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Roman Knossos: the Pottery in Context

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Roman Knossos: the Pottery in Context CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository ROMAN KNOSSOS: THE POTTERY IN CONTEXT A presentation of ceramic evidence provided by the Knossos 2000 Project (1993-95) By GARY FORSTER A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham June 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. VOLUME I: CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Glossary iii-vii List of Abbreviations viii-x Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Roman Knossos - Historical Background 1 1.2 Knossos – Archaeological Background 5 1.3 Summary of Principal excavations, visible remains & find spots 9 Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Background and attitudes 16 2.2 Early Work and Developments in the Mediterranean Area 18 2.3 Recent Approaches to Study 20 2.4 Pottery and Chronology 21 2.5 Pottery as Evidence for Trade – The need for quantification 23 2.6 Knossos 2000 Processing Methodology 24 2.7 Objectives 32 2.8 Comments 36 Chapter 3: Knossos 2000: Summary and Chronology 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Criteria for Chronological Interpretation 40 3.3 Trench AA 41 3.4 Area C 42 3.5 Area E 48 3.6 Trench FA 56 3.7 Trench GA/B 57 3.8 Area H 60 3.9 Chronology Summary and Principal Deposits 69 Chapter 4: Knossos 2000: Pottery Catalogue 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Eastern Sigillata A (ESA) 77 4.3 Cypriot Sigillata 80 4.4 Italian Sigillata 82 4.5 Eastern Sigillata B (ESB) 88 4.6 Çandarli Ware 92 4.7 African Red Slip Wares 97 4.8 Phocaean Ware 106 4.9 Misc. Late Roman Fine Wares 113 4.10 Local Wares 114 4.11 Glazed Wares 116 4.12 Thin walled fine wares 119 4.13 Thin walled ‘coarse’ wares 122 4.14 Cooking Pots and Casseroles 125 4.15 Trefoil-Mouthed Jugs 131 4.16 Late Roman Cooking Pots 132 4.17 Cooking Dishes and ‘Frying-Pans’ 136 4.18 Lids 140 4.19 Bowls and Basins 142 4.20 Tubs and Beehives 146 4.21 Jugs 148 4.22 Late Roman Plain Wares 151 4.23 Amphorae introduction 153 4.24 Amphorae stamps and graffiti 155 4.25 Amphorae - Local/Cretan 156 4.26 Amphorae - Imported 162 4.27 Amphorae - Stands 169 4.28 Misc. and Miniatures 169 Chapter 5: Knossos 2000: Pottery Groups 5.1 Introduction 170 5.2 Group A 171 5.3 Supplementary Group B 176 5.4 Supplementary Group C 177 5.5 Group D 179 5.6 Supplementary Group E 189 5.7 Group F 192 5.8 Group G 202 5.9 Supplementary Group H 210 5.10 Supplementary Group I 214 5.11 Supplementary Group J 217 5.12 Supplementary Group K 220 Chapter 6: Conclusions 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Fine wares 227 6.3 Knossos in the Late Roman Period 230 6.4 Appraisal & Future works 236 APPENDICES I. Principal deposits (Knossos) 239 II. Knossos 2000-numismatic evidence 242 BIBLIOGRAPHY VOLUME II: CONTENTS TABLES 1.1 Crete - Knossos: Principal Historical Events (Roman-Byzantine) 1 3.1 Trench AA – Chronology 2 3.2 Trench BA – Chronology 3 3.3 Trench CA – Chronology 4 3.4 Trench CB – Chronology 5 3.5 Trench CC – Chronology 6 3.6 Trench DA – Chronology 7 3.7a Trench EA – Chronology (part 1) 8 3.7b Trench EA – Chronology (part 2) 9 3.8 Trench EB – Chronology 10 3.9 Trench FA – Chronology 11 3.10 Trench GA/B – Chronology 12 3.11 Trench HA – Chronology 13 3.12 Trench HB – Chronology 14 3.13 Trench HC – Chronology 15 3.14 Trench HD – Chronology 16 5.1 Group A – General 17 5.2 Group A – Fine Ware Details 17 5.3 Group A – Fine Ware Summary 18 5.4 Group A – Coarse Ware & Amphorae Details 18 5.5 Group D – General 19 5.6 Group D – Fine Ware Details 19 5.7 Group D – Fine Ware Summary 19 5.8 Group D – Coarse Ware & Amphorae Details 20 5.9 Group F – General 21 5.10 Group F – Fine Ware Details 21 5.11 Group F – Fine Ware Summary 21 5.12 Group F – Coarse Ware & Amphorae Details 22 5.13 Group G – General 23 5.14 Group G – Fine Ware Details 23 5.15 Group G – Fine Ware Summary 23 5.16 Group G – Coarse Ware & Amphorae Details 24 5.17 Group K – Fine Ware Summary 25 FIGURES 1.1 Province of Crete and Cyrene 26 1.2 Crete and Knossos survey area – physical map 27 1.3 Knossos Survey – Distribution of find-spots/sites 28 1.4 Knossos Survey – Density of find-spots/sites 29 1.5 Central Knossos – Roman remains & principal excavations 30 1.6 Knossos 2000 – Geophysical Survey & Excavation Areas 31 2.1 Knossos 2000 – Pottery processing stages 32 2.2 Knossos 2000 – Preliminary recording form 33 2.3 Knossos 2000 – Primary recording form 34 2.4 Knossos 2000 – Secondary recording form 35 2.5 Knossos 2000 – Fabric recording form 36 3.1 AA – Chronology 37 3.2 BA – Chronology 38 3.3 CA – Chronology 38 3.4 DA – Chronology 38 3.5 CB – Chronology 39 3.6 CC – Chronology 39 3.7 EA – Chronology 40 3.8 EB – Chronology 41 3.9 FA – Chronology 41 3.10 GA/B – Chronology 41 3.11 HA – Chronology 42 3.12 HB – Chronology 42 3.13 HC – Chronology 42 3.14 HD – Chronology 42 3.15 Knossos 2000 – Trench layouts 43 3.16 Knossos 2000 – Area C plan 44 4.1 Eastern Sigillata A; Dishes (1-8). Scale 1:2 45 4.2 Italian Sigillata; Plates and Platters (9-14). Scale 1:2 46 4.3 Italian Sigillata; Bowls and misc. decorated fragments (15-31). Scale 1:2 47 4.4 Eastern Sigillata B1; Various forms (32-37). Scale 1:2 48 4.5 Eastern Sigillata B2; Various forms (38-44). Scale 1:2 49 4.6 Çandarli Ware; Early Forms (45-47). Scale 1:2 50 4.7 Çandarli Ware; Late Forms 1-3 (48-58). Scale 1:2 51 4.8 Çandarli Ware; Late Forms 4-6. (59-68). Scale 1:2 52 4.9 African Red Slip Wares; Forms 8A,14,50A (69-75). Scale 1:2 53 4.10 African Red Slip Wares; Forms 50A/B (76-81). Scale 1:2 54 4.11 African Red Slip Wares; Forms 32/58,59A/B (82-90). Scale 1:2 55 4.12 African Red Slip Wares; Forms 61-2,67,105, misc. (91-98). Scale 1:2 56 4.13 Red Slip Wares; Stamps (99-104). Scale 1:2 57 4.14 Phocaean Ware; Forms 1-2 (105-111). Scale 1:2 58 4.15 Phocaean Ware; Form 3 (112-119). Scale 1:2 59 4.16 Phocaean Ware; Forms 3,10 (120-129). Scale 1:2 60 4.17 Misc. Late Roman Wares (130-131). Scale 1:2 61 4.18 Thin-walled wares; Cups (132-139). Scale 1:2 62 4.19 Local colour-coated wares (140-143). Scale 1:2 63 4.20 Misc. Glazed wares (144-145). Scale 1:2 64 4.21 Thin-walled coarse-wares (146-156). Scale 1:2 65 4.22 Cooking wares (157-160). Scale 1:2 66 4.23 Cooking wares (161-163). Scale 1:2 67 4.24 Cooking wares (164-170). Scale 1:2 68 4.25 Cooking wares; casseroles (171-177). Scale 1:2 69 4.26 Cooking wares (178-184). Scale 1:2 70 4.27 Late Roman cooking wares (185-194). Scale 1:2 71 4.28 Late Roman cooking wares (195-197). Scale 1:2 72 4.29 Late Roman cooking wares (198-199). Scale 1:2 73 4.30 Cooking wares; dishes (200-208). Scale 1:2 74 4.31 Cooking wares; ‘Frying-pans’ (209-212). Scale 1:2 75 4.32 Coarse-ware Lids (213-219). Scale 1:2 76 4.33 Plain wares; Large bowls (220-224). Scale 1:2 77 4.34 Plain wares; Large bowls/basins (225-230). Scale 1:2 78 4.35 Plain wares; Platters (231-232); Tub (233); Beehive ring (234). Scale 1:2 79 4.36 Plain Jugs (235-247). Scale 1:2 80 4.37 Late Roman Plain wares; Bowl (248), Jugs (249-250). Scale 1:2 81 4.38 Amphorae Stamps and Graffiti (251-253). Scale 1:2 82 4.39 Early Roman Cretan Amphorae (254). Scale 1:2 83 4.40 Early Roman Cretan Amphorae (255-258). Scale 1:2 84 4.41 Early-Mid Roman Cretan Amphorae (259-269). Scale 1:2 85 4.42 Mid Roman Cretan Amphorae (270-273). Scale 1:2 86 4.43 Mid Roman Cretan Amphorae ( 274-278). Scale 1:2 87 4.44 Late Roman Cretan Amphorae (279-281). Scale 1:2 88 4.45 Imported Amphorae (282-284). Scale 1:2 89 4.46 Imported Amphorae (285-291). Scale 1:2 90 4.47 Imported Amphorae (292-293).
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