………………………………….. 22 3. Differences in Modeling Nutrient-Related Processes ……………………………… 24 SECTION II-B. IMPOUNDMENT ISSUES THAT AFFECT NUTRIENTS …………... 25 1. Dam Effects …………………………………………………………………………… 25 2. Sedimentation ………………………………………………………………………… 26 3. Internal Loading ……………………………………………………………………... 28 4. Multipurpose Uses ……………………………………………………………………. 29 i SECTION II-C. ESTIMATING RESIDENCE TIME AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT ……………………………………………… 30 SECTION II-D. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FISHERIES AND NATURAL COMMUNITY ……………………………………………………………………………… 31 1. Overview ……………………………………………………………………………… 32 2. Water Quality in Reservoirs ………………………………………………………… 32 3. Reservoir Fisheries and Water Quality …………………………………………….. 34 4. Fisheries in Reservoirs in Virginia ………………………………………………….. 36 SECTION II-E. RECREATIONAL USER PERCEPTIONS OF LAKE/RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY ………………………………………………………………………… 38 1. General Findings ……………………………………………………………………... 39 2. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………… 42 SECTION II-F. DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF LAKES AND RESERVOIRS ……… 43 1. Impacts on Nutrient Levels ………………………………………………………….. 43 2. Impacts on Production Levels ………………………………………………………. 44 3. Impacts on Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Levels …………………………... 46 SECTION III — TOWARD DEVELOPING NUTRIENT CRITERIA ………………… 47 SECTION III-A. POSSIBLE VARIABLES FOR DETERMINING NUTRIENT IMPAIRMENT ……………………………………………………………………………… 47 1. Phosphorus Concentrations …………………………………………………………. 47 2. Nitrogen Concentrations …………………………………………………………….. 47 3. Chlorophyll-a Concentrations ………………………………………………………. 48 4. Transparency Measurements ……………………………………………………….. 49 5. Trophic State Indices ………………………………………………………………… 49 6. Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations …………………………………………………... 51 SECTION III-B. MANAGEMENT ISSUES ……………………………………………… 53 SECTION III-C. VARIOUS APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING NUTRIENT CRITERIA …………………………………………………………………………………... 54 1. U.S. EPA’s Approach ………………………………………………………………... 54 2. Minnesota’s Approach ………………………………………………………………. 58 3. Virginia’s Approach …………………………………………………………………. 67 4. Arizona’s Approach ………………………………………………………………….. 72 5. An Alternative Approach ……………………………………………………………. 79 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………… 81 ii MAJOR SECTION CONTRIBUTORS Jane L. Walker, Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (AAC-VDEQ):* Section I-A. Introduction Section I-B. Nutrient Input and Fate in Lakes and Reservoirs Section I-C. Problems Associated With Excess Nutrients in Lakes and Reservoirs Section II-A. Differences Between Natural Lakes and Reservoirs Section II-B. Impoundment Issues That Affect Nutrients Section II-C. Estimating Residence Time and Its Importance in Nutrient Criteria Development Section II-F. Downstream Effects of Lakes and Reservoirs Section III-A. Possible Variables for Determining Nutrient Impairment Section III-B. Management Issues Section III-C. Various Approaches To Developing Nutrient Criteria John J. Ney, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (retired) (AAC-VDEQ):* Section II-D. Relationship Between Fisheries and Natural Community Section III-C. Various Approaches To Developing Nutrient Criteria (Virginia’s Approach) Kurt Stephenson: Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (AAC-VDEQ):* Section II-E. Recreational User Perceptions of Lake/Reservoir Water Quality Carl E. Zipper: Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (AAC-VDEQ):* Section I-A. Introduction Section I-B. Nutrient Input and Fate in Lakes and Reservoirs (Cyanobacteria) Section III-C. Various Approaches To Developing Nutrient Criteria (Virginia’s Approach) Tamim Younos: Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (AAC-VDEQ):* Section III-C. Various Approaches to Developing Nutrient Criteria (Virginia’s Approach), and overall document outline and document review. * Academic Advisory Committee for the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3 for funding this project. We also appreciate the support and collaboration of the Department of the Interior, USGS and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under Grant Agreement No. 06HQGR0021. Numerous discussions held by the Academic Advisory Committee (ACC) for the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ) have provided an understanding of the nutrient criteria development process and requirements. We are grateful to the scientists who dedicate their time and energy in service to the ACC. Sections of this review were extracted from reports by the ACC (archived under “Publications, Special Reports” at www.vwrrc.vt.edu), particularly: -- Section II-D. Relationship Between Fisheries and Natural Community by John J. Ney, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (from Zipper et al. 2005); and -- Section II-E. Recreational User Perceptions of Lake/Reservoir Water Quality by Kurt Stephenson, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (from Zipper et al. 2005). We are also thankful to the many individuals within VDEQ’s Water Quality Program, particularly Mr. Alan Pollock and Ms. Jean Gregory, for their support of the work of the AAC and their assistance with AAC activities. Special thanks are extended to the following individuals: -- Clifton F. Bell (Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.) and Susan T. Fitch (Arizona Department of Environmental Quality) for reviewing “Arizona’s Approach;” -- Jean W. Gregory (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality) for providing sources of information concerning approaches being taken in other states and for reviewing “Virginia’s Approach;” -- Steven A. Heiskary (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency) for reviewing “Minnesota’s Approach;” -- Melissa A. Kenney (Duke University) for reviewing “An Alternative Approach;” -- John Shearer and Mike Paterson (Experimental Lakes Area, Fisheries & Oceans Canada) for providing a photo of Lake 226 (Figure I-2); -- Ana Constantinescu (Virginia
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