1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6579 ers, by abolishing certain deficiency judgments, and by pro­ for New York City art projects; to the Committee on Appro­ viding a moratorium on foreclosures; to the Committee on priations. Banking and Currency. 8359. By Mr. SUTPHIN: Petition of the Retail Grocers By Mr. VINSON of Georgia: Association of New Jersey, urging the defeat of the Cummings H. R. 9848. A bill to authorize /"the construction or ac­ bill Philadelphia, Pa., petitioning consideration Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions of their resolution with reference to Senate bill 1305 and were introduced and severally referred as follows: House bill 3517, concerning education; to the Committee on By Mr. BARRY: Education. H. R. 9852. A bill for the relief of Harry Cosby Vaughan; to the Comrnittee on Naval Affairs. SENATE By Mr. D'ALESANDRO: H. R. 9853. A bill for the relief of Thomas Shaefer Hamlin; WEDNESDAY, MAY 22, 1940 to the Committee on Naval Affairs. (Legislative day of Wednesday, April 24, 1940) By Mr. MAAS: The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expiration H. R. 9854. A bill to authorize certain officers and enlisted of the recess. men of the United States Navy, and the United States Marine The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phillips, D. D., offered the ·corps, the Naval Reserve, and the Marine Corps Reserve, to following prayer: accept such medals, orders, decorations, and presents as have been tendered them by foreign governments; to the Commit­ , 0 Father of mercies and God of all comfort, whose patience tee on Naval Affairs. is ever great toward us, who waitest for us unprovoked and By Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin: undismayed while we tarry and stumble on in a dull and H. R. 9855. A bill for the relief of John F. Cantiene; to the lifeless way, repeating our errors and our follies: Quicken Committee on Claims. in us, we beseech Thee, the sense of the mystery of the spiritual side of life by making us aware of the moral ex­ tremes whose capacities for good and evil are folded within PETITIONS, ETC. us. By the quick compulsion of Thy will arouse us from our Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were: lethargy, that we may conquer the lust of ease by closL'1g our laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: ears to the voice of privilege and by hearkening only to the 8355. By Mr. KEOGH: Petition of the National Society of call of duty. Grant that the unifying power of God may Mural Painters, New York City, protesting against the pro... direct us in all our ways and inspire us in heart and mind posed curtailment of funds for New York City art projects; to and purpose, that we may be worthy of Thy love, worthy of the Committee on Appropriations. the ideals bequeathed by our forefathers, and worthy of the 8356. By Mr. LYNCH: Petition of the commissioner of docks high destiny to which as a nation Thou, our God, hast called of the city of New York, opposing Senate Joint Resolution 92, us. We ask it in our Saviour's name. Amen. introduced by Senator NYE, as it will strip States of sub­ merged and reclaimed lands, and New York City piers are THE JOURNAL built on lands under water and the resolution is potentially On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by unanimous consent, the dangerous to city of New York ownership; to the Committee reading of the Journal of the proceedings of the calendar day on the Public Lands. of Tuesday, May 21, 1940, was dispensed with, and the Journal 8357. By Mr. MERRITT: Resolution of the Roland Ger­ was approved. man-American Democratic Society, Inc., stating that the CALL OF THE ROLL executive committee of the Roland Society condemns the Mr. MINTON. I suggest the absence of a quorum. ruthless invasion of the peace-loving countries of Denmark The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. and Norway as well as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxem- The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators , bourg; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. · answered to their names: Adams Austin Barkley Brown 8358. By Mr. PFEIFER: Petition of the National Society of Andrews Bailey Bilbo Bulow Mural Painters, New York City, opposing curtailment of funds Ashurst Barbour Bone Burke LXXXVI--414 6580 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 Byrd Guft'ey McKellar Slattery nection with naval aerial surveys and flight checking of Byrnes Gurney McNary Smathers Capper Hale Maloney Smith aviation charts; Caraway Harrison Mead Stewart S. 3016. An act to amend the act approved February 15, Chandler Hatch Miller Taft Chavez Hayden Minton Thomas, Idaho 1929, entitled "An act to permit certain warrant officers to Clark, Idaho Herring Murray Thomas, Okla. count all active service rendered under temporary appoint­ Clark, Mo. Hill Neely Thomas, Utah in Connally Holt Norris Townsend ments as warrant or commissioned officers the Regular Danaher Hughes Nye Vandenberg Navy, or as warrant or commissioned officers in the United Davis Johnson, Calif. Overton VanNuys States Naval Reserve Force, for purpose of promotion to chief Donahey Johnson, Colo. Pepper Wagner Ellender King Pittman . Walsh warrant rank," so as to permit service in the National Naval George La Follette Reynolds White Volunteers to be counted for purposes of promotion; Gerry Lee Russell Wiley Gibson Lucas Schwartz S. 3017. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to au­ Gillette Lundeen Sheppard thorize an exchange of lands between the Richmond, Fred­ Glass McCarran Shipstead ericksburg & Potomac Railroad Co. and the United states at Mr. MINTON. I announce that the Senator from Wash­ Quantico, Va.," approved June 24, 1935 (49 Stat. 395), so as ington [Mr. ScB:wELLENBACH] is absent from the Senate to permit the removal of certain encumbrances on the lands because of illness in his family. concerned; The Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN] is unavoid­ S. 3183. An act to extend the time for completing the con­ ably detained. struction of a bridge across the Mississippi River at or near The Senator from Alabama [Mr. BANKHEAD], the Senator La Crosse, Wis.; from West Virginia [Mr. HoLT], the Senators from Maryland S. 3254. An act to extend the times for commencing and [Mr. RADCLIFFE and MrA TYDINGS], the Senator from Missouri completing the construction of a bridge across the Missis­ [Mr. TRUMAN], the Senator from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY], sippi River at or near Friar Point, Miss., and Helena, Ark.; and the Senator from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] are neces­ S. 3530. An act to prohibit the exportation of tobacco seeds sarily absent. and plants, except for experimental purposes; The Senator from California [Mr. DoWNEY] is detained on S. 3561. An act to extend the times for commencing and official business for the Committee on B~.nking and Currency. completing the construction of a bridge across the Ohio River Mr. AUSTIN. I announce that the Senator from Massa­ at or near Mauckport, Harrison County, Ind.; chusetts [Mr. LoDGE] is engaged in the war maneuvers at S. 3570. An act to grant the consent of Congress to the Camp Beauregard in Louisiana. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to construct, maintain, and The Senator from North Dakota [Mr. FRAZIER] and the operate a free highway bridge across the Allegheny River at Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. ToBEY] are necessarily Port Allegany Borough, Liberty Township, in the county of absent. McKean and in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; The Senator from Kansas [Mr. REED] is absent on official S. 3571. An act to grant the consent of Congress to the business for the Committee Investigating Campaign Expendi­ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to construct, maintain, and tures. operate a free highway bridge across the Monongahela River, The Senator from Oregon [Mr. HoLMAN] is observing the at a point between the boroughs of Elizabeth, in Elizabeth war maneuvers at Camp Beauregard. Township, and West Elizabeth, in Jefferson Township, in the The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-one Senators have an­ county of Allegheny and in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl­ swered to their names. A quorum is present. vania; and MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT S. 3575. An act to make better provision for the teacher of MeS&ages in writing from the President of the United music, the leader of the Military Academy Band. States were communicated to the Senate by Mr. Latta, one WITHDRAWAL OF NATIONAL FOREST LANDS FOR WATERSHED of his secretaries. PROTECTION The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend.;. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE ments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 229) to A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. authorize the withdrawal of national-forest lands for the pro­ Chaffee, one of its reading clerks, announced that the House tection of watersheds from which water is obtained for had disagreed to the amendments of the Senate to the bill municipalities, and for other purposes, which were, on page (H. R. 8668) making appropriations for the fiscal year ending 1, line 9, after "municipality", to insert "and endorsed by the June 30, 1941, for civil functions administered by the War governing board of the county or counties in which the lands Department, and for other purposes; agreed to the confer­ concerned are located and", and on page 1, line 9, to strike ence asked by the Senate on the disagreeing votes of the two out "Secretary of Agriculture" and insert "Secretaries of Ag­ Houses thereon; and that Mr. SNYDER, Mr. TERRY, Mr. STARNES riculture and the Interior." of Alabama, Mr. COLLINS, Mr. KERR, Mr. TAYLOR, Mr. POWERS, Mr. McNARY. I move that the Senate concur in the House Mr. ENGEL, and Mr. CASE of South Dakota were appointed amendments. managers on the part of the House at the conference. The motion was agreed to. ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED CONVEYANCE OF LANDS TO PORT OF CASCADE LOCKS, OREG. The message also announced that the Speaker had affixed The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend­ his signature to the following enrolled bills, and they were ments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 255) signed by the Vice President: authorizing the Secretary of War to convey to the Port of S. 2122. An act to authorize the sale of the Wilmot National Cascade Locks, Oreg., certain lands for municipal purposes, Guard target range, Arizona; which were, on page 1, line 4, after "deed", to insert ''upon the S. 2578. An act to designate the lock and dam at Alton, Ill., payment to the United States of not less than 50 percent of as the Henry T. Rainey Dam; the current appraised value thereof", and on page 3, line 17, s. 2980. An act providing for the sale of certain lands to to strike out "and for other municipal purposes." the Arizona State Elks Association Hospital; Mr. McNARY. I move that the Senate concur in the S. 2999. An act to legalize a bridge across Bayou Lafourche at Galiano, La.; House amendments. S. 3013. An act to amend section 5 of the act entitled "An The motion was agreed to. . act authorizing the construction, repair, and preservation of INCREASE IN NUMBER OF REGULAR ARMY BRIGADIER GENERALS certain public works on rivers and harbors, and for other The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend- purposes," approved March 3, 1925 (43 Stat. 1190; 34 U.S. C. ment of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 3423) to 893), so as to authorize the payment of a per diem in con- increase the number of brigadier generals of the line of the 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6581 Regular Army by four, which was, to strike out all after the ance of the service; but the Postmaster General shall not be bound to consider the bid of any person who has willfully or enacting clause and insert: negligently failed to perform a former contract." That the number of brigadier generals of the line of the Regular Army is hereby increased from 46 to 50, and hereafter upon the Mr. McCARRAN. I move that the senate concur in the appointment of an officer below the rank of brigadier general to be amendments of the House. chief of Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, or Coast Artillery, he shall The motion was agreed to. at the same time be appointed to be a permanent brigadier general of the line and an increase in the number of brigadier generals for FORT HALL INDIAN IRRIGATION PROJECT, IDAHO this purpose is hereby authorized: Provided, That no further ap­ pointments to the grade of brigadier general of the line shall there­ The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a letter atter be made until the total number thereof shall be less than 50: from the Acting Secretary of the Interior, transmitting a Provided further, That the selection of chief of branch shall not be draft of proposed legislation to provide for the acquisition of limited to the list of brigadier generals. flowage rights and the payment of certain damages in con­ Mr. SHEPPARD. I move that the Senate concur in the nection with the operation of the Fort Hall Indian irriga­ House amendment. tion project, Idaho, so as to authorize the payment of dam­ The motion was agreed to. ages to Emory Poulson, or his heirs, and the acquisition of an easement over certain of his land which may be flooded RIGHT-OF-WAY ON FORT THOMAS MILITARY RESERVATION, KY. in future through the o.peration of the Fort Hall irrigation. The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend- project, which, with the accompanying paper, was referred ments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 3402) to to the Committee on Indian Affairs. authorize the granting of a right-of-way for roadway purposes on the Fort Thomas Military Reservation, Ky., in ex­ PETITION change for the release of property rights in and to a certain Mr. CAPPER presented a petition numerously signed by road on said reservation, which were, on page 1, line 5, to sundry citizens of Sabetha, Kans., and vicinity, praying for strike out "Simon Pendleton Kramer and"; on page 1, line 6, the enactment of the so-called General Welfare Act, which to strike out "joint owners, their" and insert "widow of Simon was referred to the Committee on Finance. Pendleton Kramer, her"; on page 2, line 2, to strike out REPORTS OF COMMITTEES "Simon Pendleton Kramer and"; on page 2, line 5, to strike Mr. SHEPPARD, from the Committee on Military Affairs, out "Simon Pendleton Kramer and"; and on page 2, line 6, to to which was referred the bill ERATION WITHDRAWN [Mr. WILEY asked and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD an address delivered by him on May 4, 1940, at the Mr. KING. Mr. President, several days ago, when the bill convention of the Gideons held in Janesville, Wis., which · Germany makes be in one head in peace time, as well as in war time. Cer­ the same progress in the next few days that she has made in tainly if there is that need for one Executive in time of peace, the past few days, France will have fallen. That will leave in time of an emergency the reasons for having one head are Great Britain. The German Army has or will have reached all the more compelling, and there is nothing which would soon the borders of the English Channel. From there it is be more unwise or perhaps more fatal than to proceed now only a very few minutes by plane across to England and only to divide this authority and responsibility. This is no time, a few miles from London. ·so far as the execution of our laws and the carrying on of Mr. President, if France falls, I wonder what hope there this program for defense are concerned, to have a debating is for Great Britain to withstand this onslaught. If France society, or anything of that kind, set up. We have to have should fall and Great Britain should fall, it will probably one head, a Chief Executive, the President, as the men who happen in the next few days, perhaps in a very few days. set up this Government provided and intended, to carry on this program. If that should happen, we shall have, in the hands of the Germans, all the manufacturing plants that heretofore have Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I thank the Senator. I in­ been used to build up the French military establishment tend to come to that feature of the amendment a little and the British military establishment. If that should hap­ later. pen, in all probability the present German Nation will I was saying that no doubt the end desired by the adop­ succeed to the possession and operation of the French and tion of the amendment is to prevent possible waste, and, of British Fleets. If those two things should happen, one man's course, to the extent that that might be accomplished, it guess perhaps is as good as another. It is obvious to me, would be desirable. from what I know about the situation-on which I cannot Second, as I interpret the amendment, it might have for claim to be an expert-that Germany has for her immediate its purpose an assurance to the country that Congress is end the conquering and the domination of the world; and doing all in its power not only to grant money for national­ if she is as smart as I think she is, knowing of the unpre­ defense purposes but, in addition, to see to it that the money paredness of the continent of North America and the coun­ granted is wisely expended. So no condemnation could be tries in Central and South America, there can be little de­ heaped upon anyone for entertaining a view in support of fense and opposition to her sweeping over the Western the amendment. But, from my viewpoint, the amendment Hemisphere until she reaches the United States. is not desirable. Mr. President, as was stated on yesterday by a Member In the making of the Constitution three branches were set of this body in reading from a statement I think from Cap­ up to form the Government. The first was the legislative tain Rickenbacker, the United States is now 5 years too branch, the second was the executive branch, and the third late. History may record that as a fact. That remains to was the judicial branch. The Constitution makes it very be seen. clear that these three branches shall act and operate en­ Mr. President, it is proposed in the pending bill to give the tirely independently. On . former occasions Congress has executive branch, which embraces the Military Establish­ tried to suggest to the President persons for appointment ment, both the Army and the Navy, all the money which the to various positions, and the President has disregarded those War Department has requested. The pending bill gives the suggestions, on the theory that he could not be limited in Army $50,000,000 more than was requested. The Navy bill his discretion in making appointments. The Senate has the which will be reported perhaps this afternoon, will give the power either to confirm or reject the President's appoint­ NavY more money than the NavY requested.' I cannot speak ments, but under the Constitution the Congress is without authoritatively, but I think the committees would have given power to suggest to the President whom he should appoint even more than the bills carry, had more money been re­ to a position under the Government. It occurs to me that quested. at this time no good purpose could be served by seeking a Mr. President, the section under discussion was placed combination of the legislative branch and the executive in the bills to make provision for conditions which could branch in the expenditure of public funds for expanding our ; not be foreseen. As stated yesterday, the biU now pending military defense. 6590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 The amendment provides that a congressional joint com­ need for the transfer of the immigration and naturalization mittee shall be set up. This joint committee would have functions from the Department of Labor to the Department for its objective and its function assisting the President in of Justice. I had considered such an interdepartmental the conduct of our national defense, which means, of course, transfer for some time, but did not include it in the previous the perfection of our national-defense program. reorganization plans since much can be said for the retention The personnel of the committee is to comprise the rank­ of these functions in the Department of Labor during normal ing members of the majority party on the Military Affairs times. I am convinced, however, that under existing con­ Committee of the Senate and the Military Affairs Com­ ditions the immigration and naturalization actiVities can best mittee of the House and the ranking members of the minor­ contribute to the national well-being only if they are closely ity party on those committees. I am not prepared to criti­ integrated with the actiVities of the Department of Justice. cize the personnel of this proposed committee. The com­ I am therefore transmitting herewith Reorganization Plan mittees are made up of House Members on the House side No. V, which I have prepared in accordance with the pro­ and Senators on this side who are interested in our national visions of section 4 of the Reorganization Act of 1939 (Public, defense. Otherwise they would not be on these committees. No. 19, 76th Cong., 1st sess.), approved April 3, 1939; and I It is presumed that the best Members in both bodies find declare that I have found that such reorganization is neces­ their places on these .committees, especially among those sary to accomplish one or more of the purposes of section 1 who have an interest in national-defense matters. So I (a) of the act: have no complaint to make about the personnel of the pro­ 1. To reduce expenditures; posed committee. 2. To increase efficiency; These committees have heretofore drafted legislation au­ 3. To consolidate agencies according to major purposes; thorizing appropriations for the performance of certain 4. To reduce the number of agencies by consolidating those things in regard to national defense. The members· of these haVing similar functions and by abolishing such. as may not committees have voted laws providing for appropriations to be necessary; and carry out our program of expanding national defense. They 5. To eliminate overlapping and duplication of effort. have passed upon these matters already, so now, after these This plan provides for transferring the Immigration and committees have suggested legislation, and the Congress has Naturalization Service from the Department of Labor to the enacted legislation, I should object to continuing these com­ Department of Justice. While it is designed to afford more mittees in a congressional joint committee to see to it that effective control over aliens, this proposal does not reflect any the moneys appropriated by the Congress were expended in intention to deprive them of their civil liberties or otherwise accordance with the authority contained in the legislation. to impair their legal status. This reorganization will enable I do not think we should now seek to tie up the legislative the Government to deal quickly with those aliens who conduct branch to the executive branch. I do not believe it is wise themselves in a manner that conflicts with the public inter­ at this time to agree to the amendment submitted by the est. No monetary saVings are anticipated. distinguished senior Senator from Michigan. I realize that the Congress may adjourn· before the termi­ If there is to be no further discussion of the amendment, nation of the 60-day period proVided under the Reorganiza­ I should like to have the matter disposed of, but if there is tion Act, but in that event and in View of the urgency of this to be discussion, I am willing to yield. Otherwise, I suggest matter, I hope that it will take such action as will permit the absence of a quorum. this plan to go into effect. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. CHANDLER in the chair). FRANKLIN D. RooSEVELT. The clerk will call the roll. THE WHITE HOUSE, May 22, 1940. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators answered to their names: Reorganization Plan No. V, accompanying the President's Adams Danaher King Schwartz message today, is as follows: Andrews Davis La Follette Sheppard ABhurst Donahey Lee Shipstead REORGANIZATION PLAN No. V Austin Ellender Lucas Slattery (Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and Bailey George Lundeen Smathers Barbour Gerry McCarran Smith the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, May 22, Barkley Gibson McKellar Stewart 1940, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of Bilbo Gillette McNary Taft 1939, approved Aprll 3, 1939) Bone Glass Maloney Thomas, Idaho IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE Brown Gu1l'ey Mead Thomas, Okla. Bulow Gurney Miller Thomas, Utah SECTION 1. Transfer of Immigration and Naturalization Service: Burke Hale Minton Townsend The Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Byrd Harrison Murray Vandenberg Labor (including the Office of the Commissioner of Immigration Byrnes Hatch Neely VanNuys and Naturalization) and its functions are transferred to the De­ Capper Hayden Norris Wagner partment of Justice and shall be administered under the direc. Caraway Herring Nye Walsh tion and supervision of the Attorney General. All functions and Chandler Hill Overton White powers of the Secretary of Labor relating to the administration Chavez Holt Pepper Wiley of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and its functions Clark, Idaho Hughes Pittman or to the administration of the immigration and naturalization Clark, Mo. Johnson, Calif. Reynolds laws are transferred to the Attorney General. In the event of Connally Johnson, Colo. Russell disagreement between the head of any department or agency and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Eighty-one Senators have the Attorney General concerning the interpretation or application of any law pertaining to immigration, naturalization, or nation­ answered to their names. A quorum is present. ality, final determination shall be made by the Attorney General. REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. V-MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT SEC. 2. Transfer of records, property, and personnel: All rec­ (H. DOC. NO. 784) ords, property, and personnel (including office equipment) of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and all records, property, The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before the Senate the fol­ and personnel of the Department of Labor used primarily in the lowing message (with plan attached) from the President of administration of functions transferred by this plan (including the United States, which was read, and, with the accom­ officers whose chief duties relate to such administration), are trans­ ferred to the Department of Justice: Provided, That any per­ panying paper, referred to the Select Committee on Govern­ sonnel so transferred that may be found by the Attorney General ment Organization, and ordered to be printed: to be in excess of the personnel necessary for the administration of the functions transferred by this plan shall be retransferred To the Ccmgress ot the United States: under existing law to other positions in the Government service or separated from the service subject to the provisions of section When Reorganization Plan No. IV was submitted to Con­ 10 (a) of the ReorganiZation Act of 1939. gress, I did not contemplate the transmittal of any addi­ SEc. 3. Transfer of funds: So much of the unexpended balances tional plans during the current session. However, the star­ of appropriations, allocations, or other funds available (including tling sequence of international events which has occurred funds available for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941) for the use of the Immigration and Naturalization Service or the De­ since then has necessitated a review of the measures re­ partment of Labor in the exercise of functions transferred by this quired for the Nation's safety. This has revealed a pressing plan as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget with the ap- 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .6591 proval of the President shall determine, shall be transferred to is now on the statute books a law which provides for a the Department of Justice for use in connection with the exercise of the functions I"O transferred. In determining the amount to be Council of National Defense, composed of the Secretary of transferred the Director of the Bureau of the Budget may include War, the Secretary of the NavY, the Secretary of the In­ an amount to provide for the liquidation of obligations incurred terior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Com­ against such appropriations, allocations, or other funds prior to the transfer: ProVided, That the use of the unexpended balances merce, and the Secretary of Labor, which would perform of appropriations, allocations, or other funds transferred by this substantially the same offices which the proposed Commission section shall be subject to the provisions of section 4 (d) (3) and would perform. section 9 of the Reorganization Act of 1939. Mr. CONNALLY. That is very true. MILITARY APPROPRIATIONS Let me say to the Senator from Tennessee that I should have no objection to the President appointing an advisory The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. committee responsible to him if he should so desire. How­ 9209) making appropriations for the Military Establishment ever, I am not in favor of the Congress undertaking to take for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941, and for other pur­ over the conduct of national defense. Even in case of war, poses. I am not in favor of Congress undertaking to put on The PRESIDING OFFICER. Th~ question is on the shoulder straps, epaulets, and big hats, and saying, "We are amendment of the Senator from Michigan [Mr. V..mDENBERG] going to run the Army; we are going to run the war." to the committee amendment. Mr. MINTON. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I regret that I was not in Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. the Chamber when the Senator from Michigan [Mr. VAN­ Mr. MINTON. I know I do not advocate, and I know the DENBERG] explained the amendment which he offered to the Senator from Texas does not advocate anything approaching item in the bill providing that $100,000,000 be placed at the a dictatorship, or anything of the kind, in this country. disposal of the President. I hope the Senator from Michigan However, it is interesting to observe that the British Parlia­ will give heed so that if I make any erroneous statements ment has just passed, without any .:>pposition, a bill giving respecting his proposed amendment he will correct me. the utmost dictatorial powers to the Government, giving it Mr. President, I think the adoption of the amendment complete authority over persons, services, and property, with­ proposed by the Senator from Michigan would be most un­ out question. We do not want that sort of thing in this wise and unfortunate in the present posture of affairs or any country, of course; but it shows what we must have if we similar posture of affairs. are to meet the dictator when he knocks at our door. Yesterday I undertook to point out very briefly that the Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator; but I do not enter­ purpose of the $100,000,000 proposed to be placed at the tain any fears of the kind of dictator to which the Senator disposal of the President is for contingencies and emergencies refers. Some persons believe that every bush, every little which cannot adequately be foreseen at the moment in re­ tuft of grass, and every little budding flower the springtime spect to the preparation of factories and equipment and mili­ brings forth shields a dictator. We are not going to have tary appliances of all kinds, and that the fund should be in any dictator. However, the conditions of war are different the hands of the President so that he may employ it for from those of peace; and if, in the expenditure of $100,000,000, meeting these emergent conditions. Does any Senator be­ the question should arise as to what kind of airplanes should lieve that the President of the United States will embezzle the be provided, or how many of them, and how large the bombs power which we give him here? Does any Senator assume they are to shoot should be, I should want a dictator to go that the President in anywise will corruptly use any portion ahead and get the planes and bombs. I should not care to of this fund for any purpose not within the views of the have a long-winded debate in the committee on the conduct Congress expressed in the pending legislation? Is there any of the national defense. Senator here, even the Senator from Michigan himself, who I can imagine what such a debate would be like. I can considers that he knows more about how this money should hear one member saying: be employed than the President of the United States and his Well, Mr. Chairman, I am agin' that. I don't think that bomb is advisers, the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, the right size. There ain't nothin' in the- platform of either party the Chief of Staff of the Army, and the Chief of Naval Opera­ that says anything about the size of the bomb, and I am opposed tions? to adopting that size. I think we ought to experiment a little, Mr. President, what we need at this time is unity of purpose, and call in the leaders of both parties, and look at this bomb, and and the creation of the proposed committee would not con­ then decide it. tribute to unity of purpose or unity of counsel. [Laughter.] I know that our mail discloses, and some Senators on the In the meantime the national defense would be in peril. floor disclose in their speeches, the sentiment, "Oh, yes, we Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? are for national defense, and we are for preparedness. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. but--." And those who express such a sentiment want to Mr. ASHURST. I dread to interrupt the Senator for fear do it in some other way. That is exactly what would happen I may mar ·the symmetry and strength of the Senator's if the proposed committee were created. speech. Mr. President, I make no inVidious reference to the indi­ Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator. vidual Members who would compose the proposed committee. Mr. ASHURST. In an address a moment ago I said that My own colleague, the Senator from Texas [Mr. SHEPPARD], the most inveterate and constant plagiarist in the world is is chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and, of history. I repeat that statement. During the War of 1812, course, we all have the utmost confidence in him. At the a few days before the Battle of New Orleans, the War Strategy same time I know that the Senator from Texas would not Board met in this city. They had maps, books, plats, charts, desire to place anything in the way of the President in the graphs, reports, goblets, lemons, and sugar on the table-- administration of this fund. Whenever we find someone Mr. CONNALLY. And other ingredients. [Laughter.] who is for something "strong as horseradish," but wants to Mr. ASHURST. And other ingredients. They sat all night do it in some other way, I should not want to put him in and came seriously to a resolution that it was impossible for the front line in case we should have real opposition or a real Gen. Andrew Jackson to hold New Orleans, and that if they fight, because just about the time the enemy would charge possessed any means of sending a courier to the general they he would think of "but,'' and then he would "but" out of would advise him to retreat. the line and go to the rear. [Laughter.] Very soon thereafter the strategy board needed more than This is no time for lack of unity or lack of purpose. lemons and sugar to sustain themselves from the shock they Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? received upon learning that General Jackson had been vic­ Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. torious at the Battle of New Orleans. Mr. McKELLAR. Besides, as the senior Senator from During the War between the States-the Civil War-there Georgia [Mr. GEORGE] so aptly pointed out a while ago, there was a strategy board called, I believe, the Committee on the 1 6592 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 Conduct of the war. The committeemen were sitting in listen to him with patience and tolerance, and sometimes this building hearing testimony. Gen. Benjamin Franklin with a vote or two. But this is not a legislative matter. Butler was on the witness stand testifying and was relating This is an executive function. This is a military function. how utterly impossible it was for General Grant to capture I shall not vote to have the Senate of the United States or Vicksburg; and when the committee adjourned they were the House of Representatives undertake to take over the met by the newsboys crying "extras,'' carrying the news item, function of national defense. "General Grant captures Vicksburg." As suggested by the Senator from Tennessee, I can en­ Mr. CONNALLY. Exactly. I thank the Senator. visage the proposed committee meeting some night in a Mr. ASHURST. Let me close by saying that the United Senate committee room. The chairman would say: States, and particularly the Senate, knows the Senator Come to order, gentlemen. We are here to look after the na­ from Michigan well, and has confidence in his patriotism. tional defense. Have all of you got cigars? Pass the cigars He has the respect of every Senator for his intellectual around, Clerk. Is everybody comfortable? integrity and his industriousness as a Senator. I cannot [Laughter.] agree with his amendment. I support the view of the I can hear one of the Senators or Representatives saying: Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. THoMAs] and the view of Mr. Chairman, I have ·a little resolution here. I see that the the Senator from Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY] in opposing the Army and the President are talking about buying some big tanks. amendment. It is said that the only thing we learn from I don't think t}J.e big tank is the kind of a tank to get. If you have one big _tank, that means you have it in one place, and you history is that we learn nothing from history. Let us cannot have 1t in more than one place at a time. You have more learn something this time. Nobody believes that we shall money tied up in one big tank than would buy two little tanks. get into any war, but the safest assurance of staying out My view is that we ought to have a great number of small tanks, of war is to be adequately prepared. and send a large number of them to South America, because we Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator. do not know when they are going to attack South America. Mr. President, I was about to advert to the effort during [Laughter .J the World War to create a superstrategy board of similar Mr. President, that is just a sample. We hear some things character to that created during the Civil War. The like that on this floor. If Senators were off in a secret room effort did not succeed, and it should not have succeeded. somewhere, with all their hallucinations and deluded ideas I recall, as vividly pointed out by the Senator from Arizona, about how to run a war, they would be bolder than they are the so-called Civil War Strategy Board. Of course, it did on the floor of the Senate. I see some of them with their ears not get anywhere; and Lincoln did not get very far with the out the window listening for the reaction over the country, war before he kicked the Strategy Board out the window, too. I receive much mail about war, and if one should be along with some of his inefficient generals. conducted in all the different ways the writers of letters sug­ In that connection, I am reminded that in the second gest, where would we get? Here [exhibiting] is a stack of Manassas campaign, which ended the Rapidan campaign, letters about war and preparation for war. I have not been there was old General Pope, a flamboyant general, who able to read them all, but I venture to say there are contained probably had been approved by the Strategy Board, and in them 25 different suggestions as to how to run the war· who was constantly boasting of his exploits. He always and many Senators and Members of the other House, if they headed his reports, Headquarters in the Saddle. After get 25 letters on a subject, begin to form a very heated con­ the second battle of Manassas, when he was in retreat and viction. running as fast as he could to get out of the way, Lincoln Mr. President, in conclusion, this is not the first time I have observed, "I am afraid that General Pope had his head­ opposed this sort of proposal. The Constitution of the United quarters where he should have had his hindquarters." States divides the powers of government into three branches. [Laughter.] That is the type of performance of boards of I stand for maintaining that division. If a matter is legis­ strategy. lative, I shall resist the President or the courts invadL.">l.g this Mr. President, this amendment is an unconventional, Chamber and taking over the functions of the Senate; but, and really unconstitutional, effort on the part of the Sen­ by the same token, if a function is Executive, if it belongs to ator from Michigan to interfere with the Executive the President, I shall fight just as strongly as I possibly can in control. We have the power to appropriate money or not maintaining that prerogative of the President of the United to appropriate it. We do not have to appropriate a dollar. States; and if a function belongs to the courts, I shall fight to If the Congress does not want to appropriate a dollar for keep it in the courts. national defense, it does not have to spend a nickel. On Some Senators present, who are members of the Judiciary the other hand, we have the right to appropriate money Committee, know where the Senator from Texas stood on a for national defense; but when it is appropriated its ex­ historic occasion when there was an attempt by the Con­ penditure is an Executive function, under the limitations gress and by the President to invade the functions of the placed upon the expenditure in the appropriation. courts, They know that the Senator from Texas never agreed · Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? to surrender one inch on that sort of proposition. I am just Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. as firmly of the view that we must preserve the executive Mr. McKELLAR. What the Senator has so well said function as I am that we must preserve the judicial and the about bombers and other types of airplanes applies with legislative functions. If the President is given too much equal force and strength to tanks. Much has been said power by the Constitution, we must amend the Constitution. about tanks. What does the Senate know about what It is still our instrument; we can change it; we can emascu­ kind of tanks to select in case of war? late it; we can destroy it whenever the people want to do so; but they have not done so, and it is not for the Congress of the Mr. CONNALLY. Very little about military tanks. United States, through sappers and miners, to undertake to [Laughter.] undermine the authority of the President of the United States. Mr. McKELLAR. Nothing at all about military tanks. This is an executive function; the conduct of war itself is I think the same argument which the Senator has so well an executive function; it is not the business of the Congress made in reference to airplanes applies also to Senators to undertake to visa and get out a microscope to detect what undertaking to select the kind of tanks an army shall build. the President is d-oing and say, if his actions do not suit us, Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator. we will veto what he does. We do not have to appropriate a If this were a legislative matter I should say "Of course, dollar unless we want to. We have the power over the purse. call in the Senate of the United States." I believe-con­ I am not afraid to trust the President of the United States, trary to a large segment of public opinion-that this is the present President or any other President. I do not know still the greatest legislative body on earth. If we were talk­ of any President in the history of the Republic whom I would ing about legislation, I should be glad to hear the Senator hesitate to trust when it comes to the expenditure of sacred from Michigan as we often hear him in this Chamber. We funds for the defense of the United States. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6593 In the War with Spain, we trusted McKinley, a great man. The next amendment was, on page 77, after line 10, to He did not belong to the party with which I affiliate, t?ut, God strike out: knows, that McKinley was a great patriot, a great man, and SEc. 6. No part of any appropriation made in this act shall be we trusted him with a defense fund. We trusted Woodrow used directly or indirectly after May 1, 1941, for the payment of any civilian for services rendered by them on the Canal Zone while Wilson in the World War; and I would trust anyone in the occupying a skilled, technical, clerical, administrative, or super­ White House, be he Democrat or Republican. I do not be­ visory position unless such person is a citizen of the United States: lieve there is any likelihood of anybody being in the White Provided, however, That any employees now in the service who has House who is not honest and not patriotic. rendered 10 or more years' faithful and efficient service shall be This is not a personal matter at all. I want to perform my exempt from the provisions of this section. responsibility in this crisis or emergency. I want to fill the And insert: place in my country that my countrymen think I should fill, SEc. 8. No part of any appropriation contained in this act shall and perform whatever duty is laid upon me; but I do not want be u sed directly or indirectly after May 1, 1941, except for tempo­ rary employment in case of emergen cy, for the payment of any to take over somebody else's function or somebody else's civilian for services rendered by him on the Canal Zone while duties. Give the President this $100,000,000. He has the occupying a skilled, technical, clerical, administrative, execut ive, responsibility; but if we hamper him, if we impede him, if we or su pervisory position unless such person is a citizen of the United embarrass him with a smelling committee, we lessen his re­ States of America or of the Republic of Panama: Provided, however, (1) That at no t ime shall the number of Panamanian citizens em­ sponsibilities. He can very easily say, "I undertook to dis­ ployed in the above-mentioned positions exceed the number of charge this function, but every time I sought to discharge it citizens of the United States so employed, if United States citizens I had to run up to the Capitol and .talk to some Members of are available in continental United States or on the Canal Zone; (2) that nothing in this act shall prohibit the continued employ­ the House and some senators who could not make up their ment of any person who shall have rendered 15 or more years of minds, who delayed, who hindered, and who undertook to in­ faithful and honorable service on the Canal Zone; (3) that in the ject into the theories of the War and Navy Departments poli­ selection of personnel for skilled, technical, administrative, clerical, supervisory, or executive positions the controlling factors in filling cies which I did not regard as wise or sound." these positions shall be efficiency, experience, training, and educa­ No, Mr. President, this is an unsound and unwise proposed tion; ( 4) that all citizens of Panama and the United States render­ amendment. I shall resist it and vote against it, and I hope ing skilled, technical, clerical, administrative, executive, or super­ visory service on the Canal Zone under the terms of this act shall the Senate will resist it and vote it down. (a) normally be employed not more than 40 hours per week, (b) The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on the shall receive as compensation equal rates of pay based upon rates amendment offered by the Senator from Michigan [Mr. VAN­ paid for similar employment in continental United States plus 25 DENBERG] to the committee amendment. [Putting the ques­ percent; ( 5) this entire section shall apply only to persons em­ ployed in skilled, technical, clerical, administrative, executive, or tion.] By the sound the "noes" have it, and the amendment supervisory positions on the Canal Zone directly or indirectly by is rejected. any branch of the United States Government or by any corpo­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I ask for a division. I ration or company whose stock is owned wholly or in part by the mean a rising vote. I do not ask for the yeas and nays. United States Government. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair announced the The amendment was agreed to. result, and stated that the amendment was not agreed to. The next amendment was, at the top of page 79, to insert: The question recurs on the committee amendment begin­ SEc. 9. All funds appropriated by this act, and all amounts ning on page 73, line 15. herein made available for contractual obligation shall be imme­ The amendment was agreed to. diately available. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The next amendment will be The amendment was agreed to.. stated. The next amendment was, on page 79, line 4, to change The next amendment was, on page 74, after line 24, to the section number from "7" to "10." insert: The amendment was agreed to. . SEc. 2. The foregoing appropriations for "Regular Supplies of the Army", "Clothing and Equipage", "Army Transportation", "Signal The PRESIDING OFFICER. That completes the· com­ Service of the Army", "Air Corps, Army", "Medical and Hospital mittee amendments. Department", "Engineer Service, Army", "Ordnance Service and Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, I send to the desk an Supplies", "Chemical Warfare Service", and "Seacoast Defenses" amendment and ask that it be stated. shall each be available for the employment of persons and the pro­ curement of supplies and services, printing and binding, and com­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment will be munication service at the seat of government and elsewhere, and statEd. for the pay and allowances, including travel allowances, of such Reserve officers as the President may, with their consent, order to The CHIEF CLERK. On page 43, after line 25, it is proposed active duty for such periods, not in excess of 2 years, as their to insert the following: service may be required in the procurement or production of·equip­ Provided further, That no military or naval aircraft, the con­ ment therein appropriated for, or on duty pertaining to aviation. struction of which has been, or is herein authorized, shall be re­ . The amendment was agreed to. leased for export to any foreign nation until one of every three such aircraft hereafter produced shall be delivered to the naval The next amendment was, on page 75, after line 14, to and military forces of the United States, to be retained for use insert: in the defense of the United States, deliveries of such aircraft to SEc. 3. Not to exceed 10 percent of any of the foregoing appropri­ be made pursuant to a schedule to be prepared by the Council ations for the Military Establishment may be transferred, with the of National Defense. approval of the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, to any other of such appropriations, but no appropriation shall be increased Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, while this subject was dis­ more than 10 percent thereby. cussed at considerable length yesterday, a few additional The amendment was agreed to. remarks pertinent to the pending amendment will be sub­ The next amendment was; on page 75, line 21, to change mitted at this time. the section number from "2" to "4." I should like to invite attention primarily to the message The amendment was agreed to. of the President delivered to the Congress on January 4, The next amendment was, on page 76, line 1, to change the 1939. At that time the President, among other things, said: section number from "3" to "5." But the world has grown so small and weapons of attack so swift that no nation can be safe in its will to peace so long as The amendment was agreed to. any other single ·powerful nation refuses to settle its grievances The next amendment was, on page 76, line 20, to change the at the council table. For if any government bristling with im­ section number from "4" to "6." plements of war insists on the policies of force, weapons of defense The amendment was agreed to. give the only safety. The next amendment was, on page 77, line 3, to change We have learned that survival cannot be guaranteed by arming the section number from "5" to "7 ." after the attack begins-for there is new range and speed to The amendment was agreed to. offense. ' 6594 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 He further said: departments are the men who have shown the greatest pro­ Under modern conditions, what we mean by "adequate defense"­ ficiency. If we cannot depend upon the men at the head of a policy subscribed to by all-must be divided into three elements. our Army Establishment and our Navy Establishment, who First we must have armed forces and defenses strong enough. to .have been thus trained and who have been thus selected, to ward ofr sudden attack against strategic positions and key faCili­ ties essential to insure sustained resistance and ultimate victory. adopt policies for the Government, then, of course, Congress should step in and proceed to take over those policies. In his address to the joint session of the Congress on Personally, I am not willing to assume that responsibility. Thursday last the President pointed out that our best defense So long as I am in my present position I shall follow, as far lay in being able to attack an attacking enemy at bases which as I can, the recommendations submitted by those in au­ he sought to establish or while en route in the course of a thority in the War Department. So, believing that we are· proposed attack against us. not justified, with the evidence before us,. in criticizing a It developed, Mr. President, from the colloquy with the policy now in vogue and in changing that policy, I am not pre­ chairman of the subcommittee handling this bill that the pared to accept this amendment, and hope it will be rejected. airplanes manufactured under the appropriation for 1940 Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? have been released to the Allies for use overseas. It de­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Okla­ veloped further that we do not now have adequate defense homa yield to the Senator from Kentucky? in this country; we do not have adequate planes; we do not Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I do. even have the pilots to ft.y them. The training program to Mr. BARKLEY. As I understand, under the amendment, which reference has been made has been under way for a regardless of any circumstances, one-third of all the military year or 15 months; pilot training has been proceeding apace; airplanes produced in the United States would have to be but adequate air defense for our country is lacking in any­ taken by the United States Government. Regardless of any thing like the degree that we naturally and properly should change in the situation, regardless of any better use that might expect. be made of them for the benefit of the United States, under With those thoughts in mind, Mr. President, the very least the amendment we should have to take one-third of all the we ought to do, I submit, is to provide a quota plan by which planes produced in this country. out of every 3 planes produced in this country we will have Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I will say to the Senator at least 1 for our own defense. In view of the fact that the from Kentucky that that is my understanding. President last year told us that we should have a minimum of Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to 3,000 planes as necessary for our defense, and we. have no me for a moment? such number, but, quite the contrary, as the testimony of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Okla­ General Arnold demonstrates, we have less than a third of homa yield to the Senator from Connecticut? our air force intact at the present time capable of adequate Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I yield. . defense it seems to me that the right and proper move Mr. DANAHER. Then, let me point out that I propose at this time in our own behalf, applying the President's own that one-third of our production of airplanes be delivered in explanation and argument, is to adopt an amendment which accordance with the schedule to be prepared by the Council will provide that at least pro rata one-third of the output of National Defense. That is an existing statutory body, of American military and naval aircraft production shall be whose duty it is to plan and correlate our activities for our available to our forces for our defense. defense; so that the schedule is to be prepared in accord­ In a nutshell, that covers the ground, and ties in and ance with law. correlates with what we discussed yesterday. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, if the Senator from Okla­ Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, I do not homa will further yield; a third is a third, no matter who think the amendment offered by the Senator from Con­ administers the amendment; whether it is the Council of necticut should be adopted, for the following reasons: National Defense, the President, the Secretary of War, or The· authorities upon whom we rely to handle our na­ anybody else. If we are required under all circumstances, tional-defense program adopted the policy of permitting regardless of conditions, to take one-third of the planes as some of our planes to be sent to foreign lands for service. they are produced, it makes no difference who administers This amendment, if adopted, would be a criticism of that the amendment. policy. Whether or not that policy is wise, I cannot · say; Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? but that policy, which we have in existence today, has been Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Under existing law, the law recommended by meri especially trained to look after our referred to by the Senator from Georgia [Mr. GEORGE], the national-defense program. President may call into existence the Council of National De­ Mr. President, under our policy we select boys of tender fense by appointing various members of his Cabinet on such age and send them to West Point and to Annapolis. These council. As I understand, he has not done so to date. It boys are among the brightest that the- country produces. may be that he will not do so. In that eve~t this amend­ - They go to our academies in rather large numbers. They ment would have no validity whatever. are kept for 4 years, and are trained as best the academies I now yield to the Senator from Alabama. can train them for the Army and for the Navy. After the boys have been graduated from the academies they enter Mr. HILL. Mr. President, further, as the Senator from the active service. As a rule, these youngsters receive pro­ Kentucky has said, we should have to take one-third of all motions not only in accordance with seniority but in ac­ the planes, willy-nilly. Some of the planes we might not cordance with their efficiency and ability. After many want for this reason: Some of the planes perhaps would be years, and after they have become mature, the brightest of what we would consider obsolescent or obsolete, ·and would them, the hardest workers, and those who make the best not meet our requirements or our needs, or what we want in records, are selected for the higher positions. building up our air force. Up to the rank of colonel, I think these youngsters are The situation of England and France today is, of course, promoted by seniority. Beyond the rank of colonel they somewhat different froni our situation. They will take any are appointed by selection. They go from colonels to the kind of a plane. We do not want to be forced to take obso­ higher ranks-brigadier generals, and finally. generals of the lete or obsolescent planes which soon wo~d have to be dis­ Army. I speak especially of the Army, and refer to the carded, and would not meet our needs or our requirements, Nayy in a corresponding way. or carry out the program that we had envisioned and pro­ So the men in Washington at the head of the Army and vided for. the Navy are not men selected from the body of the public Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President-- and placed in those offices without special training and ex­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Okla­ perience. They have been trained almost from infancy, homa yield to the Senator from Connecticut? certainly from the days of their youth. These heads of Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I yield. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL- RE-CORD-- SENATE 6595 Mr. DANAHER. ·I call the attention of the ·senator from McNary· Overton Slattery Vandenberg Maloney Pepper Smathers VanNuys Oklahoma to the bill which we passed, and which was ap­ Miller Pittman Smith Wagner proved on April 3, 1939, entitled "To provide more effectively Minton Reynolds Stewart Walsh Murray· Russell· Taft White for the national defense by carrying out the recommendations Neely Schwartz Thomas, Idaho Wiley of the President in his message: of January 12, 1939, to the Norris Sheppard Thomas, Okla. Congress." Nye Shipstead Thomas, Utah That bill provides, in part: . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy-four Senators hav­ There is hereby authorized to be appropriated for such ptirposes ing answered to their names, a quorum is present. · an amount not exceeding $300;000,000, together with such annual The question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by appropriations as may be necessary to maintain such air force. the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. DANAHER]. The words "such purposes" refer to the preceding language Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent which I shall read: that .the clerk may s_tate the amendment again. Six; thousand serviceable airplanes and such number of airships The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the clerk and free and captive balloons as he may determine to be necessary will state the amendment. for training purpose&- The CHIEF CLERK. It is proposed, on page 43, line 25, to And so forth. Did not the Senator from Oklahoma at the insert the followi.rig: time that authorization was granted expect and understand Provided further, That no military or naval aircraft, the con­ that we were authorizing the appropriation of $300,000,000 struction of which has been or is herein authorized, shall be released for export to any foreign nation until one of every three for airplanes for us-for the United States? such aircraft hereafter produced shall be delivered to the naval Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr, President, I understood and military forces of the United States to be retained for use that we were appropriating the money for national defense; in the defense of the United States, deliveries of such aircraft to be made pursuant to a schedule to be prepared by the Council and I contend that the delivery of these planes to certain on National Defense. · places across the water is in .the interest of our national defense. . Mr. DANAHER. I ask for the yeas and nays on the Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, if the Senator will bear amendment. with me, let me call to his attention the fact that we voted The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Chief Clerk pro­ that authorization effective April 3, 1939. At that time there ceeded to call the roll. was no war. There was no attack overseas. There was nq Mr. HILL (when ·his name was called). On this vote I defense overseas. I ask the Senator the simple question, have a pair with the junior Senator from Kansas [Mr. Did he not understand, when that bill was passed, that it REED]. I transfer that pair to the junior Senator from New contemplated an appropriation for the defense of the United York [Mr. MEAD], and vote "nay." . States? Mr. THOMAS of Utah CLIFFE], and will vote. I vote Department and the naval service for the fiscal year ending "nay." June 30, 1941, and for other purposes, and I submit a report Mr. WAGNER. My colleague [Mr. MEAD] is absent on

~ITARY APPROPRIATIONS was yet to come. The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill Dutch people, is the position that I would at all times, if necessary, vote to appro­ most shocking piece of criminal audacity in the history of priate billions of dollars for an adequate national defense for the world. Read the message of Queen Wilhelmina upon her this Nation, but nothing for aggression. That policy, in my forced departure from her country and one will realize the humble opinion, was definitely established during the debates pathos, sorrow, and the horrors of the cruel situation. upon the neutrality measure last year and in the enactment I never had the slightest doubt that Belgium would sooner of the law itself. One need but read those debates or under­ or later meet the same fate in which she was engulfed during stand what happened at that particular time to realize that the last World War, but little did I dream that neutral na­ that statement is true; and, in my opinion, this country is tions which had scrupulously followed the paths of peace for a hundred years or more would become involved in this committed to a policy of prohibiting our troops from going war. into foreign lands as combatants in the air, on land, or on the sea. I am certain from my contact and experience with the Who will be next in this onward march? No one knows. But I prophesy that unless Sweden capitulates to the de­ people in the Middle West, where I live, that this e~pr~ssion of our foreign policy is shared by the great maJOrity of mands of Germany she soon will find herself a bloody, gory Americans. battleground in this modern whirlwind of human destruc­ tion. Or it may be Switzerland, whose long period of neu­ But Mr. President, America cannot overlook current, cold, trality means naught to the modern war lords, who will stop and i~disputable facts. We are not the only Nation in this · at nothing to win their point. It is now apparent that Italy world which in the past has hoped that it might live in will enter the war. Where will she go? Whom will she at­ peace, and has adopted purely defensive measures designed tack? Probably some innocent nation which seeks only to only to keep the peace. We are not the only people who live in peace. hoped they might not be compelled to meet the awful on­ But peace--peace! Mr. President, there is no peace in the slaught of an unmerciful enemy. We are not the only God­ Old World. Yes; the war is spreading in Europe. America fearing Nation that has offered prayers for peace among for the first time is awakening to the realization of its poten­ all mankind. But, my colleagues, prayers, hopes, and wish­ tial danger. The rape of Holland and other neutrals has con­ ful thinking are mere tinkling cymbals against the modern vinced the man at the crossroads, out in the Corn Belt aerial bombs and the 80-ton tanks now operating in and district, where I live, who up to this time has believed Amer­ devastating all of Europe. ica safe, that he was laboring under a delusion. Perhaps too There are many nations which sought to keep the peace much faith has been placed in a sort of smug complacency and mind their own business. They did not want the because of our geographic position. catastrophe of war to visit their soil any more than does this We all well remember during the neutrality debates last great country of ours. They did everything within their poor year on the floor of the Senate how Norway, Denmark, and limited power to avert invasion of their homeland­ Sweden, and other nations were pointed to as nations whose invasion which they knew meant death, destruction, misery, neutrality was not violated. Those nations were used as ex­ servitude, humiliation, and despair. But, with all their hopes amples in the debates, either upon one side or the other, in and prayers, with all their fortifications and defenses. with those extended discussions of a great problem during the last all their heroic and valiant efforts, today we see them suf­ World War. Today that argument has crumbled under the fering and dying on the field of war, devastation, and feet of the Trojan horse, treachery, conspiracy, and mechani­ carnage. cal warfare, all unparalleled in history. These factors have Mr. President, first it was Austria which.felt the hand in made a profound impression upon the American people, if I the mailed fist. Next it was Czechoslovakia that succumbed understand their temper aright, and my judgment is based to the iron heel of the despot. Following these bold and upon my conversations with them and upon letters and other successful strokes, Poland was invaded and overran, her communications coming to the office of the Senator from people tortured and humiliated, in the short space of 14 Illinois. We have been awakened from our slumber, and the days. This mendacity and brutality did little to stir the rest of the world should be made to understand this change of emotions of the American people. Even England and France attitude and the reasons which brought it about. displayed apathy toward this crucial situation. True, the The question to be determined by the American people is latter declared war on Germany, and there followed for whether we are completely isolated from the cataclysmic months tactics which caused many people in this country events in Europe to the extent that our safety and security to think of it a.s a phony war, as a result of maneuvers along are certain, or whether ultimately this modern foreign con­ the western front. flagration will spread to the Western Hemisphere. Following this, we find Finland being raped by the Rus­ Obviously, the hope of everyone is that the troubles of sian bear. This little country stood for days and weeks like Europe shall remain in Europe, regardless of the outcome. the Rock of Gibraltar in defense of freedom and independ­ But no man who looks beyond the forest can proclaim with ence, but finally succumbed to a peace plan which stripped any certainty that our future is not seriously menaced in the her of many of her most valuable resources, and com- event certain things happen in the Old World. So the next 6602 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 question arises: What should America do to meet the chal­ lation and the accomplishment of our national-defense lenge, if there is one? What should this country do to ward program. ofi any attack a hostile power might make against us? The close cooperation of all political leaders, industrial I hope that I shall not be thought to be conceited when leaders, and labor leaders, if you please, in this hour, behind I say that I believe my feet are on the ground in consider­ our Commander in Chief, is essential, in my opinion, to the ing this important problem. I hope that what I say may not protection of our Nation's welfare, but it is even more impor­ be classified by some as mere hysterical chatter. I hope tant as a contributing factor to the success of democracy's that I may be given full wisdom to look world facts coldly struggle against the forces of totalitarianism, whether the and bluntly in the face, and then make my decision calmly seed of totalitarianism may sprout within or without our and coolly in line with what I believe to be for the best country. interests of my country. Under the dictatorships the complete subjugation of all Fortunately for our Nation, there is little or no opposition citizens prevents disagreement on governmental policy and to President Roosevelt's plan to speed up the national de­ drives the helpless mass of humanity in any direction ordered fense. In his message to Congress he gave us a picture by the tyrant. It is concerted action, but so was the team­ which he has known about for a long period of time. And work of the galley slaves. It can accomplish wholesale de­ yet, the actualities of the invasion of Belgium and the low struction, but only through brute force accomplished by the countries and France were the only factors which could bondage of human beings. change the thinking of the American people. In other words, Here in America, where we have the God-given right to those actualities have changed my thinking,, Mr. President, as think and speak and act according to the dictates of our I am sure they have changed the thinking of a number of consciences, we have the greatest opportunity in all history to other Senators in connection with this world problem. prove the efficacy of our form of government. At this mo­ We know that had the President made that type of speech ment, when the disciples of tyranny and violence are over­ 30 days ago, before the invasion of the low countries, he running the peaceful and liberty-loving nations of Europe, would have been hooted and jeered in this country by the we can and will rally to the defense of our country, not by press and by the people as a whole, as a warmonger, and compulsion, but in the same spirit in which our forefathers one who sought to bring America into the European war. assembled to preserve their freedom and to defeat any attempt Yes, we would have heard that ominous cry which we have to destroy their liberties. Unanimous agreement upon our heard on the floor of the Senate in the past, that everything national-defense program will demonstrate to the world that the President has done has been done for the purpose of democracy can work and is working in record-breaking time. putting us on the road to war. Patriotic cooperation and mutual concession in the formula­ President Roosevelt has said many times that America tion of this program, and voluntary, unified action in carrying hates war. He hates war. Every Member of the United it out, will insure its success. With such coordination of States Senate, and especially those who served in the armed purpose and action, no robot of flaming steel propelled by forces of the United States during the last war, certainly coerced force can shake the foundation stones of our de­ despise and hate war; but that is no reason why we in mocracy. America, under the cold circumstances which stare us in the Justice and liberty, my colleagues, must be preserved. face, must not follow through with an adequate policy of Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President, in my humble judgment Con­ defense which shall always protect the freedom and the gress should not adjourn until we have taken effective liberty which we enjoy in America today. measures which will set in motion the full forces of national . Let it be understood that I am not an alarmist. Again I defense. This includes the organization of industrial, agri­ say I hope the Senate believes-! know it is my own belief­ cultural, investment, and labor groups which are so essen­ that I have my feet on the ground on this question, and I tial to the success of any national-defense program. During shall keep my feet on the ground. I hope that my head may the last war we found it necessary to have a War Industries not get into the clouds. I am not speaking from the stand­ Board. Now, in behalf of national security there comes the point of hysteria. I do not want anyone to think I am. But suggestion of a defense-industries board. Such a board what I say is based on facts which stare me coldly in the face might very well represent agriculture, labo·r, industry, and and give rise to a sort of pessimism that has never before finance. The creation of a defense-industries board should existed in me. not be undertaken unless it is carefully worked out in Con­ gress. It is our responsibility to provide the leadership Mr. President, I have faith in our Army, our Navy, and our necessary for this development. No;w is the time to begin Air Corps, notwithstanding there are those who constantly this important task, and the continued activity of Congress seek to tear them down. I understand, of course, that we do should be expected until it is fully accomplished. not have all we need for defense. Of course not. Under the Mr. President, I a.sk unanimous consent to have printed present circumstances we need more. as a part of my remarks an editorial from the Washington Perhaps mistakes have been made here and there. It would Daily News of May 18, 1940, entitled ''Turning Dollars Into be an unusual man indeed who did not make mistakes. I sus­ Defense." pect we can find that some mistakes have been made here in There being no objection, the editorial was o.rdered to be the United States Senate in the votes which have been cast printed iii the REcORD, as follows: · by Senators in the past, and the Senator from lllinois is prob­ [From the Washington Daily News of May 18, 1940] a.bly guilty of such mistakes. TURNING DOLLARS INTO DEFENSE Yes, Mr. President, mistakes have been made, but my con­ The Nation has registered virtually unanimous approval of the tact with the War Department and the Navy Department and President's billion-dollar armament proposal. The next task 1S the Air Corps convinces me that its officers are patriotic to to convert dollars into defense. American mass-production meth­ ods must be applied to armament building. A national economy the core, and are willing to work overtime in doing whatever must be developed to support the program. How? is possible to put the country into such a position that it may This Nation developed the science of mass production to a de­ pr·otect itself under any and all conditions. gree never approximated elsewhere until Hitler mobilized the men and resources of an ent ire nation for t he developm~nt of a single As a public servant, all I want to do in this crisis is to co­ product--a war machine. His totalitarian success now challenges operate in a reasonable way in making our shores invulnerable the productive possibilities of democracy. to attack by any foreign power or powers, regardless of what War is no longer won by soldiers and sailors alone. Modem the combination may be. In this hour I want to be ames­ wars are won by organization, research, invention, finance, and production. Much of the job of making war is big business, and senger of hope, and not a disciple of destruction. during most of the present administration big business has been Fast-moving world events, the ultimate result of which no in the dog house. The time has come for a truce in our overlong war between business and Government. · man can foretell, make it imperative, it seems to me--and I Preparation for war demands selflessness at the top as much speak now as an American, and not as a partisan-that there as in the ranks. Partisanship, preoccupation with econ'{)m.ic and be unanimity of thought, action, and purpose upon the formu- sociological theories have no place in the picture. In the present 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6603 hour the President needs the advice and the active support of recognition of Decoration Day by proclamations, appropriate every man who by reason o! proved ability and experience can contribute to the job of production, which is the job of the mo­ to the occasion, whereby as on Armistice Day, the people of ment. Granted that the men with whom he has surrounded the Nation may all stand in silence when the clocks shall strike himself to date have made a major contribution to the advance­ 12. As we stand with heads bowed, an opportunity will ment of social legislation, few of them are qualified for the new then be given to offer a silent prayer in behalf of peace. For tasks which have suddenly become the administration's para­ mount consideration. a brief period of a few minutes the machinery and usual Unless it is necessary to preserve our democracy and our way of routine of the Nation should be stopped so that the American life, there is no justification for the proposed defense program. sentiments of peace and good will might be given a larger If it is justified at all, it calls for not only an Army and Navy opportunity for expression. leadership in which we have faith, a political leadership we can trust, but a planning and production board of tested ability. Then let us pray to the great God of the universe that war The bottleneck of production is clogged today with the wreckage shall end, and that peace may continue to prevail throughout of American business. Who did the wrecking is debatable, but our land so that this Government, under our great Charter unimportant at the moment. Business and productive genius, even if found sulking in its tent, must be summoned to the colors. of Liberty, shall not perish from the earth. In the emergency no man of genius or talent is big enough, and Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, at this time I wish to call none would be small enough, to refuse a Presidential draft. to the attention of the Senate the fact that in South Dakota Fifty thousand airplanes! Grand for headlines and "hoopla." we have one visible connection with the national defense Something worth while as an objective to strive for. But stand­ ing alone it is flimsy stuff with which to impress foreign nations of the United States and with the Army. I refer to a pioneer who know the realities of a gigantic program. Army post established many years ago, and which has re­ What these nations really respect in America is our great re­ cently been modernized. It is now the home station of the sources, not only in materials but in organizing and producing Fourth Cavalry unit, which is a motorized regiment. It has ability. Let the President name a planning and production board with recently been increased in size from a personnel of about representatives of Congress, the Army and Navy, finance, and pro­ 680 men to more than 1,100 men. duction. Kettering, Ford, Knudsen, Young--a score of names rush The post is small. It stands in the foothills of the Black to mind. Manned by people like these, whose reputations are Hills of South Dakota, and the facilities of that post are deservedly world-wide, such a bOard will be 50 times more effect.ive than 50,000 planes whose lines are not yet even on the drawmg · not adequate to take care of the increased personnel. The board. people of South Dakota are rather proud of this unit. TheY like to have it maintained there, and kept modern. It is Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President, I shall vote for the pending their visible part in helping out the national defense. It is bill making·appropriations for the Military Establishment for in the interior of the countrY-- the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941. Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? The people of Pennsylvania believe in peace. They do not Mr. GURNEY. I shall be glad to yield when I shall have want war. We, the people of the United States, have made concluded. every sacrifice for peace. We entered wholeheartedly into the Mr. President, we should like to build up that post to what various disarmament conferences which were held. We it should be, in order to take care of the men who are coming signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Nine Power Treaty. there at the end of the regular maneuvers which are now We joined with all the Americas and the other nations of the being held 'in the Southwest. world in an effort to preserve peace. We ventured whole­ Yesterday I was gratified to find that Fort Meade, S.Dak., heartedly into every reasonable proposal which has been pre­ was given a small appropriation in the land-acquisition sented in the interest of peace. We of America believe that program; so it will now be possible to acquire sufficient with peace, happiness and contentment will come to all our iand so that when the French 75's are fired the shells will people. I am one who believes that it is best to settle con­ explode on property belonging to the Army post. Previously, troversies around the council table before and not after a war. they have sometimes gone outside the area of the post and But the conditions in the world today demand that we exploded on private lands and along public highways. must prepare, and I am sure that we shall all take our places So we are making progress in that direction. as true Americans in achieving that end. We all know our I notice on pages 30 and 31 of the bill appropriations for great need for more airplanes, more pilots, more battleships, additions to various Army posts throughout the country. more antiaircraft guns, and more personnel on land, sea, and AJ3 I have visited many of these posts, I know that the ap­ in the air. I am sure that Congress will vote for preparedness propriations are necessary if we are to go along with a and the maintenance of that preparedness, once it is defi­ national-defense program. However, I feel that the needs nitely established. The people will give us their wholehearted at Fort Meade, S. Dak., are just as great as are the needs support in doing that. Preparedness will provide safety for of the posts which are listed on pages 30 and 31, and which the people of our country. They realize that and are whole­ are to rece!ve appropriations. heartedly behind the defense movement. Our duty now is to Mr. President, I now offer the amendment which· I send prepare ourselves so as to be able to defend ourselves from to the desk and ask to have stated. I hope the Senator in whosoever may attack us. The public understands that, and charge of the bill will present it to the conferees. If the so does Congress, and we must give our entire support to the War Department does not say that it is in complete agree­ principle of adequate defense. ment with the amendment, I am willing to have the con­ I hope the money appropriated for preparedness will be ferees throw it out. used with maximum efficiency so that the tax dollar will bring The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment offered by the utmost national benefit. New employment will thereby the Senator from South Dakota will be stated be given. New outlets will be found for industrial energy. The CHIEF CLERK. On page 30, line 21, after the words The funds which we are now proposing to spend are but a and figures "Arizona, $225,000", it is proposed to add, "Fort part of a general advance which must be made in this coun­ Meade, S.Dak., $120,000." try if we are to meet the new demands which wars now being Mr. LUNDEEN obtained the floor. waged in Europe and Asia have imposed upon us. I favor Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, may I have a decision on preparedness for America as the best proposal for peace. my amendment before the Senator from Minnesota takes the Next week we shall observe Memorial Day. As we go to :floor? the resting places of our patriotic dead who fought in all the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minnesota wars, from the Revolution, the Mexican War, the War of has the floor. 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and the Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for great World War, let us resolve to do our full share to keep a moment? America at peace. Let us hope and pray that we shall not Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, I thought we were having add another war to the ever-growing list. a debate. I should like to suggest that the President of the United The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senate is considering States and the Governors of the several States make sUitable an amendment offered by the Senator from South Dakota. 6604 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 Mr. LUNDEEN. We are considering an amendment which If the Nazis defeat the Allies the United States must seize in­ stantly all European bases and possessions in the New World, the Senator has presented. I presume I may be permitted Clifton M. Utley, director of the Chicago Council on Foreign Rela­ to say something about the amendment. tions, declared. Mr. GURNEY. I am very glad to yield to the Senator from Minnesota. I should like to refer to a statement by Lt. Comdr. Isaiah Mr. LUNDEEN. I believe I have the floor iil my own Olch, United States Navy, in an article entitled "A Resume right, Mr. President? of National Interests in the Caribbean Area." Lieutenant The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minne­ Commander Olch says: sota has the floor. The importance of our position in the Caribbean area and along the South and Latin American coasts cannot be overimpressed MT. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, I entirely agree with the upon anyone interested in the future safety of the United States. Senator from South Dakota in his proposal. In that con­ Perhaps in the light of more startling developments in world affairs nection I will say that my native State of South Dakota has in the other corners of the globe we have become blind to the great manganese deposits, to which I wish briefly to refer. importance of the development of our interests to the south. The time wasted will seem precious, indeed, when the crucial moment Particularly at this time we ought to reduce manganese finds us wanting in adequate naval facilities along the approaches imports from foreign countries and develop our own man- to the Panama area. . ganese resources, not only of South Dakota but of other Perhaps the time will come for us to withdraw from European and far eastern spheres in the face of concerted action by foreign States, because manganese is a strategic war material. powers before we realize that the heritage left to us in the form SOUTH DAKOTA MANGANESE of a fundamental and progressive development of interest in the Certainly we ought to reduce manganese imports from Caribbean and in South America has been lost. • • • But it might be logically possible to exchange in return for the cancela­ foreign countries when we have undeveloped deposits in tpe tion of these debts the abandonment of whatever naval establish­ United States. I emphasize manganese, which is a vital ments along our. shores our debtor nations might have. The ac­ strategic war material. Let South Dakota be the center of quisition of these bases for our own use • • • would be of material advantage to us in the furtherance of our policy of a this important industry. Our people will benefit and un­ decided interest in the Caribbean and adjacent areas. employment will be considerably reduced. For almost four and one-half centuries the Caribbean has been If I may address myself to another point very briefly, I am an area of definite national interest. Paramount interest there just now informed by my office, and I wish to call a~tention should be the policy of the United States in view of its importance to the Panama and future Nicaragua canals, as well as to the eco­ to a ticker message which came over the wires today about nomic independency of the two Americas in the event of exclusion 1:45 p.m., from London, by way of the United Press. from foreign markets during international unrest. .Blinded by In this dispatch, a high British official now states th~t interest in events taking place in other quarters we should not fail to continue to develop the interest which has been handed England could well afford to give up some or all of her West down to us as a legacy of the past. Indies islands in part payment for the British w~r dE~bts. Twenty-two years is a long time to wait, but better _now than Mr. President, I wish to call attention to one more news­ never. The significance of his · statement lies In ~he fact paper item. It is headed: that he said Britain could well afford to spare one or more Taking Bermuda for Britain's Debt Urged by McAdoo. of its islands from its vast Empire. · .. The article reads: These islands are held by foreign countries in the Western ·Former Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo declared Hemispher·e. The Caribbean is vital to our defense. I am yesterday that the strides made by aviation- glad to hear that Sir George Paish, economic adviser to the We were debating aviation yesterday in the Senate and to Chancelor of the British Exchequer, thinks this an oppor­ some extent today- tune time to turn over some British islands, in part payment the strides made by aviation in recent years "make it more than ever of the war debts. important" that the United States acquire the British West Indies Let me read the United Press dispatch: and Bermuda as a part payment of Great Britain's war debt. sm GEORGE PAISH This statement comes from William G. McAdoo, Secretary Sir George Paish, economic adviser to the Chancelor of the Exchequer during the World War, proposed today that Great Brit­ of the Treasury under Woodrow Wilson. ain exchange some of her West Indies possessions for United States The article continues: airplanes and munitions. · In a letter to the Make Europe Pay War Debts Committee, McAdoo, He made the proposal in an address to the Sound Currency As­ now head of the American Presidents Steamship Lines and also a sociation. former United States Senator from California, said: "The danger of not being able to command enough cash re­ "The advent of the airplane and its continuing development sources to buy what we need," he said, "is a matter of life and malces it more than ever important that the islands adjacent to our death." He said that some Americans had suggested to him that shores shall be wholly under American sovereignty." Britain cede some of the West Indies colonies in payment of her war debts to United States. He added that the time was perhaps THE DAWN OF AVIATION more opportune than ever before. Note, Mr. President, his statement about the airplane and "Surely out of this vast Empire of ours," he said, "we can spare one or more of the West Indies islands." its continuing development. I wish to say to my colleagues of the Senate and to my fellow citizens that we have only In that connection let me call attention to the fact that seen the dawn of aviation, merely the beginning of aviation, the British Empire is nearly four and a half times the size of and these mighty eagles of the air must have our attention the United States. It is the greatest Empire the world has at this moment and hereafter have our continuing atten­ ever seen; and the British people have a right to be proud of tion. We must possess ourselves of all the bases along the that mighty Empire and its glorious history. It is a great Em­ Atlantic coast. The greatest contribution we can make to pire, and it was built in the way all empires are acquired, by American safety today is to possess all the bases on our the sword and through war. This very distinguished gentle­ Atlantic coast. If we have those bases we shall be invul­ man says that surely out of that vast Empire the British can nerable and invincible to attack by any nation in the world. cede one or more of their West Indies islands to us at this Mr. REYNOLDS. Mr. President- time, and that the present time is perhaps more opportune The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Min­ than any previous time. nesota yield to the Senator from North Carolina? Mr. President, I call attention to a newspaper clipping from Mr. LUNDEEN. I yield to the very able Senator from the Washington Times-Herald of today headed "United States the great State of North Carolina. Urged To Seize Colonies if Nazis Win": Mr. REYNOLDS. May I remind the able Senator from CHICAGO, May 22.-If the Nazis defeat the Allies the United States Minnesota and my other colleagues that North Carolina must seize-- gave to the world the "eagles of the air." Had it not been Where have I heard that wo·rd before-"seize"? I believe for the silvery sands that kiss the blue waters of the Athmtic we quoted the great Democrat, Andrew Jackson, on that and the friendly breezes of eastern North Carolina the question some time ago. "eagles" to which the Senator from Minnesota so eloquently 1940 CON:GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6605 refers would not now be soaring in the skies. It was at to the desirability of going to war, and one of my colleagues Kitty Hawk in the great State of North .Carolina, approxi­ showed me this morning excerpts from newspapers pub­ mately 35 years ago, that the first eminently successful flight lished on the eastern seaboard indicating that others were · ·by airplane was made. I therefore say that the people of not only talking about going to war but suggesting we ga America are indebted, in whole, to the people of North Caro­ to war. I say that we had better look to our defenses in lina for that first flight made by the Wright brothers. the mentalities of the Nation. Hysteria, inability to think I thank the Senator for providing me with the opportunity straight, scatterbrained ideas, may precipitate us into a posi­ of bringing to the attention of the Senate one of the greatest tion which we do not care to occupy. Common sense, mental States in the Union. balance, and faith in the ultimate victory of right and faith Mr. LpNDEEN. Mr. President, I wish to thank the Sen­ in God are what America needs. A few days ago one of ator, and say that his words are so eloquent and persuasive the columnists in Washington wrote an article in which he and so descriptive of his own great and beautiful State that said that the greatest · contribution that could, be made I almost forgot Colorado and Ohio and the immortal Wright toward peace, at least for the present, was to-permit the brothers. The great State of North Carolina, of course, has Allies in the European war to purchase the airplanes being a high place in the history of aviation, and we concede great produced here. honor to the State of North Carolina and Wilbur and Orville Mr. President, I expected to see the Governor of my Wright. State, Julius P. Heil, this morning. He was coming to Wash­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? ington on a special mission, but canceled his trip to pay his Mr. LUNDEEN. I yield. last respects to a very distinguished citizen of Wisconsin, Mr. WILEY. I rise at this time to speak a few words jn Gen. Otto H. Falk, who passed away yesterday. General relation to a matter that was brought to my attention a Falk was a builder, a man who helped to build up the great few moments ago. center of Milwaukee, where he employed thousands of men, Mr. LUNDEEN. I yield the floor to the Senator. creating jobs and creating industries. Mr. WILEY. I thank the Senator from Minnesota. He was widely known for his genial, kindly philosophy, his It was brought to my attention by a letter which was outstanding civic achievements, and the friendly counsel delivered to my desk here in the Senate. Before read­ which made for him a host of friends who mourn his passing. ing the letter to the Senate I wish to compliment the He was a great leader of men. He was a highly successful distinguished Senators who spoke so patriotically a few businessman. He was a civic leader with a long record of moments ago, and I wish to say by way of supplement to achievements which began years ago when he was president what they have said, that the President, in his mes­ of the Public Safety Commission of Milwaukee and a member sage delivered a few days ago, brought out two important of the fire and police commission. · ideas. One was peace and the other was preparedness. He was a regent of Marquette University and he was com­ In my opinion, one of the great dangers threatening manding adjutant of the fourth battalion of the Wisconsin America comes from the so-called "fifth column," and at this National Guard. He was also. a colonel and aide-de-camp to time I ask to have incorporated in the RECORD an editorial Governor Rusk. Later he was a colonel ·commanding the from the Washington Post of this date, entitled "Trojan Fourth Infantry, then a quartermaster general, then an ad­ Horseman," which describes fully the activities of the jutant general, and later the commanding major and chief "fifth column" abroad. quartermaster of the United States Volunteers in the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the edi­ Spanish-American War. Still later he was appointed chief torial will be printed in the RECORD. quartermaster of the Third Army Corps of the United States The editorial is as follows: Army. [From the Washington Post of May 22, 1940] He served in Cuba and Puerto Rico and was honorably dis­ TROJAN HORSEMAN charged from volunteer service on June 20, 1899. He was The annals of the Trojan horse, twentieth-century style, lengthen · commanding colonel of the First Regiment, Infantry, Wiscon­ steadily with the multiplication of Hitler's victims. Norway had its sin National Guard, and was later transferred to the general Quisling, Czechoslovakia its Heinlein, the Netherlands its unnamed but numerous German "tourists" who repaid Dutch hospitality by staff as chief engineer. He was retired with the rank of stabbing their hosts in the back. But, chronologically speaking, brigadier general in January 1911. the name which leads all the rest of this legion of "fifth column" His distinguished military career also included active riot commanders is that of Dr. Arthur Seyss-Inquart. duty in many Wisconsin cities. · Dr. Seyss-Inquart was the utterly obscure individual who carried out the betrayal of Austria to the Nazis. During the tenure of His many humanitarian achievements included his early Engelbert Dollfuss as Austrian Chancelor, Seyss-Inquart was not work as. director of a relief expedition sent to give aid to the openly a Nazi, although he did not actively oppose the Hitler starving miners in northern Wisconsin and Michigan in the regime. He was merely an opportunist biding his time, and he kept biding his time during the first years of the chancelorship of Dr. winter of 1893. In later years he was actively associated Schuschnigg, who took the reins from the dying hands of Dollfuss. with relief and charity drives for almost every worth-while It was not until after the ill-fated Berchtesgaden meeting of cause. Schuschnigg and Hitler that Seyss-Inquart achieved success in his "fifth column" activities. Hitler demanded-and Schuschnigg was In 1924 he was presented with a loving cup as Milwaukee's forced to capitulate to the demand-that Seyss-Inquart be made foremost citizen. Minister of the In\erior-a position which enabled him to give His accomplishments in recent years are widely known. carte blanche to Nazi activities in Austria; and following Hitler's ultimatum of March 11, 1938, and Dr. Schuschnigg's resignation, His opinion and his judgment were everywhere respected. Seyss-Inquart became Chancelor. He was one of Wisconsin's foremost sons and his passing is The entry of the Nazis into Austria followed as a matter of course a distinct loss to both the State and the Nation. and Seyss-Inquart, having concluded his task, relapsed into the obscurity out of which he had risen. He remained there, so far as He passed away, and the Governor of the State could not the outside world is concerned, until this week, when Hitler named be here to carry on· the mission which he and two others had him the commissar for conquered Holland. The circle is thus com­ been designated to perform. I received a letter from the plete. The man who betrayed the first of Hitler's victims is now being rewarded by being named the puppet ruler of the last. remaining members of the committee, which I am going to read into the RECORD. It is along the idea of preparedness Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I hope that for our pre.. and the defense program which we have been considering. paredness program sufficient money will be provided so that The letter reads: while we are building ships and airplanes and providing DEAR SENATOR WILEY: Before we leave Washington today we munitions we may also take care of enemies within our wanted to make a formal report of just what we have accomplished. gates. We are members and representatives of the Wisconsin State-wide committee on defense, appointed last Sunday by Governor Hell, The second thing, in my opinion, which we in America consisting of Harold Falk, of Milwaukee, civilian aide to the Secre­ need more than ever before is mental preparedness. I have tary of War, chairman; Mayor James R. Law, of Madison, president in my office letters from distinguished clergymen referring of the Wisconsin League of Municipalities, representing 98 percent 6606 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 of the cities and vUlages in Wisconsin; Mayor Carl F. Zeidler, of This sensitiveness of the administration to any suggestion that Milwaukee; and Gov. Julius Hell. businessmen are needed in primary positions here was previously . Because of the inability of Governor Heil and Mr. Falk to come registered against the· War Resources Board. It was kicked around to Washington, we were delegated to represent the committee and by the New Dealers, and then it was kicked out of Washington, offer- although industry rates several of its members as among the most efficient organizers in the Nation. Its report has never even been And to this statement I especially call the attention of the summarized for the public, and Senators continue vainly to demand Senate- t hat the report be submitted to them, confidentially or otherwise. The President made it clear also that he hopes the defense funds and offer the entire resources of the State of Wisconsin to the Nation will assist in the relief of unemployment, and that is one reason why in the interests of the proposed preparedness program. That is to he opposes longer hours. Yet the capstone of the defense program say, the State of Wisconsin is the first State in the Union to offer its is the aviation industry, where there is a demand for skilled labor full and undivided support to the national-defense program. which cannot be filled from the unemployed lists. If th~ aircraft We therefore offered such support to Louis Johnson, Assistant manufacturers cannot work their skilled help beyond the exactions Secretary of War, at a conference held -in his office, as well as to of the reform laws, even a proper procurement control-which does Brig. Gen. Barton K. Yount, Assistant Chief of Aviation in charge not now exist-will not be able to take out the bottlenecks. The of pilot training, at his office; Frank W. Kuehl, General Counsel for production ratio of 50,000 planes a year set by the President Will the Reconstruction Finance Corporation; as well as Emil Schram, become a matter of the even more distant future. Chairman of the Board of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, What applies to aviation will be true of other industries essential in his office; Senator Morris Sheppard, of Texas, chairman of the to the defense program. And if the experts called here are to be Military Affairs Committee. subject to more official controls than those which were lightly Later this afternoon- exercised by the Cabinet Council of National Defense in Mr. Wil­ son's time, adequate defense will be attained much later than it The letter continues- need be. we plan on conferring with various Members of the Wisconsin THE STATUS QUO NEW DEAL congressional delegation. All these things were said at the White House on a day when the We in the State of Wisconsin- Germans were reported to have reached the English Channel; when, And this is a point I would especially impress upon the according to Mr. Roosevelt, their planes were strafing refugees on the roads; when, if he is correct about the threat to national Senate- security, that threat was coming nearer. The normal expectation believe that all efforts and activities today in the Nation must in such an hour is that the luxuries of peace are subordinated to be coordinated toward a national unity of economic, industrial, the great objective, among them reform legislation designed for agricultural, and governmental resources, to the end that this a society which can support them and political enmity for groups Nation shall be invulnerable to attack. We believe that such a of citizens who know how to operate the industrial machine. coordinated program is the best possible insurance against our But this normal expectation was not to find basis today in some involvement. of the things the President said. He did serve notice on organized In the hope that our program may stimulate other similar labor that it should not strike on defense jobs or otherwise take State programs, and in the interest of keeping the record straight, advantage of the crisis. He did announce that no "war million­ we are requesting you to insert this material in the CoNGRESSIONAL aires" will ·be permitted to arise. He did say that "Republicans" RECORD today. will be among those called to Washington (it is difficult to see With a word of appreciation for your courtesy and assistance, how this could not happen if he intends to summon industrial we remain, experts). Respectfully .yours, The common ground of essential concession to the needs of JAMES R. LAW, defense, however, the President did not occupy. Therefore, those MayCYr of the City of Madison, Wis. who in their excitement are clamoring for unity, insisting that CARL M. ZEIDLER, everyone must do whatever is asked of them-even to abandon­ Mayor of the City of Milwaukee, Wis. ing the two-party system, call off the campaign or postpone it until no challenger could get a hearing-are now urging in effect Mr. President, before taking my seat, I ask unanimous that everything must be attempted on the President's terms. These terms, so far as the political preoccupations of the New consent to have printed in the RECORD at this point an article Deal are concerned, appear to be an unconditional status quo. written by Mr. Arthur Krock and published in the New York Times of today. AMENDMENT OF COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT There being no objection, the article was ordered to be Mr. REYNOLDS obtained the floor. printed in the RECORD, as follows: Mr. BILBO. Mr. President-- (From the New York Times of May 22, 1940] Mr. REYNOLDS. I yield to the Senator from Mississippi. IN THE NATION-SOCIAL REFORM, LOVE OF INNOVATION, CHECK Mr. BILBO. As a result of a conference between the DEFENSE Secretary of Agriculture and delegations from the House (By Arthur Krock) and Senate, it is the wish of the Department that House WASHINGTON, May 21.-The President at his press conference bill 4088 be passed as an emergency measure to save from today confirmed what several of his spokesmen have been saying their present tragic condition the farmers engaged in the recently: the New Deal will not even suspend any social reform effected in days without a war threat to meet national-defense hog industry as well as the cotton farmers; and I ask unani­ needs in the presence of this threat; outsiders called to Washing­ mous consent that the bill be considered at this time. ton in the emergency will be held strictly subordinate to the politi­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill will be stated by cal officers. This stand was to be deduced from his remarks, and if he holds to it, then the national-defense program will be ham­ title. pered from the outset by social-economic reforms and the political The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H. R. 4088) to amend the point of view. Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, to extend its provi­ Industrialists familiar with the problems of production, and re­ quired by the Government to eliminate the many bottlenecks, sions to fats and oils, cottonseed, cottonseed meal, and regard the Walsh-Healey, Vinson-Trammell, and other New Deal peanuts. reform measures as brakes on the wheel. The President said today Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, reser~ng the right to these will not be released in any degree if he can prevent it, and, object, I desire to state that we are making a desperate obedient to his wish, a congressional committee today eliminated one easement of the Walsh-Healey Act. effort to finish the consideration of the military appropria­ In the Wilson administration, just before and during American tion bill this afternoon. If this bill will involve any discus­ entrance into the European conflict, the War Industries Board and sion I shall have to object to its consideration at this time, the Advisory Commission were· responsible for the excellent indus­ trial output which fed the war machine and, with the military because I do not think it is advisable to set aside the bill forces, brought defeat to the Central Powers. The President said now under consideration in order to take up a bill which today that, though he will bring men to Washington to assist, he another department wants to have passed. will have no such plenary set-up as the War Industries Board. Mr. BILBO. I appreciate the fact that I could not do it This was plenary because President ·wilson completely backed up the orders of Chairman Baruch on priority, procurement, etc. without unanimous consent. I trust no Sen~tor will object, REASONS FOR STAND because there is nothing about the bill to which anyone could For the refusal to ease any of the crippling reform laws passed object. It only puts fats and oils into the list of farm prod­ when there was no such emergency as the present, Mr. Roosevelt's ucts together with wheat, cotton, rice, corn, oats, barley, and pride of sponsorship and the political counsels of certain advisers so forth, so that the Secretary will have power under the are responsible. For the implied opposition to giving industrial law to call on the exchange to peg the prices of fats and oils. volunteers the leeway they will require by taking a leaf from Mr. Wilson's success story, a love of innovation and an unwillingness Mr. BARKLEY. I will say to the Senator that I have no to admit the incapacity of New Deal officials are responsible. objection to the bill 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6607 Mr. BllsBO. I trust no Senator will object. It is boldly asserted by the spokesmen for this mysterious Mr. BARKLEY. It seems to me the bill i-s entirely meri­ league that the revenue bonds public power districts in my torious; but the question is whether we are going to stop the State can issue, which we call utility bonds and which can consideration of the military appropriation bill to discuss and must be paid only from revenues of the plant, are and another bill. If it involves any discussion-- have become general tax obligations which are a lien on the Mr. KING. I think it may, Mr. President. property·of taxpayers. I have been unable so far to find any Mr. BllsBO. I do not think any Senator will object to the reputable lawyer who would be willing to stake his profes­ bill, because it is an effort to save the farmers engaged in sional reputation on such a weird and perverted legal theory. hog raising as well as the cotton farmers. But such arguments are a sample of the unusual ways em­ Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, possibly I shall have no ployed by private power companies in trying to destroy public objection to the bill; but in view of the lateness of the hour power developments. Sixteen years ago we had a plague of and the number of absent Senators, I do not think we ought so-called citizens' committees, all using funny dope supplied to pass it at this time. by the power combines of the State to fight a rather harmless Mr. BllsBO. I am sure no Senator will object. public power bill. History repeats itself. Private power grab- Mr. McNARY. I think we had better wait until there is . bers never change. The tax argument now used is utterly a larger attendance. false. Mr. BILBO. Very well; I withdraw the request until more To cripple the State law now will cripple the Federal Senators are in attendance. power program in one of its most essential parts. If this GRAND COULEE AND BONNEVILLE POWER PROJECTS sort of an oblique attack is successful, then the Federal Mr. BONE. Mr. President-- money we have appropriated to build these plants upon the Mr. REYNOLDS. I yield to the Senator from Wash- assumption that they were going to serve human needs to ington. the fullest degree out in that State will inevitably inure to Mr. BONE. In happy conformance with what was ob­ the benefit of the private Power Trust. We will have built viously the will and desire of the people of the State of them only ultimately to turn them over to Electric Bond Washington, so emphatically expressed in legislative enact­ & Share and Stone & Webster. I never would have voted for ments of that State, the Federal Government during t~e such a miierable fiasco after all we had promised the people past few years, has created within the State and on 1ts if I had believed that the Power Trust would be the ulti­ borders two of the greatest power projects in the world. One mate and final beneficiary. I did not cast my vote here is at Grand Coulee, in the heart of the State, on the Co­ to use Federal funds only to enrich Electric Bond & Share lumbia River. The other is at the Bonneville site on the and the Puget' Sound Power & Light Co. by robbing Bonne­ lower Columbia, on the part of the river which forms the ville and Coulee of all public power district customers. boundary between the States of Washington and Oregon. Every man iii this body whom I urged to vote for that The Grand Coulee project is so_ gigantic that it will prob­ legislation rested his vote in part, after he talked to me, ably cost $180,000,000, and will be the greatest producer of upon the assumption that that power would be consumed electric energy of any plant in the world. The Bonneville in no small part by the public over publicly owned lines, project likewise a great potential producer of power, will as it should be consumed, and as we had so much hoped probabiy cost $70,000,000; and the two projects will give to would be the case. Now we see an attempted blasting of the Pacific Northwest the greatest pool of electrical energy all such hopes. available anywhere in this country, and at a very reasonable I am going to meet this attack by placing in the CoN­ cost for the projects. · GRESSIONAL RECORD some letters that I am writing to some Back in 1930 the people of my State adopted wise and folks out in my State about this brazen attempt to destroy liberal power legislation, called the "Grange power bill," the much that has been achieved, by a fake tax argument. I existence of which indicates that that State is the most pro­ want them to know what it may also mean to the Federal gressive State in the Union in the field of public power de­ program that we of Congress blessed and approved. I want velopment. The Federal project we know as the Bonneville to say some things to them in these letters which I also project is now controlled by legislation passed by t~e C~m­ want my brethren here to read. We, too, have a great gress of the United States. I helped frame that leg1slat10n, stake in the thing we helped to create. and it was drawn with a singleness of purpose. It was in­ I ask unanimous consent to insert in the CoNGRESSIONAL tended and calculated to tie into this wise, salutary, and RECORD, as a part of my remarks, the first of these letters progressive State power legislation under which we are now that I intend to send to folks in my State. setting up some 25 public power districts in 25 separate The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so counties in that great State of the Union. ordered. Because we deliberately tied these projects together-the The letter is as follows: State projects now being brought into being and in existence and the Bonneville project approved and blessed by this UNITED STATES SENATE, body-we have a greater concern in Congress over what goes COMMITTEE ON PATENTS. on out in that State. than we otherwise would exhibit in such (Letter No. 1 on Initiative 139) DEAR FRIEND: This is the first of a series of letters I intend to matters. write about Initiative 139, a proposal fostered by ·the private power Mr. President, at this very moment the Federal program is companies with the hope of stopping the operations of competing the subject of an oblique attack in my State; an attack clever publicly owned power systems. The initiative purports to be a measure to permit citizens to vote upon issuance of revenue bonds and adroit, but based upon as cold and deliberate a perversion by public-utility districts. Actually, tt is a clever attempt to wreck of fact as I have ever witnessed in my lifetime. In nearly 30 the public power movement. years of experience as a lawyer, during which time I have Our people have urged me in countless letters and resolutions to shared with my brethren the usual run-of-mine experience work for appropriations to build Federal power projects such as that comes to a lawyer, I have never seen a greater distortion Bonneville and Grand Coulee. Businessmen, farmers, and labor have insisted that these projects be carried through to completion. of the truth and the facts than is now exhibited in my State These projects are being completed. What then? • • • in an attack on the so-called grange power legislation of 1930 Shall we let the Power Trust in our State--Stone & Webster and by an organization which calls itself the Let the People Vote Electric Bond & Share, which control our principal private power companies--gobble up the power from these Federal dams and League of that State. That fight is financed now, as other charge you any price they can exact? Or are we going to take that such efforts have been, by the private power companies of my power and market a large p!iJXt of 1t through publicly owned trans­ State with their seemingly illimitable resources. They pro­ mission and distribution systems, so that yardstick rates are estab­ pose to destroy our State power legislation through an initia­ lished, and the private power companies will have to meet them? After doing my best to belp get the money for these projects, I tive measure now being promoted, as Initiative 139, which would fail in my duty as a Senator if I should sit silent while the would hamstring and nullify what we have achieved for the Wall Street combines reap a golden ®rvest that would make King people of the State by .Federal power legislation. Midas look like a pauper. 6608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 The private-power crowd were very cunning in framing this reorganization as the President now proposes was absolutely initiative to suggest that people are being deprived of the right to vote. This is a smart way of inducing citizens to fight the battles necessary to the welfare and to the safety of this country. I of the power companies for them, while the framers of Initiative have in mind the order which our beloved President sent to 139 stand back of the scenes and enjoy the deception they are prac­ us today, a reorganization plan, an order which would trans­ ticing. fer the immigration and naturalization and deportation If the Grange power district bill, which was initiated by the peo­ ple of the State to the legisl~ture in 1929 and approved by the activities of the Government from the Department of Labor people in 1930, needs amendment, then the changes should be pro­ to the Department of Justice. posed by the friends of the public-power policy, and not by its Mr. President, I wish to read the proposed reorganization enemies. But, say the power company spokesmen with 8.!l innocent air, plan, and I shall make comments upon the President's recom­ "We have nothing to do with this initiative. It is 1n the hands of mendation. I wholeheartedly and most sincerely congratulate the 'Let the People Vote League.'" the President of the United States upon this reorganization Who ever heard of the league before this year? Who are mem­ bers of this league? Where does it get its money? When and where suggestion, and at the same time congratulate the people of was it formed, and wno started it? Why is it so concerned about the United States for having a President who saw fit to make the right of the people to vote? What is its motive? What was this reorganization suggestion. The proposed plan reads: this league doing when I helped in 1912 to put the initiative, refer­ When Reorganization Plan No. IV was submitted to Congress, endum, and recall into the State constitution? I did not contemplate the transmittal of any additional plans The league is a sham front for private power companies-noth­ during the current session. ing else. You may be sure these companies care nothing about the right of the people to vote. The Washington Water Power Co. The President says that at the time when he transmitted of Spokane, subsidiary of Electric Bond & Share of New York, carried a case to the State supreme court this year to prevent citi­ the last plan he had no idea of sending to Congress any addi­ zens of Spokane from voting on whether or not the company tional suggestion in reference to reorganization. He should receive a 25-year renewal of its Spokane franchise. • • • continues: How the shoe hurts when it is on the other foot! However, the startling sequence of international events which The private power companies do not permit their stockhold~rs to vote on the question of issuing securities. Instead, all poliCles has occurred since then has necessitated a review of the measures of these companies are dictated by a few men who have obtained required for the Nation's safety. control of holding-company stock by financial manipulation and In other words, the President of the United States says the expenditure of a small amount of money. For instance, an fnvestment of $23,000 in Standard Gas & Electric enabled a few that when the last reorganization plan was submitted to Con­ stockholders to control a $1,200,000,000 concern. One dollar con­ gress he then had no idea of submitting another, but as a trols $52,173. result of international sequences and events taking place in Why let the private power companies impose upon public utility this country hourly he felt it to be for the benefit and the districts restrictions that they would struggle desperately to pre­ vent having imposed upon themselves? These P. U. D.'s are going safety of the people of tlle United States that the authority to have to compete with the private companies. They must be which had rested in the Secretary of Labor, Mrs. Perkins, as free to fight, and to fight hard with every legitimate weapon should be taken out of her hands and placed in the Depart­ at their disposal, as are the private power corporations. ment where it would be given more thorough attention. I hope the people of the State will not be fooled about the issue in this campaign. The issue is not whether the people shall vote Those are the words of the President of the Uruted States but whether they will let the power compa'nies pull a "fast one." as I interpret them. Watch for another letter soon. The President further says: Si;1eerely yours, HoMER T. BoNE. This has revealed a pressing need for the transfer of the im­ migration and naturalization functions from the Department of MILITARY APPROPRIATIONS Labor to the Department of Justice. The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. Is anyone surprised? I unhesitatingly say "no," because 9209) making appropriations for the Military Establishment we have one instance in Harry Bridges. An examination of for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941, and for other the facts in his case was made last summer, covering a period purposes. of several months, upon the west coast, and, as a matter of Mr. REYNOLDS. Mr. President, a moment ago the distin­ fact, he was whitewashed. But I am glad to be able to state guished junior Senator from Minnesota EMr. LUNDEEN] made that information reaches my ears to the effect that in the mention of Trojan horses in this country. His mention of House of Representatives the committee having charge of the fact that they are here was no news to my ears, because matters of that sort has reported favorably a bill providing I have known, as have a great many of the Members of the for the deportation of Harry Bridges, and with the deporta­ Congress of the United States, that. this country has been tion of Harry Bridges, whom we all know to be-a Communist, filling up with Trojan horses for many years past, par­ I say that one of the stallions in the herd of Trojan horses ticularly since the end of the revolution in Spain in 1939, as will be deported from this country, and no longer will he I recall. be permitted to graze upon the green grasses in the dales and I kQ.ow that many herds of Trojan horses are grazing upon along the hillsides of America. I have high hopes that the the fertile fields of America. I know that these herds of other House of Congress will unanimously pass the bill pro- Trojan horses are just about to wreck our country; and I say . viding for the deportation of Bridges, and that when it comes again that I am heavenly happy that at last the American to the Senate this body of American legislators will quickly people have awakened to the fact that their real, imminent and without hesitation pass favorably upon the bill. danger is from ·within and not from without. Of all times in the history of this country when we I say to you, Mr. President, that this country is literally should guard the very rooms in which we reside, now is the filled with persons who are engaging in un-American activi­ most critical time. But, unfortunately, it strikes me, from ties, as evidenced most certainly by the Dies committee, all I hear and all I read, that we are about to lock the door which has done a marvelous work. after the horse has been stolen. Nevertheless, we can clean I take this opportunity publicly to congratulate the chair­ house by looking carefully after those Trojan horses, man of that committee and his able associates, because had those members of the fifth column, those alien enemies, it not been for them, today the American people as a whole who are in this country, who would wreck and destroy the would be in the same condition of ignorance in which they land we love so dearly. So I say that I am indeed very have remained for many years past as a result of not being glad that the President of the United States has seen fit to advised, through the columns of the press, and over the air transfer this authority from the Department of Labor to through the instrumentalities of the radio, in regard to sub­ the Department of Justice. versive un-Am.erican activities. The President says further: Today when here I sat I was supremely glad to learn that I am convinced, however, that under existing conditions the there had been delivered to this body a message from the immigration and naturalization activities can best contribute to President of the United States in conjunction with a reorgan­ the national well-being only if they are closely integrated with ization plan. I was glad. because I recognized that such a the activities of the Department of Justice. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6609 In other words, the President of the United States is de­ there are at least 10,000 persons in Mexico who have recently sirous of doing that which is best for the American people, arrived there from various quarters of the world, who are un­ at this time, in this hour of emergency, declared and ac­ friendly to our form of government, and who are collecting cepted by all. We must guard ourselves from within. There and congregating in Mexico for the purpose of making their are Trojan horses to the right of us, to the left of us, in respective ways into the United States when the first oppor­ front of us, behind us, and right with us; and, as things tunity is presented to them. stand today, we cannot pick out the enemy aliens who are So, Mr. President, we have unfriendly aliens even on the in this country, because the Department of Justice and the border awaiting the opportunity to come into the United Department of Labor are not in a position to put their States, to pave the way for others who are unfriendly to our fingers, respective or not, upon those whom certainly we country, who, when the time shall arrive, will make an attack would declare to be potential enemies were we unfortunately upon the country. These enemies would seek to weaken us to be drawn into the wars of Asia and Europe. . initially from the inside, like termites, and then, when the Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? time is ripe, they would attack us from the outside. Mr. REYNOLDS. Certainly. This afternoon I clipped from the columns of the Wash­ Mr. ASHURST. Even if the Department of Labor were ington News an article entitled Roosevelt Tightens Control of of a mind to deal promptly with criminal aliens, is it not a Aliens, as follows: fact that the Department of Justice, in its very structure President Roosevelt today seeks to tighten national defense against and nature, is better equipped to deal with criminal aliens "fifth column" activity by asking Congress to give the Justice De­ in a more prompt manner than is the Department of LabOr? partment control over aliens. Mr. REYNOLDS. In a much better manner, and that is . Meanwhile, members of the Dies committee investigating un­ attributable very largely to the fact that in the Department American activities said they were shocked and startled by testimony about a large, well-organized Soviet Russian spy system 1n this of Justice we find the Bureau of Investigation, under the country. direction of Mr. Edgar Hoover. Mr. ASHURST. Did the able Senator observe in the . Mr. President, I do not see why they should be shocked President's message the following language: and surprised at that. I though everyone who was well This reorgal).izat!_on will enable the Government to deal quickly informed as to the subversive infiuences in this country with those aliens who conduct_ themselves in a manner that knew that the Soviets have had a spy system in existence conflicts with the public interest. - and in operation in the United States for many years past. Mr. REYNOLDS. I quite agree with the President's mes­ Mr. Roosevelt will recommend 1n his fifth reorganization order sage. that the Immigration and Naturalization Service, now a part of Mr. ASHURST. The fact that the President has used the Labor Department, be transferred to ·,jurisdiction Q:t', Atty. Gen. Robert H. Jackson. His special message on the transf~r is this language is indication that this Government will here­ expected to be sent to Congress during the day. after deal promptly with criminal aliens. The President said yesterday the need for such a transfer has Mr. REYNOLDS. Most heartily do I acknowledge the been made more evident by the present war emergency. great contribution the Senator from Arizona has made to The Immigration &crvice is charged with patroling boundaries to prevent illegal entry of aliens and with catching aliens who'have my remarks. entered illegally. It employs 1,000 inspectors and more than 800 In reference to this matter, I say that the question we patrolmen who guard the Canadian and Mexican borders. are considering, and concerning which I am talking, is as important as is the consideration of an appropriation of Mr. President, I desire in passing to make a brief comment. $1,497,000,000, because if we are to spend $1,497,000,000, as It is my recollection, but I do not speak with certainty, that called for in the bill under consideration, we must of neces­ recently the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the sity give thorough protection to every man who will be called Labor Department was provided the opportunity before .a upon to contribute his service to the building of that ade­ committee of Congress to make request for additional funds quate, perfect defense which the American people are not for patrolmen to guard the borders to the north and to the only desirous of but which they are demanding of us today. south, and the ·ports on the Atlantic and on the Pacific, but, Unhappily, we have not heretofore given time and atten­ as a matter of fact, instead of that division of the Labor tion to this matter, but I say very frankly, and happily do I Department making request for additional funds with which state it, that for 5 years past I have been talking about this to guard well our borders, it permitted a decrease in the matter. Many people thought I was wasting a great deal of appropriation to be made, which actually lessened the number time in talking about enemy aliens, that I was wasting a great ·of field men to the extent of about 30. · The Immigration and deal of time in talking about those who constitute the "fifth Naturalization Service had the opportunity, sol am informed, column," the Trojan horses; but, thank heaven, at last to obtain more money with which to provide more guards­ the American people realize that we are just as much en­ men, more border-patrol men, to keep out members of the dangered from within as we are from without. Again I say "fifth column" who are seeping into this country illegally by that I am glad that the President of the United States has day and by night, week after week, and month after month, seen fit so ably to dispatch to this body the suggestion of and increasing the number of Trojan horses in the green another reorganization plan, and he need not proffer any pastures of America-all because we are not guarding well apology whatsoever for sending us an order of that kind, or our borders. I say that instead of having 1,000 men to patrol of any other kind, in reference to our national defense, be­ the borders, we should have 5,000. cause we today, representing the American people, are de­ Mr. President, we talk about an army of 1,000,000 men. sirous of doing that which will provide our country with the Many months ago I suggested a very easy and inexpensive way greatest possible means of -defense. to provide an army of 1,000,000 by training along military Mr. President, there was placed on my desk a moment ago lines the 800,000 young men who formerly were enrolled in a little clipping which I have not had time to read. It is the C. C. C. camps, and providing like military-training oppor­ an article by a Mr. Leonard Lyons, and a portion of it un­ tunity for the 300,000 young men who are now in those camps. derscored in red is as follows: Instead of putting them all in the ranks in uniform, with guns on their shoulders, for the purpose of training to make them Local News: Mexico's secretary of state is in Washington now seeking help. Within the past few weeks, 17,000 German tourists ready for the attack to come from without, I say that a large have arrived in that country. · portion of the military of our country today should be placed That is to say in the country of Mexico just south of the along the borders of Canada and Mexico, because anyone who Rio Grande. Attached to this clipping is a piece of paper on knows anything about the immigration situation is aware which appears the question- that aliens are surreptitiously coming into our country from the north and from the south, across the borders, in violation How long before they'll be over the border? of our law. · Mr. President, that is one question which I cannot answer, At the same time we are preparing to vote $1,497,000,000, because all authorities on this very important issue agree that we should interest ourselves in guarding against the enemy 6610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 within, thB Trojan horse, the "fifth colwnn," the alien and liberty yet who would participate in the overthrow of our Government if the opportunity should be presented. We have our enemies that are here now. grave problem within, which must be solved; this problem must be I have in my hand a clipping headed- solved for our country, and to the end that our form of government California officers form anti-"fifth-column" group. may be perpetuated. . Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my own remarks This situation has been poorly dealt with by the Immigra­ in the RECORD, and to include therein a brief editorial which ap­ tion and Naturalization Service of the Department of peared in the Palladium-Item, of Richmond, Ind., on the 19th day of May 1940, which editorial follows: Labor. I am reminded to make this statement because o·f "NORWAY'S 'FIFTH COLUMN' EXPERIENc;J!; the very fine contribution to the discussion that was so "Several weeks ago, following the German invask>n of Norway, a generously made by my distinguished and beloved friend, correspondent for the New York Times wrote an article describing the Senator from Arizona [Mr. AsHURST], a great states­ the Nazi 'fifth column' methods in the invaded country. man and patriot, who as we all know, is interested 100 "Going back to that period immediately following the first World War, the correspondent told how the homes of Norwegian families percent in the American people. had been opened to thousands of undernourished and homeless Mr. President, a former Commissioner of Immigration German children, victims of the great conflict in 1914-18. and Naturalization stated before a committee holding pub­ "These children were fed, clothed, and schooled in Norway, many of them being nursed back to health by their foster parents. lic hearings that there are 20,000 alien criminals in the Naturally, they learned the language of their benefactors and were United States today. They should long since have been familiar with many sections of the country. deported. We treat aliens with more care and more con­ "The writer declared that just before the German invasion these sideration than do the peoples of any other nation upon children, now grown to adulthood and having returned to their native land, were visiting in Norway in large numbers. Like the the face of the earth. If there are alien criminals in the merchantmen aboard German ships in Norwegian harbors when United States they should be forthwith deported, and we hostilities opened, the male members among the visitors quickly should clean house now for the protection of the American revealed themselves as members of the German Army and aided in people, so that they may be protected from within, for it seizing vital positions. Norwegian defenses were fatally weakened. "It is not difficult to believe this story after reports of German is from some near our feet and at our side and in our visitors in large numbers in the Low Countries before they were homes that we shall suffer in case we are unfortunately invaded, and of the Balkan States being overrun with guests as sucked into this war. the danger of war in that sector threatens. "Great Britain has imposed restrictions on persons of all foreign l\1:r. President, the American people everywhere are aware nationalities now in the British Isles as a measure of self-defense. of the peril which confronts them. "During the past 48 hours the British have interned several I read from a dispatch from Los Angeles, Calif., dated thousand enemy aliens as a precautionary measure. "Chairman MARTIN Dms of the House Un-American Activities May 22, entitled- Committee has announced he will offer legislation that will en­ California officers form anti-"fifth column" group. able the United States Government to deal with 'fifth column• problems in this country in a constitutional way." I hope that .the citizens of every State who are inter­ ested in national defense will ·form groups to combat the So I say, Mr. President, that those constituting the "fifth "fifth columns." I would that organizations might be column" are. here; and it .is the duty of the American peo­ formed in every single one of the more than 3,000 counties ple to seek out. these enemies of .our Government now, of all of the United States to combat "fifth columns." times, because we are making preparations to . vote billions The article says: of dollars for expenditures for armaments which we so Agitation against "fifth columns" increased in California today sorely need at this time. as the legislature prepared formally to ask Congress to stamp out In that connection I may add, as I stated a day or two traitorous Communist Party and Nazi groups, and southern Cali­ ago, that we shall never be able to ascertain the where­ fornia peace officers were called upon to organize against subversive abouts of alien enemies, Trojan horses, and members of elements. District Attorney Buron Fitts of Los Angeles asked city, county, the "fifth column," until we pass an act providing for the and Federal officers to "perfect an organization" to combat "fifth mandatory registration and fingerprinting of aliens, so that column" movements. He also asked southern California airplane we can put our fingers on them. Of course, I know that manufacturers, who make two-thirds of the Nation's planes, to hundreds of thousands of aliens in this country are fighting send representatives of their pr-ivate police forces to the meeting. my fingerprinting suggestion. Why? Because there are, in APPALLING "Our woeful lack of military preparedness in this country would this country today, hundreds of thc.usands of aliens who seriously handicap us in adequately resisting an armed invasion have slipped into the country illegally, in violation of our of the United States,'' Mr. Fitts said in a letter to all southern laws. If they are apprehended they will be forthwith de­ California officers. ported, since the deportation authority has been transferred "There is not a shadow of a doubt but that the 'fifth column' so strongly entrenched in the United States would be in most from the Labor Department to the Department of Justice. respects an even greater immediate perU. The steady invasion of These aliens, of course, do not want a fingerprinting law outright Communists, Nazis, and other hostile forces into high enacted, because when they are caught, with the authority places in the United States is appalling." in the Department of Justice as suggested by the President Mr. President, again I say, thank heaven that the people of of the United States, they will be deported. the United States are aware of the dangers that are now Then there are hundreds of thousands who have come in confronting them-not dangers that are to come, but dangers legally, but have remained illegally. They do not want a that are now here. fingerprinting law enacted, because if they are caught they When this morning I was reading the CONGRESSIONAL REC­ will be deported. And so it goes; · but I say the time has ORD and looking through the Appendix, I saw an article in­ arrived when the American people should have something to serted by the gentleman from Indiana, the Honorable RAY­ say as to whether we shall make laws for the benefit of our MOND S. SPRINGER, entitled- country, our people, and our .own national defense, or Norway's "Fifth Column" Experience. whether we shall make laws for alien enemies, Trojan horses, and members of the "fifth column." That is my Mr. SPRINGER said: viewpoint about the matter. Mr. Speaker, we have read of the bitter experiences suffered in Mr. President, I wish tO say something further in this European countries with the "fifth column" during the crisis of war. It is a sad commentary, indeed, when the people of any nation will connection. Of course, we want to prepare immediatelY assume to aid the enemy in time of war to carry out its plan of a national defense. I am anxious for it, but I am also invasion or to conquer. We, in this Nation, have been forewarned anxious to prepare sucl:l a national defense as will insure of the active subversive influences which are now operating and which, in the event of our involvement in war, would seek to de­ against spilling one drop of blood upon American soil if stroy our form of government and would seek to give aid to our ever we are attacked. Of course, in order to preserve and enemy. This plan of unholy alliance on the part of any of our protect ourselves in the most effective manner we shall have people should be detected and terminated. We have room in our to. ascertain the location of enemies not only within the con­ land for those who are wholly American and who in time of dis­ tress will fully support and fight for our Nation, and we have no fines of continental United S t ates but also in the Territories place within our borders for those people who enjoy our freedom and insular possessions of our great Government. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6611 The words of the President of the Uriited States in his An article from the Washington Star of Saturday, April 13, message today made an indelible impression upon my mind. 1940, which I have had for some time, is entitled Reds, Nazis He said that the emergency of the hour requires that we Plan Mexico Revolt, Dies Charges. give our attention to this all-important subject and protect An editorial from the Mobile (Ala.) Register is entitled ourselves now, thus stating to us, in terms that cannot be Mexico Continues To Strike at Her Most Generous Benefactor. misunderstood, that we must now guard against enemies Another article is headed Mexico Tells United States Keep within. Hands Off. Monroe Doctrine Denounced as Path to Inter­ I recognize that the Dies committee has done remarkable vention. work. It is to be congratulated. I wish to say again that I An article from the New York Times of Sunday, April 14, was happy that the House made an additional appropriation 1940, is entitled Red-Nazi Plotting in Mexico Charged. of $75,000 to continue that fine all-American activity. But, Prominent Communists Said To Be on Hand for Campaign of Mr. President, unfortunately our country is so filled with those Troublemaking. Dies .Warns of Aid in United States. who are not altogether friendly to this Government, and termites upon which we cannot readily lay our fingers, that We all remember the progress -which Communists made in every effort should be made by the Congress to clean house, Norway and Denmark, and in the low countries of Holland so that we may then say, "Thank God! We can go to bed and Belgium. Those roads could not have been so easily at night and rest quietly and know that we shall awake paved with velvet had it not been for the members of the safely without putting up the screens or warning the dog to "fifth column" who went in and paved the way for the Nazis. be on the lookout for enemies." Those are the headlines of several clippings which I have Mr. BONE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? before me in regard to Mexico. I thank the Senator from Mr. REYNOLDS. I will yield in a moment. Washington for having mentioned the matter of Mexico. To that end I propose, when the reorganization matter We have had before us a bill which has been very en­ comes before the Senate, to introduce a resolution authoriz­ thusiastically sponsored by the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. ing the naming of a committee by this body to investigate Ickes. · "fifth column" members in the United States in conjunction Mr. Ickes appeared before that committee and testified. with the national-defense program we now have before us. Unfortunately, I could not be there that day for the purpose I now yield to the Senator from Washington. of examining the Secretary of the Interior in regard to the Mr. BONE. The Senator from North Carolina and 1 entrance of these persons; but I did have an opportunity other Member of this body, together with myself, listened for to examine some 15 or 20 witnesses in regard to it. We 2 or 3 days to testimony befo:re a Senate subcommittee on a went into matters of detail pertaining to that subject, bill to admit some 20,000 alien refugees to Alaska. I think and it was suggested by some that it might be well to the testimony was persuasive as to the pitiful condition of permit these thousands upon thousands of immigrant refu­ the refugees, whatever may be one's conclusions as to the gees to go to Alaska from the standpoint of national defense. merits of the legislation in question, which was supported by I ask, who in the world can depend upon any alien in one of the executive branches of the Government. It ap­ a national-defense program? I say that the admission of peared that a vast army of people in Europe is now in the aliens to Alaska would simply provide us with a great deal refugee class; and it was suggested that even Great Britain, more trouble than ever we would experience if only we in the event of terrific difficulties over there, might become would leave the Eskimos there. When the time comes to refugee problem No. 1 for the world. It is obvious that a prepare adequate defense measures for Alaska we can do great many persons have tried to get out of Germany and that very easily, and the subject is being given considera­ those portions of Europe now under the domination of the tion now; for I was informed by one of the witnesses who Reich. appeared before the committee, Explorer Stefansson, that The Senator referred to persons entering Mexico. I have he had made an extensive study of that section of the no means of knoWing their character. I think we may Arctic region; and at that time, as the able Senator from assume that some who are able to get out of Germany may Washington will recall, we directed inquiries to him in re­ be able to carry some money with them, because I know of gard to the location of the most important sites for bases. cases of persons having a little property which, by some means Mr. President, what we have to do is to guard our ports-­ or other, they were able to hang on to. It is possible that New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk, Charleston, Miami, some who have gone into Mexico might be of that class. Jacksonville, and all the ports around the Gulf of Mexico. I do not know. I know that many of them would desperately and in California, and up and down the coast of the State want to get out of Germany; and since it has been indicated .of the able Senator from Washington. What we have to that access to the United States is much more easily achieved do above everything else is to put a stop to aliens coming from Mexico than from European countries, of course the into this country under the guise of merely advancing them­ refugees in desperation would exercise all possible ingenuity selves from the standpoint of studies, and remaining here. in attempting to get into the United States, where some and never leaving; and we have to put a stop to persons refuge could be found .. coming here as tourists and never leaving. They come in Without attempting in anywise to suggest anything as to as students and stay for years and years, and some of them · the merits of the Senator's argument, I am wondering if it never go back; and they come in as tourists and stay for is not possible that some of the persons who are entering years and years and never go back. The next thing we Mexico are refugees, and perhaps hate what is going on in know, their deportation is barred by the statute of limita­ Europe as much as we do. tions, and we cannot get rid of them, or the country from Mr. REYNOLDS. In answer to that question I will say which they came has been taken over by some other coun­ to the Senator that my information comes from items which try, and there is no country to which they can be deported. I have seen in the columns of the press, emanating from the Committee on Un-American Activities, directed by Mr. DIES. It appears that the people of the world want to come here. In view of the fact that the Senator has taken occasion to Even the mistress of the King of Rumania, who resided in a mention Mexico, of which I spoke a moment ago, I will say palace in Bucharest, one of the most beautiful cities in the that I happen to have some clippings before me the head­ world, is desirous of coming to the United States of America. . lines of which I should like to read, after which I shall come Her name is Mme. Lupescu. I cannot speak that language, to the matter of defenses in Alaska, which the Senator but her name is Mme. Magda Lupescu. When I rode by mentioned a moment ago. her house in Bucharest year before last the person who accom­ A clipping from the Washington Daily News of April 13, panied me pronounced her name properly; but, not having 1940, is entitled Dies Says Plotters Plan To.Rule Mexico. heard it since, I cannot render a proper pronunciation of the The Trojan horses there can wade across the Rio Grande; name at this time. · and there are spots along the course of the Rio Grande where Mr. BARRLEY'. Mr. President, does the Senator say he they can actually jump across. went by the house? [Laughter.] LXXXVI--416 6612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 Mr. REYNOLDS. I went by the house, and I will say to the him to get in touch with Mr. Gunther, our very able Senator that I feasted my eyes upon the rooms that secrete American representative there, and ascertain whether or her from the eyes of the world. [Laughter.] not a visa had been issued, concerning which I shall hear The mistress of the King of Rumania wants to come to the more tomorrow. United States. Let us see. I read from the Washington Mr. President, in view of the fact that the hour is grow­ Tim.Els-Herald: ing late and it does not look as though we are going to have Magda, 1n rift with Carol, leaves Rumania for United States. a vote on the pending bill this aftemoon-- Mr. BARKLEY. I will say to the Senator that we hope She is on her way. [Laughter.] to do so. SPURNED NAZI OFFER TO PROTECT RACE Mr. REYNOLDS. If we are going to vote right now, I PARis, May 21 (C. T. P. S.) .-Magda Lupescu, King Carol's titian­ shall be glad to stop and continue my remarks after the hatred Jewish inamorata, who last week spurned an offer of Adolf Hitler's agents to be-- vote is taken. SEVERAL SENATORS. Vote! Vote! And so forth. [Laughter.] Mr. REYNOLDS. Otherwise, I want to talk a little about It was learned from a private source that Carol and the woman national defense. over whom he was divorced from his Queen have finally ended their Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President- long-st;mding love affair, whi.ch has been marked by more plotting and intrigue than could be imagined by fictionists- Mr. REYNOLDS. Am I to understand that the Senate is about to vote? And so forth. [Laughter.] Mr. BARKLEY. Yes. Magda, noted for her shrewdness- Mr. REYNOLDS. Then I ask that I may have the privi­ And so forth. [Laughter.] 'lben the article closes by lege of the floor after the vote is taken. saying: Mr. BARKLEY. If the Senator from Oklahom_a will per­ How and from what point she will leave for the United States mit me, I will say to the Senator that we are going to have is a closely guarded secret. another national-defense bill tomorrow; and the Senator might want to defer his speech until that bill is before the I ask to have the entire article published as part of my remarks. Senate. I refer to the naval appropriation bill. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be Mr. REYNOLDS. I had intended to speak tomorrow any­ way [laughter], so the Senator's suggestion is really not any printed in the RECORD, as follows: encouragement for me to stop. MAGDA IN RIFT WITH CAROL, LEAVES RUMANIA FOR UNITED STATES-­ SPURNED NAZI OFFER TO PROTECT RACE Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President- PARIS, May 21.-Magda Lupescu, King Carol's titian-haired Jew­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. LEE in the chair). Does ish inamorata, who last week spurned an offer of Adolf Hitler's the Senator from North Carolina yield to the Senator from agents to be a second Esther, savior of her people, today arrived Oklahoma? 1n southern France on her way to the United States. It was learned from a private source that Carol and the woman Mr. REYNOLDS. Certainly. over whom he was divorced from his Queen, have finally ended Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, we wish to their long-standing love affair which has been marked by more make progress with the bill, but, of course, I do not desire plotting and intrigue than could be imagined by fictionists. The last straw, it was declared, was the arrest and imprison­ to take the Senator from the floor, and I shall wait until ment of Senator Max Auschmitt, Rumania's telephone and steel he concludes before I ask for recognition. tycoon, several months ago on a charge of fraud and embezzlement. Mr. REYNOLDS. I understand we are ready for a vot~ An interesting angle to the story is the fact that Carol has and I will yield the floor. placed all of Auschinitt's properties 1n the hands of his secretary, Ernest Urdareanu. He, Bucharest learned today, has been Magda's Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, I will occupy husband for several years. but a moment. The issue pending is upon the amendment Magda, noted for her shrewdness, last week was asked to exer­ of the Senator from South Dakota. The amendment pro­ cise her influence to induce Carol to put his realm under German protection, but listened and remained aloof to the plot as she has to vides for the appropriation of $125,000 to build barracks on many during the years she has been playing Heloise to Carol's the Fort Meade Military Reservation. Abelard. How and from what point she will leave for the United The Senator made a trip of inspection with the commit­ States is a closely guarded secret. tee, during which we visited probably 150 military establish­ When I read that article in the morning Times-Herald ments throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, and Pan­ I came to my office and called up the Labor Department to ama. We found conditions in very bad shape, in many ascertain the · facts in regard to the matter. I am sure places,. from the standpoint of housing. Many Army posts Senators will agree with me, after reading the article, that need great sums to put them in shape for the habitation the Labor Department was the proper Department for me of soldiers, and no doubt money is needed at Fort Meade. to call, in view of the fact that it is charged with seeing to But I had the War Department called in order to ascer­ it that only persons who are legally entitled to come to this tain the status of this particular appropriation, and Colonel country are admitted; but that authority is going to be Brown sent this note: transferred, as we know, under the order which I have There is no authority o! law !or an appropriation !or barracks discussed. at Fort Meade, S. Dak. The plans of the War Department do not Mr. Houghteling, the Commissioner of Immigration and specifically contemplate any construction at Fort Meade, though Naturalization, told me that his department would not have there Inight possibly be some temporary construction. . a thing in the world to do with the case until after the One more word, Mr. President. During the past few years applicant to whom the visa had been issued had come here; the Congress has made available large sums of money to be so I called up the State Department and got in touch with spent through W. P. A. activities. The President has allo­ the Visa Division. They told me they had no record of the cated vast sums of those moneys to the War Department, matter. They looked it up and called me back later in and during the past few years the War Department has ex­ the Senate cloakroom. They said they had no record of pended over $150,000,000 of W. P. A. funds, in conjunction a visa having been issued to Mme. Lupescu, and that with local authorities, in building up our Military Establish­ the probabilities were that they would not have been noti­ ment. In other words, the President allocates sufficient fied unless her application had been positively declined. money to a particular post, where he thinks it proper, to The gentleman to whom I talked asked me to read him the buy material and to comply with the law. Then in con­ account dated from Paris, which I did. He said that under junction with the funds allocated to the State of South those circumstances, relying upon the contents of the press Dakota, the State of Oklahoma, or any other State, the notice to the effect that Mme. Lupescu is on her way State administrator cooperates with the War Department to a Mediterranean port to embark for America, no doubt and furnishes labor, and, through the expenditure of $150,- the visa was issued at Bucharest. I respectfully requested 000,000 in that manner, I think it is safe to say that there 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .6613 has been probably half a billion dollars worth of construc­ the public, concerning the unfairness of the Social Security tion at the various Army posts throughout the country. Act. Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. LUCAS. Reserving the right to object, Mr. President. Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I yield. how many chapters and how many pages of this speech are Mr. LUNDEEN. As I understand, there is to be an increase to be recorded? As I understand, the book contains many In the number of soldiers at this fort, and there are no bar­ pages, and I am wondering how much is to go into the racks in which to receive them. I wonder whether that is RECORD. correct. Mr. LUNDEEN. I shall be glad to turn the manuscript Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. The note I have read indi­ over to the Senator for his information. I understand I cates that there may be some temPQrary construction, which already have unanimous consent of the Senate-the quota­ will be in the nature of cantonment construction, to take care tions are not very long. If the Senator wishes me to do of the soldiers for the time being. Of course I do not know; so, I will read the book to the Senate. we have had no opportunity to find out about this matter. Mr. LUCAS. I am not asking that it be read, but I think It was not presented to the committee. It came to the fioor that if the Senator from Minnesota is going to put the book without having been presented to the committee, and the in, it is somewhat unusual, and I merely want to make committee had no opportunity of considering it because of objection to it. that fact, and because we know nothing about the matter, or Mr. LUNDEEN. I have no such present intention. I what is contemplated by the War Department, and also in should like to read the book to the Senate. It is a masterly view of the fact that money can be secured from W. P. A. document deserving the attention of Senators. funds and W. P. A. labor can be used to do the work neces­ I am including merely a few extracts; I wish there was sary, I shall object to the adoption of the amendment. time to read the entire book. Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, as I understand from in­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? The vestigating the ·situation as thoroughly as has been possible, Chair hears none, and it is so ordered~ the addition of 400 men to the personnel of the post will result Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, I wish to call special at­ in a need of additions to four barracks, and they will be made tention to chapter 9 of the Senator from California's book out of native stone, at a cost of $30,000 for each of the four entitled "Dixie Defrauded," which shows how the people of the barracks. The amendment asks for $120,000, not $125,000, South and of the rural States are being forced to pay the and I hope that the Senate will agree to the amendment I same social-security taxes paid by the people of the industrial have offered. East, but receiv~ far less in benefits. I most certainly agree The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing with the Senator from California that this law ought to be to the amendment of the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. called unsocial insecurity. GURNEY]. Here are the Senator from California's own words regarding The amendment was rejected. this law, and I quote from chapter VII of Highways to Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, I have two Prosperity: amendments which will take only a moment or two to con­ SENATOR DOWNEY ON SOCIAL SECUR.rl'Y Before we take up our program of security, however, we should sider. pause for a few moments to analyze and pay our disrespects to When the bill was in the House the commandant at West that fabulous hybrid which now usurps the field of pension legis­ Point acceded to a request that he have his personal con­ lation-the Social Security Act. tingent fund decreased from $7,100 to $5,200, or a decrease of THEY HAVE BEEN SOLD A GOLD BRICK $1,900. In acting upon that request the committee not only It is not easy for an American citizen to believe that this decreased the commandant's personal contingent fund but administration--or any agency of it--would deliberately and per­ sistently misrepresent its most vital reform measure; and yet decreased also the item for maintenance and operation in a the Social Security Act is bringing many of the aged and many like amount. That has just been discovered. Mr. SNYDER, of the workers, now subject to it, very close to such a suspicion. the chairman of the House subcommittee, called me up about They cannot escape the reluctant conclusion that they have been sold a gold brick by those whom they most trusted, and their the matter, and on the recommendation of Mr. SNYDER I ask unhappiness is only increased by the obvious self-satisfaction that an amendment be considered which I send to the desk. of their vendors, who assure them again and again that the· brick The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will state the is called a gold brick, and therefore it must be a gold brick, of amendment. solid shining metal, through and through. When pension advo­ cates intimate that it looks more like an ordinary lump of baken The CHIEF CLERK. It is proposed, on page 56, line 1, to clay, with a little publicity gilt smeared on it, they're accused of strike out "$1,956,370" and insert in lieu thereof "$1,958,270." being either (a) demagogues; or (b) utopians; or (c) morons. Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President- A COUNTERFEIT LAW The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator rise to But not all the smooth and cheery patter of a hundred high­ paid propagandists can much longer blind the ordinary people of object? this country to the realization that they have been handed a Mr. LUNDEEN. No; to speak to the amendment. counterfeit law which promised them security in retirement and The PRESIDING OFFICER. To the amendment offered which instead has given them only a choice of pauperizations. by the Senator from Oklahoma? NO ONE SECURE Mr. LUNDEEN. Yes. I understand there may be general The act has several major defects and many minor faults, but its central, shameful sin is that it has failed to fulfill its very debate, and I wish to make some brief remarks. reason for being; it has made no one secure. And yet the admin­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minne­ istration and its publicity agents continue to trot out the fiction sota is recognized. that this law has robbed old age of any terror for the senior citizens; and to many liberals who have emotionally identified eySOCIAL SECURITY their loyalty to the New Deal with any legislation it has spon­ sored, the Social Security Act has become a sacred cow, not to be Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President, the able Senator from eyed askance nor rudely questioned. California [Mr. DOWNEY] in his new book, Highways to TO OLD FOLKS Prosperity, and in his speech delivered on the fioor of the Blithe headlines such as To Old ·Folks: More Secure New Year Senate April 8, 1940, in plain, spoken language indicted the bob up in our metropolitan dailies, with stories under them such present social-security law. Permit me to quote some state­ as that in the Washington Post: "For an estimated 912,000 ments from several chapters of this book, written by the elderly American working men and women, January 1, 1940, will introduce not only a h~ppy but a more secure New Year. Retir­ junior Senator from California. I ask unariimous consent to ing from work on reaching the age of 65, they will receive about have other statements included at this point in my remarks. $114,000,000 next year in monthly old-age insurance benefits." The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ABOUT $10 PER MONTH ordered. Had the reporter who typed these words taken the trouble merely to divide the figures he cited, perhaps his happy assur­ Mr. LUNDEEN. I shall ask leave to include several state­ ance might have departed momentarily. For $114,000,000 dis­ ments from the Senator's speech, for the information of tributed among 912,000 old people comes to $125 a year, . or about 6614 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 22 $10 a month. Have you ever tried, Mr. Reporter, to live on $10 a and for this reason alone, if for no other, it should be re­ month? And, 1f so, did you consider it either a "happy" or a "secure" life? Of course you didn't. And neither do 912,000 placed at the earliest possible moment With a fair and equi­ senior citizens condemned to this kind of Federal penury. table law which will not discriminate against any section of the Nation, or a.gainst any group in society. Dixie De­ 'Ib.e Senator from California [Mr. DoWNEY] observes, how­ frauded is one of the most forceful chapters in the Senator ever, that even though there was a planned campaign to "sell from California's book. I quote it in full: the public" on this inequitable law, it became clear to the people that it did not in any sense measure up to the prophetic DIXIE DEFRAUDED Misfortunes often come in pairs, as the proverb reports. praise it had been given by the social-security experts. The The Federal old-age-insurance scheme has a twin, a Federal plan junior Senator from California comments as follows: of subsidizing State assistance to the aged. Since it's sired by POPULAR STORM BLOWING UP the same parent--the Social Security Act-this alternate system is, of course. tinged with that peculiar mixture of stinginess and A growing realization among the people that something was pretense which seems to run in the veins of the administration's wrong, that the act was not going to be the charter of security pension program. If its provisions happen to be somewhat more which it had been painted, led in 1938 to an effort at reform. It generous on paper than those of the Federal insurance swindle, had become obvious, in fact, even to the law's friends, that it its actual fruits in all but a few States have been quite as sour. could no longer weather the popular storm blowing up unless its structure were seriously overhauled and patched. Since the law AVERAGE PAYMENT $19 PER MONTH called for no benefit payments until 1943, the pay-roll taxes The average payment is $19 a month; Arkansas is at the pouring in, year by year, were accumulating into a huge reserve bottom paying $5.80, while Callfornia leads the way with $40. fund which it was planned should reach the farcical figure of Generally, as we would expect, the wealthy States pay the highest $47,000,000,000 in 1965. It should have been apparent to the most pensions, the poorer States the smallest. obtuse that the proposed reserve fund would be draining billions POLITICAL GESTURE from consumption and returning only a fraction of it in benefits, The plan, as we mentioned briefly in the previous chapter, calls with a result which could only have been deflationary and for the Treasury granting funds to the States for the furtherance destructive. of their charitable expenditures on those needy citizens over 65. PRETENTIONS OF SECURITY Under the original act, the Government agreed to put ·up as More than that, of course, the immediate benefits themselves much as $15 per applicant if the State would match it. Now, were so restricted in coverage that senior citizens everywhere with an air of reckless extravagance, the administration has raised were realizing in increasing numbers the hollowness of the act's the ante to $20. This purely political gesture under the pressure pretentions of security. They didn't want "pie in the sky"; they of Townsendism sounds expansive and bountiful-until one wanted real and substantial payments here and now. glances at the ledgers of the several States. and learns that only OVERGROWN AND BULGING RESERVE one of them, California, is matching even the $15 so far, while t~e lowest five have put up an average of only about $3.50 per Something had to be done, then, to meet these rising murmurs client. The Federal offer looks like a magnificent Christmas of disgust and disappointment. Accordingly, the Advisory Council present, but in reality, as far as aging unfortunates are con­ on Social Security submitted a list of amendments to the act. cerned, it's about as tantallzlng and meaningless as J. P. Morgan And most of these Congress subsequently passed, for a peculiar announcing his willingness to give a m1llion dollars to every relief and effective partnership had been formed in their behalf. The worker who can cover it with another million. liberals and left-wing groups who had been outraged by the pros­ pect of an overgrown, bulging reserve joined forces with the busi­ DRAINS MONEY FROM THE IMPOVERISHED nessmen and industrialists who wanted to postpone the stepping­ However, it has 111 effects beyond its mere deceit. For it exag­ up of pay-roll taxes on January 1, 1940, as provided by the original gerates the already grave differences in wealth between the States bill. The administration, With its own political ends in mind, giving an additional premium to the rich ones who can and ulti~ the chief of which was to take the wind from the Townsendite mately w~ll match the $20 offer, making the poor ones who cannot, sails, entered this unholy alliance in the great reform of 1939. comparatively poorer. Thus, this absurd law actually drains And what a reform it was, when these three weird comrades had money from impoverished sections to the more well-to-do since finished with it. No such crazy compromise had been seen in the a poor State with a poor scale of old-age payments will g~t pro­ Capitol since the birth of the Republic. For the hybrid that portionately less money back from the Federal Government than resulted was neither fish nor flesh, but wholly foul. The Federal it has paid in taxes. pension plan became neither a true contributory insurance scheme MATCHING FEATURE OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT nor a purely charitable handout; it retained the worst aspects For example, 1f we compare the five States which pay the high­ of each. est pensions to their needy aged (all of them among the wealthy It is my hope that a great many citizens will read this States) with the five which pay the lowest benefits (all of them among the poorest States) we find that the former get ten times interesting book, obtaining from it a well-rounded picture of as much per capita from Washington as do the latter. Clearly, this misfit on our Federal statute books. Let me quote one when sectors of the country which pay their proportionate share of the able Senator's most pointed statements, the first three of the taxes that provide these Federal matching funds receive in paragraphs of chapter VTII, page 76, as follows: · return only a fifth or a tenth as much per capita as more wealthy areas, injustice is being wrought on a huge scale. To surrender FEDERAL OLD-AGE INSURANCE SCHEME the Federal purse strings to the States which can afford the high­ At this late date there's little point in mincing words. If the est benefits is a notion odious to our American constitutional Federal old-age insurance scheme were operated not as a govern­ ideals, as well as to every principle of natural justice. Some of mental but as a private concern, agents of the Securities and the Senators of the South are already in open rebellion against Exchange Commission would be investigating it on a half-dozen this matching feature of the Security Act, and their support for a counts, and if a conviction were not handed down it could be decent pension law may prove the only happy result of an other­ only on a plea "non compos mentis" (not mentally responsible). wise unfortunate provision. TAXING THE POOR SOCIAL SECUJUTY BULLETIN For these charges could be made with justice: The "contribu­ It becomes even more difficult to plumb the peculiarities of the tory" system has been run upon the principle, from each accord­ Board's mentality when we consider that the Board itself is well ing to his poverty; to each according to his wealth. Taxes are aware of the disproportionate load which the South already car­ assessed upon the whole of the poor man's income and upon only ries. In the Social Security Bulletin of September 1938 we find a fraction of the rich man's. Benefits are based hardly at all on the act's administrators quoting from a report issued by the contributions of either rich or poor; in reality they are social divi­ National Emergency Council these statements: "For years evidence dends paid by all of us but granted in inverse proportion to the has been piling up that food, clothing, and housing influence not applicant's need. The prosperous groups are generously dealt by up only the sickness and death rate but even the height and weight to $85 a month; the needy are excluded entirely or handed a of school children. In the South, where family incomes are ex­ meager $10 or $15. Millions of impoverished men will be taxed ceptionally low, the sickness and death rates are unusually high. severely and will never recover a cent of it in benefits; nor will Wage differentials become in fact ditferentials in health and life; their widows, nor their orphans; for according to this rare act poor health, in turn, affects wages. • • • The rapidly growing "to him that hath shall be given, and from him that hath not population of the South is faced With the problem of finding shall be taken away even that which he hath." work that will provide a decent living. • • • The search for The list of offenses against the letter and spirit of social secu­ wider opportunities than are available in the overcrowded, eco­ rity may not seem credible, but it will wben we get down to cases. nomically undeveloped southern communities drains away people from every walk .of life. • • • There are fewer product ive No Federal law is just and worthy of a place among our adult workers and more dependents· per capita than in other sec­ Federal statutes unless it benefits equally all sections of the tions of the country." Nation. Any law which divides our citizens, giving benefits LO".V-INCOME GROUPS to one group or section of the country and depriving another The Board knows all that if it reads its own publications. And yet it subscribes to and operates a Federal old-age assistance sys­ of equal benefits, can only lead to conflict and dissension. tem coldly calculated to discriminate against a region still reeling This law discriminates against the southern and rural States, f1·om the shocks of the reconstruction period. The Board knows 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 6615 more; it knows from its own charts, as we cited in the previous and plain cussedness of such a team would be unimaginable to any chapter, that in the Southern States the proportion of workers but the actuarial minds of those who conceived this act and its earning less than $200 a year is higher than in any other sector. amazing amendments. Nor. does the South regain in lush benefits to its prosperous em­ NOT TWO BAD PLANS BUT ONE GOOD ONE ployees what it loses in taxes taken without compensation from its low-paid laborers, for as a region it contains a lower percentage Quite clearly, what we need is not two bad plans but one good of persons earning $250 a month and over than any other part one. We need a national pension policy which, discarding all the of the Union. Thus, the South is robbed both coming and going, claptrap and muddled ethics of the Federal insurance scheme, will its low-income groups being more subject to confiscation than pay to every citizen over 60 a decent social dividend, not on a basis of pinch-penny accounting, nor of tainted charity, but as a matter anywhere else. . and its well-to-do being numerically too weak to of simple right. We need a program which will guarantee benefits ~ecoup the losses. adequate not merely to sustain life but to grant it a measure of PLAINLY UNFAIR TO THE AGING WORKERS dignity and serenity-a program which will be founded on truly This partiality to wealthy regions in the division of the public equitable taxation upon a base broad enough to support ample revenues is cruelly like a blood transfusion between an anemic annuities--that is, upon the income of all society, and not simply man and a brawny wrestler, in which the few remaining red that of the working class. corpuscles of the undernourished patient are syphoned into the exuberantly healthy athlete. In any event, it is plainly unfair Congressmen in these eastern industrial districts, it is to the aging worker to penalize him for living in the wrong State, true, are only now realizing that they have aided in the ' by pumping the lion's share of the Federal funds into the richest social-security hoax by voting blindly for this measure. areas. The burdens of old age weigh no less heavily upon a man just because he's a citizen of a State which cannot afford to Many of them are willing and anxious to bring about a snap up the Government's full offer. change. The law works a hardship on Southern and rural MASS MIGRATION States. Representative JoHN TABER, of the Thirty-sixth The net result of this unbalanced arrangement will become Congressional District of New York, sent out a statement evident as soon as the knowledge spreads among the people that on March 27, 1940, to newspapers in his home district in comparative security for senior citizens is to be found in certain which he expressed his views on social security. Let me opulent States. Mass migration will get under way; a rush will occur to establish residence in these high-pension sectors as quote an excerpt from this statement: quickly as possible, and the States which have tried to be the I think that it is absolutely impossible to tax the people of this most open-handed will be punished for their generosity by a great country enough to pay the same pension to those in the South influx of the indigent. There is reason to suspect that this is * * * that we pay to those in the North. happening already in the State of California. FEDERAL-STATE ASSISTANCE SCHEME In a letter addressed to his constituents urider date of Perhaps the most absurd aspect of this Federal-state assistance April 30, Representative CLARE E. HoFFMAN, from the Fourth scheme, however, is that in the most progressive States a senior Congressional District of Michigan, concludes his letter with citizen will receive a larger monthly benefit just as a matter of this paragraph: need than he would get from a life-time of accumulating credits under the Federal old-age insurance plan. Take California, the It is unfair to ask northern industrial States to provide the banner pension State. There a man over 65 with no means of money for universal pensions throughout the South. support is entitled to receive $40 a month from combined State and Federal funds, and twice that, or $80, if he has a wife past I turn now to the admirable and scholarly speech of 65. Suppose, on the other hand, that he had worked for 40 Senator DoWNEY before the Senate on April 8, 1940. I had years in a covered occupation at the average wage of $100 a month, offered the suggestion that the law of which we have been and had paid his pay-roll tax year after year without any break speaking was "social insecurity" and asserted that there was in employment. Then he would receive $35, if single, and $52.50 monthly if his wife has attained the eligible age-in short, yet time to amend "our failures by constructive legislation." $27.50 less than· is granted married old-age pensioners in Cali­ The Senator replied as follows: fornia, or indeed, in any other State which finally matches the I thank the Senator, and he is correct, for it is insecurity; it is Federal offer. Absurdity added to injustice! A man who has not security. But in the misleading and delusive columns of never paid any social-security contributions would still, at 65, be newspaper propaganda that have gone forth to the aged people far better off as a charity client than one who had allowed the of America from the Social Security Board they have been led to Federal Government to annex each year a good chunk of his meager believe that the Social Security Act is a generous, effective law, wages. Workers, in other words, are to be penalized for making when, as a matter of cold fact, it is a futile, impotent instrument contributions. of poverty and neglect. THIS BEAUTIFUL CONTRmUTORY SYSTEM In the preparation of their propaganda the Social Security Board Ironically, the Board has ruled that an individual whose Federal has issued this placard which I am now exhibiting. I secured Insurance benefit doesn't come up to the level of old-age pensions in this from one of the streetcar companies of Washington. It is the h is State may receive enough of those payments to the needy to picture of a happy-looking man, I suppose of 65 years of age, make up the difference-a clean admission that the insurance plan expecting that he is soon to come into relief and security through has fallen so far short of providing security for the workers who pay his annuities under the Social Security Act. As a matter of fact, its premiums that it must be bailed out by increments from a Mr. President, if we could bring before the Senate the portraits purely charitable source. However, those workers who have too of those men whom this picture is supposed to represent, their much pride, or who never learn their right to claim the charity faces would mirror anguish, despair, fatigue, and insecurity as payment, will simply suffer without r-edress the results of. this they seek and fail to find any relief in present pension laws. beautiful "contributory" system. The Senator from California, later in his address, shows OLD-AGE CHARITY PREMIUM how the social-security law taxes those least able to pay, On the other hand, Federal insurance benefits going to workers in the Southern States for the next 10 or 15 years, on their retirement while providing the major benefits for those who need it at 65, will-small as they are-generally exceed in amount the old­ least. I quote: · age charity pensions in those States. Thus workers in these areas Mr. President, the question is asked, How will this system ulti­ cannot even enlarge their $10 or $15 a month insurance benefits by mately work? How much of the pensions will flow from public applying for additional Stat~ old-age payments as a matter of need. sources; how much from the workers' contributions? The advisory SUBSIDY FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT council of the Social Security Board plans that ultimately the cost It's easy to see how this will endear Uncle Sam to the laborers of be met in approximately equal shares by employers, employees, and Dixie, for they will soon find out that senior citizens in other States the Federal Government. will be receiving $40 a month free-and that $20 of this is given 'r..s So that the Social Security Board itself estimates that, looking a subsidy from the Federal Government, the same Federal Govern­ ahead, say, 20 or 25 years, when the plan is fully in operation, only ment that provides, by taxing them, only $10 or $15 or $20 a month. one-third of the annuities disbursed will come from the contribu­ They will discover, too, that these lucky pensioners in richer States tions of the workers themselves. The rest will come either from an will, if married to a wife of 65, have their benefits doubled (as is employers• tax, which becomes a consumptive tax, or from Federal only right), while they, poor devils, who are being taxed for what deficit appropriations. they get, will only have one-half added to their payments. These figures would seem to indicate that to the extent of at least one-third these annuities would be financed by the workers' CONFUSION AND INCONSISTENCY contributions. But let me call attention to the fact that the work­ Taken by itself, the State-Federal assistance plan is nearly as ers who pay in that one-third do not comprise all of the ones who idiotic as the Federal insurance scheme. But taken together, what get the money. And why do I say that? Here is something which a weird pair they make. It's rather like yoking a zebra and a kan­ should interest to the very heart the distinguished chairman of the garoo to the national whiffletree; the pulling power is insufficient Committee on Finance, because under this strange law, while we tax in any case, but when directed in such an uncoordinated and con­ workers receiving less than $2QO a year, we do not pay them anything tradictory fashion, it's almost useless. How can we harness to the at all. We take their money but we exclude them from all bene­ same task a presumably contributory plan with a purely charitable fits. In other words, what this strange, undemocratic, cruel law one-particularly when the charitable benefits exceed the payments does is to take the most unfortunate, submerged groups in America, derived from contributory taxes? The confusion and inconsistency the low-paid and the part-time workers, many of whom are doing 6616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE _MAY 22 the hard, dirty work of the world, who cannot make $200 a year in The PRESIDING OFFICER. If the Senator will defer money income, and we tax their hundred dollars, or $150, or $199, and, having added their contributions to this great fund, we then offering his amendment for a moment, the Chair will state deny them all benefits and pay out their money to the workers that the question is on agreeing to the amendment, on p~ge who have been permanently employed and have received higher 56, line 1, relating to the appropriation for West Point. incomes. The amendment was agreed to. I stated to the distinguished chairman of the Finance Committee that this argument should penetrate to his heart, because about 50 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will state the percent of the workers in Mississippi receive less than $200 a. year. amendment presented by the .senator from Oklahoma [Mr. So we have the strange spectacle under this law of the money being THOMAS]. drained out of the farm areas and the poorer States to pay workers• contributions in the wealthier regions and the wealthier States. The CHIEF CLERK. On page 73, after line 14, it is proposed The figures I have given to the distinguished Senator from Missis· to insert the following: sippi [Mr. HARRISoN] hold true, though to a lesser degree, in all the UNITED STATES SOLDIERS' HOME other States in the South and in all the farm areas, including the State of Nebraska. The great industrial, wealthy States and cities For enlargement and improvement of existing buildings and will profit immensely by this raw. The poorer rural regions suffer facilities at the United States Soldiers• Home, to be paid from the immeasurably. Soldiers• Home permanent fund, $300,000, to remain available until June 30, 1942. I will make a remark which might seem exaggerated, but I make it after months of deliberation: If Thaddeus Stevens, with all his The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing ta1ent and vengeful fury of reconstruction days, had desired to de· grade and pauperize the South, P,e could not have worked out with to the amendment. hi~ clever mind an apter constitutional way of doing it than through The amendment was agreed to. the contributory plan of the Social Security Act. Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. I ask that the letter from I have stated to the Senate that old-a.ge insurance would pauperize the President of the Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers' the farm States, the Southern States, the poorer States, to the ad· vantage of the wealthy States. Home be inserted in the RECORD, so that it may serve as a justification and explanation of the amendment. There is one man who has done more to bring about a real, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? equitable old-age pension system than all the so-called ex­ perts here in Washington-Or. Francis E. Townsend. His There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be impression upon Congress and upon pension legislation will printed in the RECORD, as follows: be long remembered and will serve as a guide through all the OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, UNITED STATES SoLDIERs' HoME, years to come. Washington, D. C., May 21, 1940. On the Senate floor on April 8, 1940, I made this state­ The Honorable MORRIS SHEPPARD, ment concerning Dr. Townsend: Chairman, Senate Military Affairs Committee, Washington, D. C. DR. FRANCIS E. TOWNSEND MY DEAR SENATOR SHEPPARD: The Board of Commissioners of the Dr. Townsend will live in history. He stirred a Nation to its United States Soldiers' Home under the law is responsible directly very depths by his fervent appeals. For years we liberals and to the Congress for the operation of this institution. progressives appealed to our fellow citizens for social-security leg· In the 1941 Budget estimates the President, upon the recom­ islation. Dr. Townsend did more than all of us-he made us so· mendation of the Board of Commissioners, submitted the following cial-security minded. He talked not only old-age pensions-he language for the appropriation for 1941: advocated recovery legislation, and there must be sane and sensible "For maintenance and operation of the United States Soldiers• recovery legislation-recovery before it is too late. Hats off to Home, to be paid from the Soldiers• Home permanent fund, $1,099,- Dr. Townsend and the mighty host he leads onward to paths of 473, of which amount not to exceed $300,000 shall be available im­ progress and prosperity. mediately and remain available until expended for-the enlargement and improvement of existing buildings and facilities." We should be ever grateful to Dr. Townsend. He has en­ The $300,000 was requested td make funds available to provide couraged legislation. not only for relief of our senior citizens, additional housing facilities to meet the constantly increasing but for their retirement that youth might be employed. population of the home. The House committee eliminated this item, so I am informed, on the ground that this could be deferred Every citizen interested in recovery and in old-age pen­ until next year's appropriation. sions should read the eloquent Senator's book, Highways to There is little doubt in my mind and that of the Board of Com­ Prosperity. He should vote to send men to Washington who missioners that the changed conditions during the past few weeks now make it necessary to increase the capacity of this home at the will assist in working out this problem in a truly American earliest possible moment to meet the increased demand from way. eligible. enlisted men for admission. This will result no doubt MILITARY APPROPRIATIONS from the strenuous field exercises under which the Army is now employed and the increase in Army personnel now being consid· The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill

WEST VIRGINIA and the Committee on Naval Affairs providing additional Hugh B. Lynch, Chester. authorizations for consideration in connection with the so­ Hugh V. Burt, Mannington. called defense program; and I also ask unanimous consent Fred M. Robertson, Matoaka. that all points of order be waived. Joseph L. Dorsett, Minden. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, reserving William E. Simpson, Pow&. the right to object. Ordinarily, of course, this legislation George Clair Ross, Salem. would be brought up under a rule, and that is the procedure which should be followed. However, I recognize the need of quick action upon the defense measures, and therefore I am HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES not going to block their prompt consideration. For the in­ formation of the House, however, I think we should know WEDNESDAY, MAY 22, 1940 what points of order we will be asked to waive. The House met at 11 o'clock a. m. Mr. RAYBURN. Probably, the only one would be a strict The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., of­ compliance with the Ramseyer rule. The Committee on fered the foliowing prayer: Military Affairs, I understand, reported a bill yesterday, the Committee on Naval Affairs has reported one of its bills and Strong Son of God whose cross and star shall never fade, is reporting the other one this morning; and the reason for today, tomorrow, and in the days to come, in our memories haste, of course, is that the Committee on Appropriations a.nd in our hopes be with us. Thou art our refuge and there cannot act until these authorizations are made. I think is none like unto Thee. Therefore will not we fear though that would be the main proposition involved and the gen­ the earth be removed and though the mountains be carried tleman, of course, knows, having served on committees, into the midst of the sea; though the waters roar and be where the Ramseyer rule is involved, many times you have troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling to hunt through volumes to find out just exactly what part thereof. God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved; of the law is p~oposed to be rewritten . . God shall help her and that right early·. The Lord of hosts Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. I appreciate that. is with us, the God of Jacob is our refuge. He maketh wars Mr. RAYBURN. And I conceive of that being probably to cease unto the end of the earth; He breaketh the bow and the only point of order that could be or would be raised. cutteth the spear in sunder; He bumeth the chariot in the Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. There are, of course, no fire. Be still and know that I am God; I will be exalted in the appropriations involved in these bills that are coming up. earth. The Lord of hosts is with us, the God of Jacob is our They are just authorizations. refuge. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Mr. RAYBURN. That is my understanding. The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Mr. lVIARTIN of Massachusetts. And it is the intention approved. of the majority leader to bring up the bills tomorrow? MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Mr. RAYBURN. Tomorrow and the next day. A message from the Senate, by Mr. Frazier, its legislative Mr. MARTIN of M.assachusetts. And I understand fur­ clerk, announced that the Senate agrees to the amendment ther that we are going to have ample time for debate. Of of the House to a bill of the Senate of the following title: course, unless we do have some sort of agreement, we would S. 2303. An act authorizing the continuance of the Prison find ourselves in the position of not having any time to dis­ Industries Reorganization Administration, established by cuss properly the measures, and I am sure the House wants Executive Order No. 7194 of September 26, 1935, to June 30, to have that opportunity. 1941. Mr. RAYBURN. I quite agree, and I may say to the gen­ The message also announced that the Senate had ordered tleman that the bill that involves probably the most is the that the Secretary be directed to return to the House of Rep­ so-called May bill, and it is my hope that we can dispose of that tomorrow. resentatives, in compliance with its request, the bill (H. R. 7626) entitled "An act for the relief of Ernest Ungar." Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. What is the second bill? Mr. RAYBURN. One bill contains the amendments that WAR DEPARTMENT-CIVIL FUNCTIONS APPROPRIATION BILL, 1941 must be made to the law in order that the Appropriations Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Committee may propose certain appropriations, and the take from the Speaker's desk the bill (H. R. 8668) making other bill applies to aviation entirely. These are the two appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941, for measures from the Navai Affairs Committee. There are civil functions administered by the War Department, and only two sections in the so-called May bill; and if we can for other purposes, with Senate amendments, disagree to the provide general debate so that we can finish the considera­ Senate amendments and agree to the conference asked by. tion of the bill tomorrow, that will be eminently satisfac­ the Senate. tory. I talked with the chairman of the Committee on Naval The Clerk read the title of the bill. Affairs this morning, and he states that his bills will come Mr. POWERS. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to ob­ out with a unanimous report, and he believes it will be ject, about 4 weeks ago I objected to this bill going to con­ agreeable to his committee to finish both of those bills on ference. I had 'very good reasons at that time to object. Friday. Since that time the gentleman from Pennsylvania and I Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. I understand all of these have had a number of very confidential and satisfactory talks bills have unanimous reports. and I am withdrawing my objection and shall not object to · Mr. R~YBURN. That is my understanding. the request. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Of course, it is not cer­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the tain that the bill now under consideration will be finished gentleman from Pennsylvania? (After a pause.) The Chair today. If you have to finish the bill tomorrow-- hears none and appoints the following conferees: Messrs. Mr. RAYBURN. We would immediately go on with these bills. SNYDER, TERRY, STARNES of Alabama, COLLINS, KERR, TAYLOR, military POWERS, ENGEL, and CASE of South Dakota. Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, will the gentle­ man yield? ORDER OF BUS~S Mr. RAYBURN. I yield. Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Is it the intention to try to that it may be in order at any time to consider the bill complete the consideration of the relief bill today? (H. R. 9850) to expedite the strengthening of the national Mr. RAYBURN. I had understood from my last talk with defense, the bill (H. R. 9822) to expedite naval shipbuilding, gentlemen on both sides of the aisle in charge of the and for other purposes, and the bill H. R. 9848. pending bill that they think it is very desirable that the con­ I may say in explanation of the request that these are the sideration of the bill be completed during the day; and I bills being reported by the Committee on Military A1fairs may say, Mr. Speaker, when amendments are offered that