Army Lists and Minor

Edited by Richard Jeffrey-Cook. Contributions from Simon Hall, Nik Gaukroger and Lance Flint. Front image by Simon Clarke. Contents

The lists are divided into three sections, Maximus, Magna and Pacto. Within each section are the following lists:

 Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE  Lycian 525 to 300 BCE  Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE  Armenian 330 BCE to 627 CE  Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE  Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE  Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE  Galatian 280 to 62 BCE  Early Seleucid 279 to 167 BCE  Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE  Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE  Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE  Pontic 110 to 47 BCE  Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. 6. Points are shown for troops with all mandatory characteristics applied. Points have been rounded to the nearest whole number. If quality or shooting skill is downgraded, then the points (including the points for any optional characteristics) will need to be adjusted. 7. An army entirely of Cavalry, Chariots, Camelry or Infantry with the Dismounted characteristic may choose the No Camp option.

Where allies are allowed, they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is enough allowance for a UG after the core army itself has taken the minimum. For example: An army has 4-12 cavalry (UG size 4,6) and 18-32 spearmen (UG size 6,8,9) as compulsory troops with 2 internal allies. The core army must take 4 cavalry and at least 18 spearmen. The first ally must take 4 cavalry and at least 9 spearmen. The second ally must take 4 cavalry but cannot take the 9 spearmen as this would exceed the 32 spearmen limit for the army. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Poor quality TuGs in Pacto must start with 2 or 3 elements. TuGs downgraded from Average quality must start with 2 elements, except where they are already allowed 3 elements. Poor quality SuGs or Average quality downgraded to Poor may start with 1, 2 or 3 elements.

As a courtesy to your opponent, when you deploy your troops you should describe it fully; type, training, quality, protection, melee weaponry, shooting skill and weaponry, characteristics, and which ally if appropriate. You should also explain how any unusual troop types in your army function and any special rules including Stakes, Caltrops, Barricades and Obstacles and troop types such as Battle Wagons. Friendly and Scenario Games

Feel free to vary the troop classifications for friendly and scenario games. An interesting aspect of scenario games can be to see what the effect is from representing troops in a different manner.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Historical Introduction Syria and Asia Minor were captured by the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE. Sardis, the former capital of the Lydian empire, became the chief city of their western empire. Asia Minor (modern Asiatic ) was a patchwork of kingdoms which the Persians ruled through their system of .

Some of the kingdoms within Asia Minor, although nominally under Persian rule, maintained a high degree of independence. , an ancient kingdom in the south west briefly became members of the Athenian empire. In 429 BCE, sent an expedition against Lycia to try to force it to re-join the league. This failed when Lycia's leader Gergis of Xanthos defeated General Melasander.

Bithynia in the north west also maintained a high degree of independence. The Bithynians were a Thracian people.

The conquest of the Persian empire by the Great removed the Persians as rulers but did not affect Asia Minor greatly. Alexander did not spend a great amount of time in Asia Minor. He landed in May 334 BCE and spent less than 18 months there and never returned. He made his own appointments as satraps but left the Persian system of government largely unaltered. Alexander’s victory at Issus consolidated his hold on Asia Minor and Syria. Syria at this time was relatively unimportant.

The death of Alexander in 323 BCE. left his empire up for grabs by his generals. of Cardia, the former secretary of Alexander, fought a series of campaigns against Antigonus One-Eyed. He was eventually betrayed by his own troops and Antigonus established his power base in Asia Minor. He became so powerful that , , Seleucus and formed an alliance against him. In 301 BCE he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus. Asia Minor was divided between the victors, Seleucus and Lysimachus, with Seleucus holding the east and Lysimachus the west.

Some of the Persian dynasts who had survived Alexander’s conquests were able to re-establish their control. Both the Orontid dynasty in and the Ariarathid dynasty in re-established control after overthrowing Macedonian governors.

Although holding Babylon and the eastern satrapies, Seleucus established the heart of his kingdom in Syria. He established a chain of cities for military settlers. , established by his son and successor I became the capital of the Seleucid west. Seleucus went on to defeat Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BCE. Seleucus was assassinated a few months later. Antiochus struggled to gain control over the Lysimachid territories that he inherited from his father. A victory over the Galatians, a group of Celtic tribes that had overrun Macedonia and Asia Minor, helped to establish his control, but it was not enough to prevent Eumenes of Pergamum declaring himself independent.

The death of Antiochus I led to the being divided between his sons. The eldest son, Seleucus II, controlled most of the Seleucid empire, but the younger son Antiochus Hierax maintained a kingdom in Asia Minor until driven out by Eumenes.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall The reign of Antiochus III (222 to 187 BCE) saw a revival in Seleucid fortunes until he waged war against Rome. The Romans decisively defeated him at Magnesia in 189 BCE and gave their ally, Eumenes II, the Seleucid territories in Asia Minor. The Seleucid kingdom became involved in a struggle to retain their eastern satrapies from the Parthians. In 163 B.C. the of Commagene, Ptolemaeus, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The defeat of Antiochus VII Sidetes by Phraates of established Parthian control over the eastern satrapies and . Continual civil wars reduced the Seleucid kingdom to a rump in Syria.

From this time on politics in Asia Minor was increasingly dominated by the Romans. The kings of Pergamum and both bequeathed their kingdoms to the Romans. Against the Romans emerged one of the great characters of history, Mithridates of . Pontus was originally part of the Cappadocian kingdom but during the 4th century B.C. a local dynasty had established itself. Mithridates took advantage of the chaos during the Social War in to invade the of Asia and then . The , fought between 88 and 84 BCE, saw Lucius Cornelius force Mithridates VI out of Greece proper. Sulla needed to return to Italy so a treaty was hastily arranged. As Sulla returned to Italy Lucius Licinius Murena was left in charge of Roman forces in . The lenient peace treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate, allowed Mithridates VI to recoup his forces. Murena attacked Mithridates in 83 BCE, provoking the Second Mithridatic War from 83 B.C. to 81 B.C. Mithridates scored a victory over Murena's green forces before peace was again declared by treaty. When Rome attempted to annex Bithynia (bequeathed to Rome by its last king) nearly a decade later, Mithridates VI attacked with an even larger army, leading to the from 73 to 63 BCE. First and then were sent against Mithridates. Mithridates was defeated and fled with a small army to and then the Crimea where he committed suicide.

Roman control over Asia Minor was fully established by Augustus. For the next four hundred years the region was held by the Romans with one short interruption. By the third century CE, was a prosperous regional centre reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian . The king was succeeded by regent Queen , who rebelled against Rome and established the which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of , , Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed Palmyra.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Maximus Army Lists

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Maximus Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1600 1400 n/a n/a 800 700 Talented 1150 900 850 700 650 600 Competent 700 550 600 450 300 250 Mediocre 400 250 400 250 100 50 Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior Unfortified 126 210 294 Fortified 288 480 672 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when Flexible 252 420 588 defending and a mobile camp when invading. Mobile 198 330 462 No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending No camp 486 N/A N/A and no camp at all when invading. UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna and Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 670 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Best Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 48 INFANTRY Poor - 12 Citizen hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 60 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 48 Replace best hoplites with INFANTRY Superior - 0 Tyrant's bodyguard Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 146 Orb (3) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 8 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6,8 450 to 405 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 12 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6,8 404 to 270 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 24 Mercenary Thureophoroi INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 (from 269 to 129 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 24 --- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians or Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 --29Shoot & Charge (6) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 9

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - archer - Combat Shy 40 -6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - slinger - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 12 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers --70Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 Allies Satrapal allies - Later Achaemenid Persian ( in 409 BCE) Historical Notes This list covers the Greek states in Asia Minor and Cyprus. Troop Notes The Greeks retained their traditional style of fighting, sometimes supplemented by local mercenaries. Historical Enemies Phoenician; Lydian; Early Scythian or Saka; Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Thracian Hill Tribes; Thraco-Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Lycian; Bithynian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Lycian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 525 BCE to 300 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 24 Warriors Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 84 INFANTRY Average - 0 Warriors with drepanon Short Spear - 57 Melee Expert (16) 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Upgrade warriors to hoplites Long Spear - 76 Orb (2) 6,8 Tribal Close Protected - 48 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6,8 426 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 9 Archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Historical Notes The are known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite empire. They were a under the Achaemenid Persians and intermittently became a free agent. Briefly allied to the Athenians they were under Persian control then revolted and subsequently conquered by Masusolus, satrap of . When the Persians were defeated by they fell under Macedonian control. In 188 BCE they were given to by the Romans and then in 168 BCE set up as an independent league. In 43 CE they were incorporated into the . Troop Notes Infantry: Lycian infantry fought with javelins and short thrusing spears. The Lycians also carried the Drepanon, a sickle shaped hand weapon similar to a falx or rhomphaia. Infantry in the Greek cities of Lycia fought as hoplites or later as thureophoroi. At the battle of Magnesia they are described as peltasts.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Lycian Historical Enemies Classical Greek; Alexandrian Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Asiatic Successor Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Bithynian

Army Commander 1 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Dates 435 BCE to 74 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (only from 179 BCE) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry - Devastating Chargers 131 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 24 Warriors Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 96 From 252 BCE Upgrade warriors to INFANTRY Average - 1/4 Long Spear Shove 94 Orb (2) 6,8 thureophoroi Formed Close Protected - 3/4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers70 Melee Expert (16) 6,8 Formed Loose Protected - 12 ----- CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 -6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 27 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 Allies Heraclean allies - Asiatic Greek (from 280 to 253 BCE) Galatian allies (from 278 BCE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Bithynian Notes An Internal ally represents a Paphlagonian ally and can only command warriors who have not been upgraded, light horse and javelinmen. Heraclean and Galatian allies may be taken together. Historical Notes The Bithynians were a Thracian people who settled in Asia Minor on the opposite side of the Bosporus. They established their independence prior to the arrival of Alexander the Great. The kingdom became increasingly hellenized. In 278 BCE Nicomedes I invited the Galatians to Asia Minor to help in a dynastic struggle against his brother. The last king Nicomedes IV was expelled by Mithridates VI of Pontus. After being restored to the throne he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Romans in 74 BCE. Troop Notes The Bithynians were related to the Thracians and fought in a similar fashion. Bithynia became increasingly hellenized and adopted Greek methods of warfare. Historical Enemies Spartan; Alexandrian Macedonian; Thraco-Macedonian; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Attalid Pergamene; Galatian; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Armenian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 330 BCE to 627 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 4 Armenian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 18 Only before 204 BCE CAVALRY Superior - 0 Nobles and followers Short Spear - 108 - 4,6 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 6 Only from 204 BCE to 244 CE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Long Spear 160 - 4,6 to Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 8 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard Long Spear 224 - 4,6 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 6 Only the Great from 83 to 69 BCE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 4,6 to cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 16 Troops armed in Roman INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 6,8 fashion Formed Close Protected - 12 Only from 245 CE Regrade Armenian cavalry as CAVALRY Average - Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 lancers Formed Loose Protected - All CAVALRY Superior - 0 Guard Charging Lancer - 147 - 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 -----

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Armenian INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 36 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hiberians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 36 CAVALRY Average Experienced 6 Horse archers --57Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 36 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 73 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 32 -6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 -6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Allies allies - Parthian Vassal States (from 83 to 69 BCE) Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab (from 83 to 69 BCE) Sarmatian allies - Early Sarmatian (only in 35 CE) Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (only in 230 CE) Alan allies (only in 230 CE) Hephthalite allies (450 to 451 CE) Notes Media Atropatene and Nomadic Arab allies may not be taken together. This list may be taken as an ally up to 643 CE.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Armenian Historical Notes The kingdom of Armenia started as a satrapy of the of Persia. It was only superficially affected by the conquests of Alexander the Great. It maintained an autonomous status under the Seleucid empire and during this period absorbed Hellenistic influences. In 188 BCE Artaxias unified and enlarged the Armenian kingdom. During the reign of (95 BCE to 55 BCE) the kingdom was at the zenith of its power and briefly became the most powerful state to the Roman east controlling and Syria. Roman involvement in Asia Minor brought Tigranes' empire to an end. Armenia was to become a buffer state between Rome and Parthia. It was partitioned between Rome and Sassanid Persia in 386 CE but the Sassanid part remained semi-independent. The Emperor Heraclius conquered the remaining parts of Armenia in 627 CE. Troop Notes The were influenced by their Persian overlords. Armenian contingents are mentioned in Persian armies. encountered Armenians during the march of the ten thousand. The first description of an Armenian army is when Lucullus encountered the army of Tigranes the Great. Cavalry: The Armenians employed Cataphracts. These are assumed to have been introduced at the time when the Seleucids nominally ruled Armenia. Prior to this time it is assumed they used Persian arms and tactics. Horse archers: Were used by the time of Tigranes and may have existed back to Persian times. Infantry: The Armenians were described as fierce by Xenophon. They were probably hill tribesmen with javelins or bows. Tigranes acquired Phalangites from his control of Syrian territories. After encountering the Romans, troops were trained in the Roman fashion. Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Alan; Later Sarmatian; Hunnic; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Imperial Roman; Parthian; Early Sassanid Persian; Middle Sassanid Persian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Early Seleucid; Seleucid; Commagene; Late Seleucid; Sabir; Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 323 BCE to 280 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Professional Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any Companions and CAVALRY Superior - 4 Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Xystophoroi Drilled Loose Protected - 12 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Satrapal cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Satrapal horse archers --94- 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Macedonian phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 24 Upgrade Macedonian INFANTRY Superior - Pike Shove 140 Orb (3) 8 phalangites as elite Drilled Close Protected - See note INFANTRY Average - 16 Greek mercenaries Pike - 92 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 32 Regrade Greek mercenaries INFANTRY Average - Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6,8 as hoplites Drilled Close Protected - Any INFANTRY Average - 0 Pantadapoi Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 8 Formed Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenary hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Mercenary peltasts - - 29 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 36 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 36 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 9 Allies Athenian, Arcadian or Achaean allies up to 2 contingents - Classical Greek (only Demetrius from 307 BCE) Cappadocian allies (only Antigonos from 318 BCE) Cypriot allies - Asiatic Greek (only Ptolemy from 315 to 307 BCE) Notes This list covers the successors in Asia including Antigonus, Demetrius, Eumenes, Ptolemy, Pithon, , Seleucus, Alcetas, Arrhidaeus, Attalus, Craterus, Leonnatus and . Eumenes must take ally generals, not sub generals. Eumenes may upgrade all his Macedonian phalangites to elite (representing the Silver Shields and Hypaspists). Antigonus, Demetrius, Seleucus and Ptolemy may upgrade one TuG of 8 to elite. Other generals may not upgrade the Macedonian phalangites.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor Historical Notes When Alexander the Great died there was almost immediately a dispute among the generals as to whom his successor should be. Initially was regent but he was assassinated by his officers after he marched to attack Ptolemy who had seized Egypt. By the treaty of Tripardisus (321 BCE) Antipater was appointed as supreme regent. He appointed Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes (who had supported Perdiccas). Antipater died shortly afterwards leaving the regency to Polyperchon. Polyperchon returned to Macedonia. Antigonos had Eumenes killed after capturing him following the battle of Gabiene in 316 BCE. This left Antigonos as the most powerful ruler in Asia. In 312 BCE Seleucus returned to Babylon from where he had been forced to flee by Antigonos. During the next 10 years he consolidated his position in the East. In 303 BCE he made peace with the Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya for which he received 500 war elephants. These would play a decisive part in the battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. This victory secured the position of Seleucus in Asia and founded the Seleucid empire. In 281 BCE Seleucus defeated Lysimachus at the battle of Corupedium, but upon arriving in Thrace was assasinated by . Troop Notes The Successors to Alexander in the East suffered from a shortage of phalangites. Pantadapoi were Persian and other native troops trained to fight as phalangites. They also relied on the large number of Greek mercenaries which Alexander had settled in the East as well as native troops. Peucestas brought a large contingent of Persian archers and slingers to join the army of Eumenes. Historical Enemies Early Scythian or Saka; Nabatean; Mercenary Greek; Macedonian Successor; Thraco-Macedonian; Coalition against Antigonus; Mountain Indian; Classical Indian; Later Saka; Lycian; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Cappadocian Changes from last version Option to regrade Greek mercenaries.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Cappadocian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 300 BCE to 17 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Cavalry on armoured horses Short Spear - 108 - 4,6 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 8 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 8 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 24 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 18 Foot Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 72 INFANTRY Average Experienced 6 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenaries (from 255 BCE) Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,8,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 Allies Armenian allies (before 255 BCE) Attalid Pergamene allies (from 180 to 129 BCE) Historical Notes Cappadocia became an independent kingdom under Ariarthes I in 332 BCE as the Persian empire fell to the Macedonians. Macedonian rule was established by Perdiccas and Eumenes but after Eumenes died the adopted son Ariarthes II recovered the kingdom. In the latter part of the 2nd century BCE the kingdom fell under the influence of Pontus. In 93 BCE the Armenian king, Tigranes the Great, invaded and placed a client king Gordios on the throne. When Rome defeated Tigranes, the kingdom became a client state of Rome, eventually being incorporated as a Roman province in 17 CE.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Cappadocian Troop Notes There is little reliable information on Cappadocian troops. Some Cappadocian cavalry may have ridden armoured horses. Historical Enemies Thraco-Macedonian; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Armenian; Asiatic Successor; Galatian; Early Seleucid; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 282 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 4 Xystophoroi Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average - 12 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 48 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian foot - Devastating Chargers 65 - 6,8,9 Tribal Close Protected - 18 INFANTRY Poor - 0 Pergamene levy Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Mysian javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Light horse - - 55 Cantabrian (20) 4,6 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Peltasts - - 29 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 27 INFANTRY Average Experienced Melee Expert (10), 0 Euzenoi Short Spear - 39 6,9 Skirmisher Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (7) 27 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Trallian slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Only from 188 BCE CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 -2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Allies Tylis allies - Galatian (only in 218 BCE) Notes Allied contingents before 189 BCE may not include phalangites. Historical Notes The Attalid dynasty of started because the city was selected as the repository for 9000 talents accumulated by Lysimachus and placed in charge of a warden . He switched sides, declaring for Seleucus, contributing to the Seleucid victory at Corupedium in 281 BCE. Philetaerus died in 263 BCE having adopted a nephew, Eumenes as his heir. From this point the Attalid's maintained independence against the Seleucid empire. They also obtained several victories over the Galatians who were a constant threat. Eumenes II allied with Rome, first against Macedon and then against the Seleucids. The defeat of Antiochus III at Magnesia in 190 BCE led to the Attalid dynasty controlling a large portion of Asia Minor. Attalus III died bequeathing the kingdom to Rome. A revolt in 129 BCE was put down and the Roman province of Asia was established. Troop Notes The Attalid army was largely reliant on mercenaries. Phalanx: There is no direct evidence for the use of a Macedonian phalanx by the Attalids. However, phalanxes were raised by Antiogonus and Lysimachus in the preceding decades. The sources refer to "peltasts" and although it is likely that these were skirmishers, it is also possible that "" could refer to phalangites. The Pergamene contingent in the at Magnesia appears to have been a token force, rather than the main Pergamene army. Galatians: Hiring Galatian mercenaries was one way to prevent them raiding your territory. At least one group of mercenaries proved unreliable and turned against their paymasters. Levy: The Greek cities could raise a militia for defence. Elephants: The Pergamenes acquired some elephants captured from the Seleucids.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene Historical Enemies Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Galatian; Early Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Galatian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 280 BCE to 62 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Pisidian) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CHARIOTS Average Experienced 0 Galatian chariots Short Spear - 92 - 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average - 24 Warriors - Devastating Chargers 65 - 6,8,9 Tribal Close Protected - 108 Upgrade warriors as feared: INFANTRY Average - Melee Expert, Feared warriors Short Spear 88 - Tribal Close Protected - Devastating Chargers See note ----- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Paphlagonians subjects Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Scythed chariots (only in 273 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 - 68 - 2,3,4 BCE) Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 4 Pisidian contingent (from 278 BCE) CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Pisidian foot - - 29 Shoot & Charge (6) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 36

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Galatian Allies Thessalian allies - Classical Greek (only in 279 BCE) Paeonian allies (from 278 to 274 BCE) Antiochus Hierax - Early Seleucid (from 241 to 227 BCE) Notes Before 273 BCE all Warriors can be upgraded as feared. Before 229 BCE up to 50% of warriors can be upgraded as feared. From 229 BCE only 1 minimum sized unit in each command can be upgraded as feared. A Pisidian contingent must be commanded by an ally general and can only contain Pisidian troops. Pisidian troops are only compulsory if a Pisidian contingent is taken. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes The Galatians originated as part of a Celtic migration which invaded Macedon and Greece. The original Celts who settled in came from Thrace at the invitation of Nicomedes of Bithynia in 278 BCE to assist him in a dynastic dispute. Once their contract with Nicomedes was fulfilled they systematically raided throughout western Asia Minor. They were defeated by Antiochus I in his " victory" in 275 BCE. The Galatians settled in central Anatolia in a territory which became known as Galatia. The Romans inflicted a severe defeat on the Galatians in 189 BCE. In Pompey's settlement of 64 BCE they became a client-state of the Roman empire. Around 25 BCE Augustus incorporated Galatia into the Roman empire. Troop Notes The Galatians appear to have used traditional Celtic methods of fighting. The devastation they caused after they initially broke into Macedonia led to a fearsome reputation. This declined somewhat but they were still sought after as mercenaries. Historical Enemies Paeonian; Thracian Hill Tribes; Later Macedonian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene; Pontic Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Early Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 279 BCE to 167 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions and Agema Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected - 8 Regrade Agema as CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Long Spear 261 - 4 cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average - 4 Line cavalry Charging Lancer - 115 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected - 12 Upgrade line cavalry (before CAVALRY Superior - Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 204 BCE) Drilled Loose Protected - Up to half Convert line cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 173 - cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All Galatian cavalry (from 244 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 BCE) Formed Loose Protected Javelin 6 CAMELRY Poor Experienced 0 Arab camelry - - 65 Melee Expert (9) 4,6 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Superior - Combat Shy (-31), 0 Guard Agyraspides Pike Shove 140 8 Drilled Close Protected - Orb (3) 16 INFANTRY Average - 8 Agyraspides and phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 8

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Early Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 6,8,9 Formed Loose Protected - 9 Galatian mercenaries (from INFANTRY Average - 0 - Devastating Chargers 75 - 6,8,9 244 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 16 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 55 Cantabrian (20) 4,6 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 57 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3,4 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Early Seleucid Allies Aitolian allies - Hellenistic Greek (from 191 to 189 BCE) Notes Antiochus Hierax can only have a maximum of 6 line cavalry and Agyraspists must be downgraded to Average. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes At the death of Seleucus I, the Seleucid kingdom held territories from Thrace to the borders of India. His son, Antiochus I retained most of the Asiatic territory but the kingdom was difficult to control and gradually the further parts of the empire seceded. The Seleucid kings fought a series of wars against the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt for control of Judaea. Bactria and Parthia were lost c. 250 BCE. The Attalids declared independence in Pergamum. Briefly Antiochus III established control over the Eastern territories but then suffered a significant defeat to the Romans at Magnesia in 189 BCE which deprived the kingdom of territories west of the Taurus mountains. Troop Notes The core of the were the Iranian cavalry and the phalangites. Elephants: Elephants were obtained from India and the Bactrian kings. Cavalry: The cavalry were lancers. At the end of the 3rd century BCE armour was adopted by the bulk of the cavalry. Phalanx: The phalanx were provided by settlers given land in return for military service. The largest settlements were in Syria. The performance of the Seleucid phalanx during this period was pretty dismal. For historical results all guard agyraspists should arguably be downgraded combat shy, hence the option. Cretan archers: The Seleucid armies regularly contained contingents of Cretan archers. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Thracian Hill Tribes; Mid Republican Roman; Later Saka; Graeco-Bactrian; Parthian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 166 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Agema Long Spear 261 - 4 Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4,6 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 12 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Galatian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average - 8 Agyraspides Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 24 Downgrade phalangites INFANTRY Average - Pike - 92 Orb (2) (from 145 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - All Re-equip Agyraspides INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 82 Orb (2) 8 equipped in Roman fashion Drilled Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 6,8,9 Formed Loose Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers 75 - 6,8,9 Formed Close Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 16 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 55 Cantabrian (20) 4,6 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 57 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 Additional Cretan archers INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 (only Demetrius II from 147 - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 to 139 BCE) Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3,4 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Seleucid Notes Elephants from 145 BCE cannot have the Shove characteristic. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes After the death of Antiochus IV the kingdom suffered a series of civil wars. Media and Babylonia were lost to the Parthians in 129 BCE. Troop Notes Roman Agyraspides: At his pageant at Daphne, Antiochus IV had 5,000 troops armed in the Roman fashion who might have been half of the Agyraspides (as only 5,000 appeared in the parade and traditionally this corps were 10,000 strong). Elephants: In 145 BCE African elephants were captured from Ptolemaic Egypt. Cretan archers: Demetrius II ruled after 147 BCE backed by his Cretan mercenaries. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Jewish; Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Commagene

Army Commander 1 Any Dates 163 BCE to 72 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard cataphracts Long Spear 224 - 4,6 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 6 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 160 - 4,6 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced 12 Horse archers - - 57 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 36 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 73 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Commagene Historical Notes The was an Armenian kingdom located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which served as its capital. In c. 163 BCE the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 CE, when it was made a Roman province by Emperor . It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of , then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, . The reemergent state lasted until 72 CE, when the Emperor finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire. Troop Notes The Commagene army appears to have been a mix of Hellenistic and Armenian fighting traditions. The phalanx sent to aid Titus at the siege of is the last recorded use of a Hellenistic pike phalanx. Historical Enemies Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Late Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 128 BCE to 56 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary or settler cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Settler phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 32 Cilician or mercenary INFANTRY Average - 6 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8,9 thureophoroi Drilled Close Protected - 18 Mercenaries armed in the INFANTRY Average - 16 Impact Weapon - 77 - 6,8 Roman fashion Formed Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 6,8 Formed Close Protected - 36 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 55 Cantabrian (20) 4,6 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 57 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Late Seleucid INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Historical Notes After the loss of Media and Babylon, the Seleucid kingdom collapsed into a series of civil wars over less and less territory. The populace became so desperate that in 93 BCE Tigranes was invited into Syria, the heart of the kingdom. Only a few cities remaining loyal to the Seleucid kings. The Romans annexed Syria as a province in Pompey's settlement of 63 BCE. The last king, II, died sometime after 56 BCE. Troop Notes The Seleucid army of this period was reliant on its core Syrian territories and mercenaries from adjacent areas including and Judaea. The regular civil wars appear to have provided plenty of opportunities for mercenaries. The defeats suffered by the Hellenistic armies against the Romans in the 2nd century BCE appear to have influenced fighting styles with increasing numbers of units following the Roman style of fighting. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Pre-Islamic Arab; Jewish; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Armenian; Late Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Pontic

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 110 BCE to 47 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 4 Pontic cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 Upgrade Pontic cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 4,6 cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove Up to half CAVALRY Superior - 0 Sarmatian cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 - 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Scythian cavalry --94- 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 6,8 Drilled Close Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx (before 84 BCE) Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 8 Drilled Close Protected - 16 Phalanx recruited from ex- INFANTRY Average - 0 Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 8 slaves (from 89 to 85 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 16 Pontic legionaries (from 87 INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 6,8 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 6,8,9 Formed Loose Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatians - Devastating Chargers 75 - 6,8,9 Formed Close Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bastarnae foot - Devastating Chargers 70 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 9 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 36

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Pontic INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 6 Light horse --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 27 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 17 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3,4 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 4 Allies Armenian allies (from 92 BCE) Notes If phalangites are used, only one TUG of Pontic legionaries is permitted. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes Pontus consisted of parts of northern Turkey east of the Halys river. Ruled by the Persian from the latter part of the 4th century BCE the kingdom progressively expanded. Under Mithridates VI control was extended over Galatia, Cappadocia and the Bosporan kingdom. In 89 BCE he defeated a Roman army and seized the Roman province of Asia, ordering the killing of 80,000 Romans and Italians. A Pontic army invaded Greece and was defeated by Sulla at the battle of Chaeronea. A second defeat was inflicted by the Romans at Orchomenus in 85 BCE. Mithridates agreed to a peace that included returning Asia to the Romans and giving back Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings. Further wars were fought with Rome. Between 74 BCE and 67 BCE Lucullus defeated Pontic and Armenian armies but had his command removed from him by Pompey. Pompey defeated Mithridates who fled to the Crimea. He was organising a new army when his son Pharnaces led a revolt against him and he was forced to commit suicide or was assassinated. Pontus became a Roman province with Bithynia.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Pontic Troop Notes Pontus had originally been part of Cappadocia and gradually increased its independence. It had a relatively small native force and relied extensively on mercenaries, either recruited from the Pontic steppes to the north or from the Roman provinces it overran. Mithridates also received a contingent of Armenians when fighting Lucullus. Heavy cavalry: Recruited from the Pontic nobility. Sarmatian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Scythian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Thracians: Continued to be available as mercenaries. Galatians: Were employed as mercenaries. Bastarnae: Recruited from the steppes. Thureophoroi: Recruited as mercenaries from the Hellenistic influenced areas of Asia Minor. Phalanx: A phalanx was recruited when Mithridates invaded and conquered the Roman provinces of Asia and Greece. It was supplemented by a phalanx of ex-slaves. Imitation legionaries: After defeated in Greece, the army was reorganised and trained on Roman lines.

Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Later Scythian; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Galatian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Palmyran Army Commander 1 Any Dates 258 CE to 273 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Desert Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4,6 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 18 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Upgrade cataphracts Long Spear 242 - 4,6 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Roman cavalry Short Spear - 105 Shoot & Charge (10), 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected Javelin Dismountable (5) 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best archers - - 58 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Drilled Loose Unprotected Bow 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 6 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 32 INFANTRY Average - Melee Expert (16), Orb 0 Roman legionaries Impact Weapon Shield Cover 92 (2), Integral Shooters 4,6,8 Drilled Flexible Protected - (6) 18 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (16), 0 Roman auxilia Short Spear - 85 Shoot & Charge (6), 6,8 Drilled Flexible Protected Javelin Orb (2) 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 57 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 73 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 32 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 36

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Palmyran Allies Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab Notes From 268 CE, Roman foot cannot be mixed in the same command as non-Romans. Roman cavalry dismount as Drilled Loose, Protected, Average (or Poor if downgraded to Poor), Unskilled Javelin, Short Spear (and Melee Expert if this characteristic has been chosen). Historical Notes Palmyra became a wealthy city from trade caravans. By the third century CE, Palmyra was a prosperous regional centre reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed Palmyra. Troop Notes Palmyran troops had been integrated with the Roman army in 224 CE Cataphracts: The Palmyrene cataphracts gave the Romans a hard time. Horse archers: Some horse archers were equipped with spears. This is similar to some Parthian horse archers who also used spears on occasion. It is not deemed sufficient to equip skirmishers with short spear. Archers: Both regular and levied units of archers were employed. Historical Enemies Pre-Islamic Arab; Imperial Roman; Early Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Magna Army Lists

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Magna Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1280 1120 n/a n/a 640 560 Talented 920 720 680 560 520 480 Competent 560 440 480 360 240 200 Mediocre 320 200 320 200 80 40 Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior Unfortified 126 210 294 Fortified 288 480 672 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when Flexible 252 420 588 defending and a mobile camp when invading. Mobile 198 330 462 No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending No camp 486 N/A N/A and no camp at all when invading. UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 670 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Best hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 99 Orb (2) 4 Formed Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Poor - 8 Citizen hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 60 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 32 Replace best hoplites with INFANTRY Superior - 0 Tyrant's bodyguard Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 146 Orb (3) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 450 to 405 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 8 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 404 to 270 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 16 Mercenary Thureophoroi INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 (from 269 to 129 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 16 --- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians or Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Peltasts --32Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - archer - Combat Shy 50 -4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - slinger - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 8 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers --93Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 Allies Satrapal allies - Later Achaemenid Persian (Ephesus in 409 BCE) Historical Notes This list covers the Greek states in Asia Minor and Cyprus. Troop Notes The Greeks retained their traditional hoplite style of fighting, sometimes supplemented by local mercenaries. Historical Enemies Phoenician; Lydian; Early Scythian or Saka; Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Thracian Hill Tribes; Thraco-Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Lycian; Bithynian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Lycian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 525 BCE to 300 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 16 Warriors Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 56 INFANTRY Average - 0 Warriors with drepanon Short Spear - 57 Melee Expert (16) 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Upgrade warriors to hoplites Long Spear - 76 Orb (2) 4 Tribal Close Protected - 32 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 426 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 6 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Historical Notes The Lycians are known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite empire. They were a client state under the Achaemenid Persians and intermittently became a free agent. Briefly allied to the Athenians they were under Persian control then revolted and subsequently conquered by Masusolus, satrap of Caria. When the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great they fell under Macedonian control. In 188 BCE they were given to Rhodes by the Romans and then in 168 BCE set up as an independent league. In 43 CE they were incorporated into the Roman empire. Troop Notes Infantry: Lycian infantry fought with javelins and short thrusing spears. The Lycians also carried the Drepanon, a sickle shaped hand weapon similar to a falx or rhomphaia. Infantry in the Greek cities of Lycia fought as hoplites or later as thureophoroi. At the battle of Magnesia they are described as peltasts.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Lycian Historical Enemies Classical Greek; Alexandrian Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Asiatic Successor Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Bithynian

Army Commander 1 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Dates 435 BCE to 74 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (only from 179 BCE) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry - Devastating Chargers 131 Melee Expert (32) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 16 Warriors Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 64 From 252 BCE Upgrade warriors to INFANTRY Average - 1/4 Long Spear Shove 94 Orb (2) 4 thureophoroi Formed Close Protected - 3/4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers70 Melee Expert (16) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 8 ----- CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 -4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 Allies Heraclean allies - Asiatic Greek (from 280 to 253 BCE) Galatian allies (from 278 BCE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Bithynian Notes An Internal ally represents a Paphlagonian ally and can only command warriors who have not been upgraded, light horse and javelinmen. Heraclean and Galatian allies may be taken together. Historical Notes The Bithynians were a Thracian people who settled in Asia Minor on the opposite side of the Bosporus. They established their independence prior to the arrival of Alexander the Great. The kingdom became increasingly hellenized. In 278 BCE Nicomedes I invited the Galatians to Asia Minor to help in a dynastic struggle against his brother. The last king Nicomedes IV was expelled by Mithridates VI of Pontus. After being restored to the throne he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Romans in 74 BCE. Troop Notes The Bithynians were related to the Thracians and fought in a similar fashion. Bithynia became increasingly hellenized and adopted Greek methods of warfare. Historical Enemies Spartan; Alexandrian Macedonian; Thraco-Macedonian; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Attalid Pergamene; Galatian; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Armenian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 330 BCE to 627 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 4 Armenian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 12 Only before 204 BCE CAVALRY Superior - 0 Nobles and followers Short Spear - 108 - 4 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 4 Only from 204 BCE to 244 CE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Long Spear 160 - 4 to cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard Long Spear 224 - 4 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 Only Tigranes the Great from 83 to 69 BCE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 4 to cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 12 Troops armed in Roman INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 4 fashion Formed Close Protected - 8 Only from 245 CE Regrade Armenian cavalry as CAVALRY Average - Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4 lancers Formed Loose Protected - All CAVALRY Superior - 0 Guard Charging Lancer - 147 - 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4 -----

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Armenian INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 24 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hiberians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced 4 Horse archers --70Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 42 -4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 -4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Allies Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (from 83 to 69 BCE) Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab (from 83 to 69 BCE) Sarmatian allies - Early Sarmatian (only in 35 CE) Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (only in 230 CE) Alan allies (only in 230 CE) Hephthalite allies (450 to 451 CE) Notes Media Atropatene and Nomadic Arab allies may not be taken together. This list may be taken as an ally up to 643 CE.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Armenian Historical Notes The kingdom of Armenia started as a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire of Persia. It was only superficially affected by the conquests of Alexander the Great. It maintained an autonomous status under the Seleucid empire and during this period absorbed Hellenistic influences. In 188 BCE Artaxias unified and enlarged the Armenian kingdom. During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95 BCE to 55 BCE) the kingdom was at the zenith of its power and briefly became the most powerful state to the Roman east controlling Mesopotamia and Syria. Roman involvement in Asia Minor brought Tigranes' empire to an end. Armenia was to become a buffer state between Rome and Parthia. It was partitioned between Rome and Sassanid Persia in 386 CE but the Sassanid part remained semi-independent. The Emperor Heraclius conquered the remaining parts of Armenia in 627 CE. Troop Notes The Armenians were influenced by their Persian overlords. Armenian contingents are mentioned in Persian armies. Xenophon encountered Armenians during the march of the ten thousand. The first description of an Armenian army is when Lucullus encountered the army of Tigranes the Great. Cavalry: The Armenians employed Cataphracts. These are assumed to have been introduced at the time when the Seleucids nominally ruled Armenia. Prior to this time it is assumed they used Persian arms and tactics. Horse archers: Were used by the time of Tigranes and may have existed back to Persian times. Infantry: The Armenians were described as fierce by Xenophon. They were probably hill tribesmen with javelins or bows. Tigranes acquired Phalangites from his control of Syrian territories. After encountering the Romans, troops were trained in the Roman fashion. Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Alan; Later Sarmatian; Hunnic; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Imperial Roman; Parthian; Early Sassanid Persian; Middle Sassanid Persian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Early Seleucid; Seleucid; Commagene; Late Seleucid; Sabir; Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 323 BCE to 280 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Professional Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any Companions and CAVALRY Superior - 4 Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Xystophoroi Drilled Loose Protected - 8 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Satrapal cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Satrapal horse archers --94- 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Macedonian phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 18 Upgrade Macedonian INFANTRY Superior - Pike Shove 140 Orb (3) 6 phalangites as elite Drilled Close Protected - See note INFANTRY Average - 12 Greek mercenaries Pike - 92 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 24 Regrade Greek mercenaries INFANTRY Average - Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 as hoplites Drilled Close Protected - Any INFANTRY Average - 0 Pantadapoi Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 6 Formed Close Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenary hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Mercenary peltasts - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 24 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 24 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Allies Athenian, Arcadian or Achaean allies up to 2 contingents - Classical Greek (only Demetrius from 307 BCE) Cappadocian allies (only Antigonos from 318 BCE) Cypriot allies - Asiatic Greek (only Ptolemy from 315 to 307 BCE) Notes This list covers the successors in Asia including Antigonus, Demetrius, Eumenes, Ptolemy, Pithon, Peucestas, Seleucus, Alcetas, Arrhidaeus, Attalus, Craterus, Leonnatus and Neoptolemus. Eumenes must take ally generals, not sub generals. Eumenes may upgrade all his Macedonian phalangites to elite (representing the Silver Shields and Hypaspists). Antigonus, Demetrius, Seleucus and Ptolemy may upgrade one TuG of 8 to elite. Other generals may not upgrade the Macedonian phalangites.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor Historical Notes When Alexander the Great died there was almost immediately a dispute among the generals as to whom his successor should be. Initially Perdiccas was regent but he was assassinated by his officers after he marched to attack Ptolemy who had seized Egypt. By the treaty of Tripardisus (321 BCE) Antipater was appointed as supreme regent. He appointed Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes (who had supported Perdiccas). Antipater died shortly afterwards leaving the regency to Polyperchon. Polyperchon returned to Macedonia. Antigonos had Eumenes killed after capturing him following the battle of Gabiene in 316 BCE. This left Antigonos as the most powerful ruler in Asia. In 312 BCE Seleucus returned to Babylon from where he had been forced to flee by Antigonos. During the next 10 years he consolidated his position in the East. In 303 BCE he made peace with the Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya for which he received 500 war elephants. These would play a decisive part in the battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. This victory secured the position of Seleucus in Asia and founded the Seleucid empire. In 281 BCE Seleucus defeated Lysimachus at the battle of Corupedium, but upon arriving in Thrace was assasinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus. Troop Notes The Successors to Alexander in the East suffered from a shortage of phalangites. Pantadapoi were Persian and other native troops trained to fight as phalangites. They also relied on the large number of Greek mercenaries which Alexander had settled in the East as well as native troops. Peucestas brought a large contingent of Persian archers and slingers to join the army of Eumenes. Historical Enemies Early Scythian or Saka; Nabatean; Mercenary Greek; Macedonian Successor; Thraco-Macedonian; Coalition against Antigonus; Mountain Indian; Classical Indian; Later Saka; Lycian; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Cappadocian Changes from last version Option to regrade Greek mercenaries.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Cappadocian Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 300 BCE to 17 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Cavalry on armoured horses Short Spear - 108 - 4 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 4 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 16 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 12 Foot Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 48 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenaries (from 255 BCE) Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 Allies Armenian allies (before 255 BCE) Attalid Pergamene allies (from 180 to 129 BCE) Historical Notes Cappadocia became an independent kingdom under Ariarthes I in 332 BCE as the Persian empire fell to the Macedonians. Macedonian rule was established by Perdiccas and Eumenes but after Eumenes died the adopted son Ariarthes II recovered the kingdom. In the latter part of the 2nd century BCE the kingdom fell under the influence of Pontus. In 93 BCE the Armenian king, Tigranes the Great, invaded and placed a client king Gordios on the throne. When Rome defeated Tigranes, the kingdom became a client state of Rome, eventually being incorporated as a Roman province in 17 CE.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Cappadocian Troop Notes There is little reliable information on Cappadocian troops. Some Cappadocian cavalry may have ridden armoured horses. Historical Enemies Thraco-Macedonian; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Armenian; Asiatic Successor; Galatian; Early Seleucid; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 282 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 4 Xystophoroi Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average - 8 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 32 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian foot - Devastating Chargers 65 - 4,6 Tribal Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Poor - 0 Pergamene levy Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 20 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Mysian javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 4 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Peltasts - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced Melee Expert (10), 0 Euzenoi Short Spear - 42 4,6 Skirmisher Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (7) 18 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Trallian slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Only from 188 BCE CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 -2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Allies Tylis allies - Galatian (only in 218 BCE) Notes Allied contingents before 189 BCE may not include phalangites. Historical Notes The Attalid dynasty of Pergamon started because the city was selected as the repository for 9000 talents accumulated by Lysimachus and placed in charge of a warden Philetaerus. He switched sides, declaring for Seleucus, contributing to the Seleucid victory at Corupedium in 281 BCE. Philetaerus died in 263 BCE having adopted a nephew, Eumenes as his heir. From this point the Attalid's maintained independence against the Seleucid empire. They also obtained several victories over the Galatians who were a constant threat. Eumenes II allied with Rome, first against Macedon and then against the Seleucids. The defeat of Antiochus III at Magnesia in 190 BCE led to the Attalid dynasty controlling a large portion of Asia Minor. Attalus III died bequeathing the kingdom to Rome. A revolt in 129 BCE was put down and the Roman province of Asia was established. Troop Notes The Attalid army was largely reliant on mercenaries. Phalanx: There is no direct evidence for the use of a Macedonian phalanx by the Attalids. However, phalanxes were raised by Antiogonus and Lysimachus in the preceding decades. The sources refer to "peltasts" and although it is likely that these were skirmishers, it is also possible that "peltast" could refer to phalangites. The Pergamene contingent in the Roman army at Magnesia appears to have been a token force, rather than the main Pergamene army. Galatians: Hiring Galatian mercenaries was one way to prevent them raiding your territory. At least one group of mercenaries proved unreliable and turned against their paymasters. Levy: The Greek cities could raise a militia for defence. Elephants: The Pergamenes acquired some elephants captured from the Seleucids.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene Historical Enemies Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Galatian; Early Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Galatian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 280 BCE to 62 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Pisidian) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CHARIOTS Average Experienced 0 Galatian chariots Short Spear - 92 - 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average - 16 Warriors - Devastating Chargers 65 - 4,6 Tribal Close Protected - 72 Upgrade warriors as feared: INFANTRY Average - Melee Expert, Feared warriors Short Spear 88 - Tribal Close Protected - Devastating Chargers See note ----- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Paphlagonians subjects Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Scythed chariots (only in 273 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 - 68 - 2,3 BCE) Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 3 Pisidian contingent (from 278 BCE) CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Pisidian foot - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 24

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Galatian Allies Thessalian allies - Classical Greek (only in 279 BCE) Paeonian allies (from 278 to 274 BCE) Antiochus Hierax - Early Seleucid (from 241 to 227 BCE) Notes Before 273 BCE all Warriors can be upgraded as feared. Before 229 BCE up to 50% of warriors can be upgraded as feared. From 229 BCE only 1 minimum sized unit in each command can be upgraded as feared. A Pisidian contingent must be commanded by an ally general and can only contain Pisidian troops. Pisidian troops are only compulsory if a Pisidian contingent is taken. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes The Galatians originated as part of a Celtic migration which invaded Macedon and Greece. The original Celts who settled in Galatia came from Thrace at the invitation of Nicomedes of Bithynia in 278 BCE to assist him in a dynastic dispute. Once their contract with Nicomedes was fulfilled they systematically raided throughout western Asia Minor. They were defeated by Antiochus I in his "elephant victory" in 275 BCE. The Galatians settled in central Anatolia in a territory which became known as Galatia. The Romans inflicted a severe defeat on the Galatians in 189 BCE. In Pompey's settlement of 64 BCE they became a client-state of the Roman empire. Around 25 BCE Augustus incorporated Galatia into the Roman empire. Troop Notes The Galatians appear to have used traditional Celtic methods of fighting. The devastation they caused after they initially broke into Macedonia led to a fearsome reputation. This declined somewhat but they were still sought after as mercenaries. Historical Enemies Paeonian; Thracian Hill Tribes; Later Macedonian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene; Pontic Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Early Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 279 BCE to 167 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions and Agema Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 Regrade Agema as CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Long Spear 261 - 4 cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average - 4 Line cavalry Charging Lancer - 115 Melee Expert (23) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade line cavalry (before CAVALRY Superior - Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 204 BCE) Drilled Loose Protected - Up to half Convert line cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 173 - cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All Galatian cavalry (from 244 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 BCE) Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 CAMELRY Poor Experienced 0 Arab camelry - - 65 Melee Expert (9) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Superior - Combat Shy (-31), 0 Guard Agyraspides Pike Shove 140 6 Drilled Close Protected - Orb (3) 12 INFANTRY Average - 6 Agyraspides and phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Early Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 Galatian mercenaries (from INFANTRY Average - 0 - Devastating Chargers 75 - 4,6 244 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 4 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 3

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Early Seleucid Allies Aitolian allies - Hellenistic Greek (from 191 to 189 BCE) Notes Antiochus Hierax can only have a maximum of 6 line cavalry and Agyraspists must be downgraded to Average. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes At the death of Seleucus I, the Seleucid kingdom held territories from Thrace to the borders of India. His son, Antiochus I retained most of the Asiatic territory but the kingdom was difficult to control and gradually the further parts of the empire seceded. The Seleucid kings fought a series of wars against the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt for control of Judaea. Bactria and Parthia were lost c. 250 BCE. The Attalids declared independence in Pergamum. Briefly Antiochus III established control over the Eastern territories but then suffered a significant defeat to the Romans at Magnesia in 189 BCE which deprived the kingdom of territories west of the Taurus mountains. Troop Notes The core of the Seleucid army were the Iranian cavalry and the phalangites. Elephants: Elephants were obtained from India and the Bactrian kings. Cavalry: The cavalry were lancers. At the end of the 3rd century BCE cataphract armour was adopted by the bulk of the cavalry. Phalanx: The phalanx were provided by settlers given land in return for military service. The largest settlements were in Syria. The performance of the Seleucid phalanx during this period was pretty dismal. For historical results all guard agyraspists should arguably be downgraded combat shy, hence the option. Cretan archers: The Seleucid armies regularly contained contingents of Cretan archers. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Thracian Hill Tribes; Mid Republican Roman; Later Saka; Graeco-Bactrian; Parthian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 166 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Agema Long Spear 261 - 4 Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 8 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Galatian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average - 6 Agyraspides Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 18 Downgrade phalangites INFANTRY Average - Pike - 92 Orb (2) (from 145 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - All Re-equip Agyraspides INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 82 Orb (2) 6 equipped in Roman fashion Drilled Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers 75 - 4,6 Formed Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 4 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 Additional Cretan archers INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 (only Demetrius II from 147 - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 to 139 BCE) Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 3

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Seleucid Notes Elephants from 145 BCE cannot have the Shove characteristic. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes After the death of Antiochus IV the kingdom suffered a series of civil wars. Media and Babylonia were lost to the Parthians in 129 BCE. Troop Notes Roman Agyraspides: At his pageant at Daphne, Antiochus IV had 5,000 troops armed in the Roman fashion who might have been half of the Agyraspides (as only 5,000 appeared in the parade and traditionally this corps were 10,000 strong). Elephants: In 145 BCE African elephants were captured from Ptolemaic Egypt. Cretan archers: Demetrius II ruled after 147 BCE backed by his Cretan mercenaries. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Jewish; Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Commagene

Army Commander 1 Any Dates 163 BCE to 72 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard cataphracts Long Spear 224 - 4 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 160 - 4 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 24 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 8 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Commagene Historical Notes The Kingdom of Commagene was an Armenian kingdom located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which served as its capital. In c. 163 BCE the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 CE, when it was made a Roman province by Emperor Tiberius. It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius. The reemergent state lasted until 72 CE, when the Emperor Vespasian finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire. Troop Notes The Commagene army appears to have been a mix of Hellenistic and Armenian fighting traditions. The phalanx sent to aid Titus at the siege of Jerusalem is the last recorded use of a Hellenistic pike phalanx. Historical Enemies Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Late Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 128 BCE to 56 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary or settler cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Settler phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 24 Cilician or mercenary INFANTRY Average - 4 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4,6 thureophoroi Drilled Close Protected - 12 Mercenaries armed in the INFANTRY Average - 8 Impact Weapon - 77 - 4 Roman fashion Formed Close Protected - 20 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 4 Formed Close Protected - 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 4 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Late Seleucid INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Historical Notes After the loss of Media and Babylon, the Seleucid kingdom collapsed into a series of civil wars over less and less territory. The populace became so desperate that in 93 BCE Tigranes was invited into Syria, the heart of the kingdom. Only a few cities remaining loyal to the Seleucid kings. The Romans annexed Syria as a province in Pompey's settlement of 63 BCE. The last king, Philip II, died sometime after 56 BCE. Troop Notes The Seleucid army of this period was reliant on its core Syrian territories and mercenaries from adjacent areas including Cilicia and Judaea. The regular civil wars appear to have provided plenty of opportunities for mercenaries. The defeats suffered by the Hellenistic armies against the Romans in the 2nd century BCE appear to have influenced fighting styles with increasing numbers of units following the Roman style of fighting. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Pre-Islamic Arab; Jewish; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Armenian; Late Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Pontic

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 110 BCE to 47 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 4 Pontic cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 Upgrade Pontic cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 4 cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove Up to half CAVALRY Superior - 0 Sarmatian cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 - 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Scythian cavalry --94- 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 4 Drilled Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx (before 84 BCE) Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 6 Drilled Close Protected - 12 Phalanx recruited from ex- INFANTRY Average - 0 Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 6 slaves (from 89 to 85 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 12 Pontic legionaries (from 87 INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 4 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatians - Devastating Chargers 75 - 4,6 Formed Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bastarnae foot - Devastating Chargers 70 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 6 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 24

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Pontic INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 4 Light horse --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 8 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 2,3 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 3 Allies Armenian allies (from 92 BCE) Notes If phalangites are used, only one TUG of Pontic legionaries is permitted. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes Pontus consisted of parts of northern Turkey east of the Halys river. Ruled by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty from the latter part of the 4th century BCE the kingdom progressively expanded. Under Mithridates VI control was extended over Galatia, Cappadocia and the Bosporan kingdom. In 89 BCE he defeated a Roman army and seized the Roman province of Asia, ordering the killing of 80,000 Romans and Italians. A Pontic army invaded Greece and was defeated by Sulla at the battle of Chaeronea. A second defeat was inflicted by the Romans at Orchomenus in 85 BCE. Mithridates agreed to a peace that included returning Asia to the Romans and giving back Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings. Further wars were fought with Rome. Between 74 BCE and 67 BCE Lucullus defeated Pontic and Armenian armies but had his command removed from him by Pompey. Pompey defeated Mithridates who fled to the Crimea. He was organising a new army when his son Pharnaces led a revolt against him and he was forced to commit suicide or was assassinated. Pontus became a Roman province with Bithynia.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Pontic Troop Notes Pontus had originally been part of Cappadocia and gradually increased its independence. It had a relatively small native force and relied extensively on mercenaries, either recruited from the Pontic steppes to the north or from the Roman provinces it overran. Mithridates also received a contingent of Armenians when fighting Lucullus. Heavy cavalry: Recruited from the Pontic nobility. Sarmatian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Scythian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Thracians: Continued to be available as mercenaries. Galatians: Were employed as mercenaries. Bastarnae: Recruited from the steppes. Thureophoroi: Recruited as mercenaries from the Hellenistic influenced areas of Asia Minor. Phalanx: A phalanx was recruited when Mithridates invaded and conquered the Roman provinces of Asia and Greece. It was supplemented by a phalanx of ex-slaves. Imitation legionaries: After defeated in Greece, the army was reorganised and trained on Roman lines.

Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Later Scythian; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Galatian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Palmyran Army Commander 1 Any Dates 258 CE to 273 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Desert Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average - Devastating 4 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 4 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 12 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Upgrade cataphracts Long Spear 242 - 4 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Roman cavalry Short Spear - 105 Shoot & Charge (10), 4 Drilled Loose Protected Javelin Dismountable (5) 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best archers - - 58 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Drilled Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 20 INFANTRY Average - Melee Expert (16), Orb 0 Roman legionaries Impact Weapon Shield Cover 92 (2), Integral Shooters 4 Drilled Flexible Protected - (6) 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (16), 0 Roman auxilia Short Spear - 85 Shoot & Charge (6), 4 Drilled Flexible Protected Javelin Orb (2) 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 16 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 24

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Palmyran Allies Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab Notes From 268 CE, Roman foot cannot be mixed in the same command as non-Romans. Roman cavalry dismount as Drilled Loose, Protected, Average (or Poor if downgraded to Poor), Unskilled Javelin, Short Spear (and Melee Expert if this characteristic has been chosen). Historical Notes Palmyra became a wealthy city from trade caravans. By the third century CE, Palmyra was a prosperous regional centre reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed Palmyra. Troop Notes Palmyran troops had been integrated with the Roman army in 224 CE Cataphracts: The Palmyrene cataphracts gave the Romans a hard time. Horse archers: Some horse archers were equipped with spears. This is similar to some Parthian horse archers who also used spears on occasion. It is not deemed sufficient to equip skirmishers with short spear. Archers: Both regular and levied units of archers were employed. Historical Enemies Pre-Islamic Arab; Imperial Roman; Early Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Pacto Army Lists

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Pacto Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 640 560 n/a n/a 320 280 Talented 460 360 340 280 260 240 Competent 280 220 240 180 120 100 Mediocre 160 100 160 100 40 20 Camps Camps are not included in Pacto games.

UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 670 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Best hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Formed Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Poor - 4 Citizen hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 60 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 16 Replace best hoplites with INFANTRY Superior - 0 Tyrant's bodyguard Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 146 Orb (3) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 4 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 450 to 405 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 4 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 404 to 270 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 8 Mercenary Thureophoroi INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 (from 269 to 129 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 8 --- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians or Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Peltasts --32Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Asiatic Greek INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - archer - Combat Shy 50 -1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Psiloi - slinger - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers --93Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 Allies Satrapal allies - Later Achaemenid Persian (Ephesus in 409 BCE) Historical Notes This list covers the Greek states in Asia Minor and Cyprus. Troop Notes The Greeks retained their traditional hoplite style of fighting, sometimes supplemented by local mercenaries. Historical Enemies Phoenician; Lydian; Early Scythian or Saka; Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Thracian Hill Tribes; Thraco-Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Lycian; Bithynian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Lycian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 525 BCE to 300 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 8 Warriors Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 28 INFANTRY Average - 0 Warriors with drepanon Short Spear - 57 Melee Expert (16) 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Upgrade warriors to hoplites Long Spear - 76 Orb (2) 1,2 Tribal Close Protected - 16 Mercenary hoplites (from INFANTRY Average - 0 Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 426 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Historical Notes The Lycians are known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite empire. They were a client state under the Achaemenid Persians and intermittently became a free agent. Briefly allied to the Athenians they were under Persian control then revolted and subsequently conquered by Masusolus, satrap of Caria. When the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great they fell under Macedonian control. In 188 BCE they were given to Rhodes by the Romans and then in 168 BCE set up as an independent league. In 43 CE they were incorporated into the Roman empire. Troop Notes Infantry: Lycian infantry fought with javelins and short thrusing spears. The Lycians also carried the Drepanon, a sickle shaped hand weapon similar to a falx or rhomphaia. Infantry in the Greek cities of Lycia fought as hoplites or later as thureophoroi. At the battle of Magnesia they are described as peltasts.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Lycian Historical Enemies Classical Greek; Alexandrian Macedonian; Achaemenid Persian - Royal Army; Achaemenid Persian - Satrapal Army; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Asiatic Successor Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Bithynian

Army Commander 1 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Dates 435 BCE to 74 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE)Terrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (only from 179 BCE) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry - Devastating Chargers 131 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 8 Warriors Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 32 From 252 BCE Upgrade warriors to INFANTRY Average - 1/4 Long Spear Shove 94 Orb (2) 1,2 thureophoroi Formed Close Protected - 3/4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers70 Melee Expert (16) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4 ----- CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 -1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 Allies Heraclean allies - Asiatic Greek (from 280 to 253 BCE) Galatian allies (from 278 BCE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Bithynian Notes An Internal ally represents a Paphlagonian ally and can only command warriors who have not been upgraded, light horse and javelinmen. Heraclean and Galatian allies may be taken together. Historical Notes The Bithynians were a Thracian people who settled in Asia Minor on the opposite side of the Bosporus. They established their independence prior to the arrival of Alexander the Great. The kingdom became increasingly hellenized. In 278 BCE Nicomedes I invited the Galatians to Asia Minor to help in a dynastic struggle against his brother. The last king Nicomedes IV was expelled by Mithridates VI of Pontus. After being restored to the throne he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Romans in 74 BCE. Troop Notes The Bithynians were related to the Thracians and fought in a similar fashion. Bithynia became increasingly hellenized and adopted Greek methods of warfare. Historical Enemies Spartan; Alexandrian Macedonian; Thraco-Macedonian; Later Achaemenid Persian; Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Attalid Pergamene; Galatian; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Armenian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 330 BCE to 627 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 2 Armenian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 6 Only before 204 BCE CAVALRY Superior - 0 Nobles and followers Short Spear - 108 - 1,2 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 2 Only from 204 BCE to 244 CE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Long Spear 160 - 1,2 to cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard Long Spear 224 - 1,2 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 Only Tigranes the Great from 83 to 69 BCE Upgrade Armenian cavalry CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 1,2 to cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 6 Troops armed in Roman INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 1,2 fashion Formed Close Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Armenian

Only from 245 CE Regrade Armenian cavalry as CAVALRY Average - Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 lancers Formed Loose Protected - All CAVALRY Superior - 0 Guard Charging Lancer - 147 - 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 2 ----- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hiberians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 2 Horse archers --70Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Allies Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (from 83 to 69 BCE) Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab (from 83 to 69 BCE) Sarmatian allies - Early Sarmatian (only in 35 CE) Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (only in 230 CE) Alan allies (only in 230 CE) Hephthalite allies (450 to 451 CE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Armenian Notes Media Atropatene and Nomadic Arab allies may not be taken together. This list may be taken as an ally up to 643 CE. Historical Notes The kingdom of Armenia started as a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire of Persia. It was only superficially affected by the conquests of Alexander the Great. It maintained an autonomous status under the Seleucid empire and during this period absorbed Hellenistic influences. In 188 BCE Artaxias unified and enlarged the Armenian kingdom. During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95 BCE to 55 BCE) the kingdom was at the zenith of its power and briefly became the most powerful state to the Roman east controlling Mesopotamia and Syria. Roman involvement in Asia Minor brought Tigranes' empire to an end. Armenia was to become a buffer state between Rome and Parthia. It was partitioned between Rome and Sassanid Persia in 386 CE but the Sassanid part remained semi-independent. The Emperor Heraclius conquered the remaining parts of Armenia in 627 CE. Troop Notes The Armenians were influenced by their Persian overlords. Armenian contingents are mentioned in Persian armies. Xenophon encountered Armenians during the march of the ten thousand. The first description of an Armenian army is when Lucullus encountered the army of Tigranes the Great. Cavalry: The Armenians employed Cataphracts. These are assumed to have been introduced at the time when the Seleucids nominally ruled Armenia. Prior to this time it is assumed they used Persian arms and tactics. Horse archers: Were used by the time of Tigranes and may have existed back to Persian times. Infantry: The Armenians were described as fierce by Xenophon. They were probably hill tribesmen with javelins or bows. Tigranes acquired Phalangites from his control of Syrian territories. After encountering the Romans, troops were trained in the Roman fashion. Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Alan; Later Sarmatian; Hunnic; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Imperial Roman; Parthian; Early Sassanid Persian; Middle Sassanid Persian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Early Seleucid; Seleucid; Commagene; Late Seleucid; Sabir; Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 323 BCE to 280 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Professional Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any Companions and CAVALRY Superior - 2 Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Xystophoroi Drilled Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Satrapal cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Satrapal horse archers --94- 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Macedonian phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 9 Upgrade Macedonian INFANTRY Superior - Pike Shove 140 Orb (3) 1,2,3 phalangites as elite Drilled Close Protected - See note INFANTRY Average - 6 Greek mercenaries Pike - 92 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 12 Regrade Greek mercenaries INFANTRY Average - Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 as hoplites Drilled Close Protected - Any INFANTRY Average - 0 Pantadapoi Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Formed Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenary hoplites Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Thracians Short Spear - 60 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Asiatic hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 3 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Mercenary peltasts - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Asiatic slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 12 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 4 Allies Athenian, Arcadian or Achaean allies up to 2 contingents - Classical Greek (only Demetrius from 307 BCE) Cappadocian allies (only Antigonos from 318 BCE) Cypriot allies - Asiatic Greek (only Ptolemy from 315 to 307 BCE) Notes This list covers the successors in Asia including Antigonus, Demetrius, Eumenes, Ptolemy, Pithon, Peucestas, Seleucus, Alcetas, Arrhidaeus, Attalus, Craterus, Leonnatus and Neoptolemus. Eumenes must take ally generals, not sub generals. Eumenes may upgrade all his Macedonian phalangites to elite (representing the Silver Shields and Hypaspists). Antigonus, Demetrius, Seleucus and Ptolemy may upgrade one TuG of 8 to elite. Other generals may not upgrade the Macedonian phalangites.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Asiatic Successor Historical Notes When Alexander the Great died there was almost immediately a dispute among the generals as to whom his successor should be. Initially Perdiccas was regent but he was assassinated by his officers after he marched to attack Ptolemy who had seized Egypt. By the treaty of Tripardisus (321 BCE) Antipater was appointed as supreme regent. He appointed Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes (who had supported Perdiccas). Antipater died shortly afterwards leaving the regency to Polyperchon. Polyperchon returned to Macedonia. Antigonos had Eumenes killed after capturing him following the battle of Gabiene in 316 BCE. This left Antigonos as the most powerful ruler in Asia. In 312 BCE Seleucus returned to Babylon from where he had been forced to flee by Antigonos. During the next 10 years he consolidated his position in the East. In 303 BCE he made peace with the Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya for which he received 500 war elephants. These would play a decisive part in the battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. This victory secured the position of Seleucus in Asia and founded the Seleucid empire. In 281 BCE Seleucus defeated Lysimachus at the battle of Corupedium, but upon arriving in Thrace was assasinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus. Troop Notes The Successors to Alexander in the East suffered from a shortage of phalangites. Pantadapoi were Persian and other native troops trained to fight as phalangites. They also relied on the large number of Greek mercenaries which Alexander had settled in the East as well as native troops. Peucestas brought a large contingent of Persian archers and slingers to join the army of Eumenes. Historical Enemies Early Scythian or Saka; Nabatean; Mercenary Greek; Macedonian Successor; Thraco-Macedonian; Coalition against Antigonus; Mountain Indian; Classical Indian; Later Saka; Lycian; Bithynian; Asiatic Successor; Cappadocian Changes from last version Option to regrade Greek mercenaries.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Cappadocian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 300 BCE to 17 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Cavalry on armoured horses Short Spear - 108 - 1,2 Tribal Close ArmHrs/ Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 2 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 6 Foot Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 2 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Mercenaries (from 255 BCE) Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 Allies Armenian allies (before 255 BCE) Attalid Pergamene allies (from 180 to 129 BCE) Historical Notes Cappadocia became an independent kingdom under Ariarthes I in 332 BCE as the Persian empire fell to the Macedonians. Macedonian rule was established by Perdiccas and Eumenes but after Eumenes died the adopted son Ariarthes II recovered the kingdom. In the latter part of the 2nd century BCE the kingdom fell under the influence of Pontus. In 93 BCE the Armenian king, Tigranes the Great, invaded and placed a client king Gordios on the throne. When Rome defeated Tigranes, the kingdom became a client state of Rome, eventually being incorporated as a Roman province in 17 CE.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Cappadocian Troop Notes There is little reliable information on Cappadocian troops. Some Cappadocian cavalry may have ridden armoured horses. Historical Enemies Thraco-Macedonian; Later Republican Roman; Early Imperial Roman; Armenian; Asiatic Successor; Galatian; Early Seleucid; Pontic Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 282 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 2 Xystophoroi Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average - 4 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian foot - Devastating Chargers 65 - 1,2 Tribal Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Poor - 0 Pergamene levy Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Mysian javelinmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 1,2 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Peltasts - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced Melee Expert (10), 0 Euzenoi Short Spear - 42 1,2 Skirmisher Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (7) 9 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Trallian slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Only from 188 BCE CAVALRY Average - Devastating 0 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 1,2 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 -1 Tribal Loose Protected - 1 Allies Tylis allies - Galatian (only in 218 BCE) Notes Allied contingents before 189 BCE may not include phalangites. Historical Notes The Attalid dynasty of Pergamon started because the city was selected as the repository for 9000 talents accumulated by Lysimachus and placed in charge of a warden Philetaerus. He switched sides, declaring for Seleucus, contributing to the Seleucid victory at Corupedium in 281 BCE. Philetaerus died in 263 BCE having adopted a nephew, Eumenes as his heir. From this point the Attalid's maintained independence against the Seleucid empire. They also obtained several victories over the Galatians who were a constant threat. Eumenes II allied with Rome, first against Macedon and then against the Seleucids. The defeat of Antiochus III at Magnesia in 190 BCE led to the Attalid dynasty controlling a large portion of Asia Minor. Attalus III died bequeathing the kingdom to Rome. A revolt in 129 BCE was put down and the Roman province of Asia was established. Troop Notes The Attalid army was largely reliant on mercenaries. Phalanx: There is no direct evidence for the use of a Macedonian phalanx by the Attalids. However, phalanxes were raised by Antiogonus and Lysimachus in the preceding decades. The sources refer to "peltasts" and although it is likely that these were skirmishers, it is also possible that "peltast" could refer to phalangites. The Pergamene contingent in the Roman army at Magnesia appears to have been a token force, rather than the main Pergamene army. Galatians: Hiring Galatian mercenaries was one way to prevent them raiding your territory. At least one group of mercenaries proved unreliable and turned against their paymasters. Levy: The Greek cities could raise a militia for defence. Elephants: The Pergamenes acquired some elephants captured from the Seleucids.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Attalid Pergamene Historical Enemies Asiatic Greek; Bithynian; Galatian; Early Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Galatian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 280 BCE to 62 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive (up to 1 Pisidian) Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CHARIOTS Average Experienced 0 Galatian chariots Short Spear - 92 - 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average - 8 Warriors - Devastating Chargers 65 - 1,2 Tribal Close Protected - 36 Upgrade warriors as feared: Devastating INFANTRY Average - Feared warriors Short Spear Chargers, Melee 88 - Tribal Close Protected - See note Expert ----- INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Paphlagonians subjects Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Scythed chariots (only in 273 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 - 68 - 1 BCE) Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 1 Pisidian contingent (from 278 BCE) CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Pisidian foot - - 32 Shoot & Charge (6) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Galatian Allies Thessalian allies - Classical Greek (only in 279 BCE) Paeonian allies (from 278 to 274 BCE) Antiochus Hierax - Early Seleucid (from 241 to 227 BCE) Notes Before 273 BCE all Warriors can be upgraded as feared. Before 229 BCE up to 50% of warriors can be upgraded as feared. From 229 BCE only 1 minimum sized unit in each command can be upgraded as feared. A Pisidian contingent must be commanded by an ally general and can only contain Pisidian troops. Pisidian troops are only compulsory if a Pisidian contingent is taken. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes The Galatians originated as part of a Celtic migration which invaded Macedon and Greece. The original Celts who settled in Galatia came from Thrace at the invitation of Nicomedes of Bithynia in 278 BCE to assist him in a dynastic dispute. Once their contract with Nicomedes was fulfilled they systematically raided throughout western Asia Minor. They were defeated by Antiochus I in his "elephant victory" in 275 BCE. The Galatians settled in central Anatolia in a territory which became known as Galatia. The Romans inflicted a severe defeat on the Galatians in 189 BCE. In Pompey's settlement of 64 BCE they became a client-state of the Roman empire. Around 25 BCE Augustus incorporated Galatia into the Roman empire. Troop Notes The Galatians appear to have used traditional Celtic methods of fighting. The devastation they caused after they initially broke into Macedonia led to a fearsome reputation. This declined somewhat but they were still sought after as mercenaries. Historical Enemies Paeonian; Thracian Hill Tribes; Later Macedonian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene; Pontic Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Early Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 279 BCE to 167 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions and Agema Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 Regrade Agema as CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Long Spear 261 - 1,2 cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 CAVALRY Average - 2 Line cavalry Charging Lancer - 115 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade line cavalry (before CAVALRY Superior - Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 204 BCE) Drilled Loose Protected - Up to half Convert line cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 173 - cataphracts (from 204 BCE) Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove All Galatian cavalry (from 244 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 BCE) Formed Loose Protected Javelin 2 CAMELRY Poor Experienced 0 Arab camelry - - 65 Melee Expert (9) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 2 INFANTRY Superior - Combat Shy (-31), 0 Guard Agyraspides Pike Shove 140 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - Orb (3) 6 INFANTRY Average - 3 Agyraspides and phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Early Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4 Galatian mercenaries (from INFANTRY Average - 0 - Devastating Chargers 75 - 1,2 244 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 1,2 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 2 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 1 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 1

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Early Seleucid Allies Aitolian allies - Hellenistic Greek (from 191 to 189 BCE) Notes Antiochus Hierax can only have a maximum of 6 line cavalry and Agyraspists must be downgraded to Average. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes At the death of Seleucus I, the Seleucid kingdom held territories from Thrace to the borders of India. His son, Antiochus I retained most of the Asiatic territory but the kingdom was difficult to control and gradually the further parts of the empire seceded. The Seleucid kings fought a series of wars against the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt for control of Judaea. Bactria and Parthia were lost c. 250 BCE. The Attalids declared independence in Pergamum. Briefly Antiochus III established control over the Eastern territories but then suffered a significant defeat to the Romans at Magnesia in 189 BCE which deprived the kingdom of territories west of the Taurus mountains. Troop Notes The core of the Seleucid army were the Iranian cavalry and the phalangites. Elephants: Elephants were obtained from India and the Bactrian kings. Cavalry: The cavalry were lancers. At the end of the 3rd century BCE cataphract armour was adopted by the bulk of the cavalry. Phalanx: The phalanx were provided by settlers given land in return for military service. The largest settlements were in Syria. The performance of the Seleucid phalanx during this period was pretty dismal. For historical results all guard agyraspists should arguably be downgraded combat shy, hence the option. Cretan archers: The Seleucid armies regularly contained contingents of Cretan archers. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Thracian Hill Tribes; Mid Republican Roman; Later Saka; Graeco-Bactrian; Parthian; Armenian; Cappadocian; Attalid Pergamene Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 166 BCE to 129 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Standard, Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 1 Drilled Loose Protected - 1 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Agema Long Spear 261 - 1,2 Drilled Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 2 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 1,2 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Galatian cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 2 INFANTRY Average - 3 Agyraspides Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalangites Pike Shove 100 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 9 Downgrade phalangites INFANTRY Average - Pike - 92 Orb (2) (from 145 BCE) Drilled Close Protected - All Re-equip Agyraspides INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 82 Orb (2) 1,2 equipped in Roman fashion Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thorakitai Long Spear Shove, Shield Cover 104 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 2

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Seleucid INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatian mercenaries - Devastating Chargers 75 - 1,2 Formed Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 1,2 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 3 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 Additional Cretan archers INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 (only Demetrius II from 147 - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 to 139 BCE) Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 1 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 1

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Seleucid Notes Elephants from 145 BCE cannot have the Shove characteristic. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes After the death of Antiochus IV the kingdom suffered a series of civil wars. Media and Babylonia were lost to the Parthians in 129 BCE. Troop Notes Roman Agyraspides: At his pageant at Daphne, Antiochus IV had 5,000 troops armed in the Roman fashion who might have been half of the Agyraspides (as only 5,000 appeared in the parade and traditionally this corps were 10,000 strong). Elephants: In 145 BCE African elephants were captured from Ptolemaic Egypt. Cretan archers: Demetrius II ruled after 147 BCE backed by his Cretan mercenaries. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Ptolemaic; Jewish; Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Commagene

Army Commander 1 Any Dates 163 BCE to 72 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Guard cataphracts Long Spear 224 - 1,2 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 CAVALRY Average - Devastating 2 Cataphracts Long Spear 160 - 1,2 Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 4 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Commagene Historical Notes The Kingdom of Commagene was an Armenian kingdom located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which served as its capital. In c. 163 BCE the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 CE, when it was made a Roman province by Emperor Tiberius. It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius. The reemergent state lasted until 72 CE, when the Emperor Vespasian finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire. Troop Notes The Commagene army appears to have been a mix of Hellenistic and Armenian fighting traditions. The phalanx sent to aid Titus at the siege of Jerusalem is the last recorded use of a Hellenistic pike phalanx. Historical Enemies Parthian; Armenian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Late Seleucid

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 128 BCE to 56 BCE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Superior - 0 Companions Charging Lancer - 161 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 Mercenary or settler cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Settler phalangites Pike - 92 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 12 Cilician or mercenary INFANTRY Average - 2 Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 thureophoroi Drilled Close Protected - 6 Mercenaries armed in the INFANTRY Average - 6 Impact Weapon - 77 - 1,2 Roman fashion Formed Close Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 INFANTRY Poor - 0 City militia Long Spear Shove 57 Orb (1) 2,3 Formed Close Protected - 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 "Tarentine" light horse - - 63 Cantabrian (20) 1,2 Skirmisher Protected Javelin 3 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Average Skilled 0 Cretan archers - - 93 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Late Seleucid INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Historical Notes After the loss of Media and Babylon, the Seleucid kingdom collapsed into a series of civil wars over less and less territory. The populace became so desperate that in 93 BCE Tigranes was invited into Syria, the heart of the kingdom. Only a few cities remaining loyal to the Seleucid kings. The Romans annexed Syria as a province in Pompey's settlement of 63 BCE. The last king, Philip II, died sometime after 56 BCE. Troop Notes The Seleucid army of this period was reliant on its core Syrian territories and mercenaries from adjacent areas including Cilicia and Judaea. The regular civil wars appear to have provided plenty of opportunities for mercenaries. The defeats suffered by the Hellenistic armies against the Romans in the 2nd century BCE appear to have influenced fighting styles with increasing numbers of units following the Roman style of fighting. Historical Enemies Nabatean; Pre-Islamic Arab; Jewish; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Armenian; Late Seleucid Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Pontic

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 110 BCE to 47 BCE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average Unskilled 2 Pontic cavalry Short Spear - 95 Shoot & Charge (10) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin 4 Upgrade Pontic cavalry to CAVALRY Average - Devastating Long Spear 160 - 1,2 cataphracts Tribal Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove Up to half CAVALRY Superior - 0 Sarmatian cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 - 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Scythian cavalry --94- 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thureophoroi Long Spear Shove 99 Orb (2) 1,2 Drilled Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Phalanx (before 84 BCE) Pike Combat Shy 70 Orb (2) 1,2,3 Drilled Close Protected - 6 Phalanx recruited from ex- INFANTRY Average - 0 Pike Combat Shy 65 Orb (2) 1,2,3 slaves (from 89 to 85 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 6 Pontic legionaries (from 87 INFANTRY Average - 0 Impact Weapon - 77 - 1,2 BCE) Formed Close Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 0 Thracians - Devastating Chargers 70 Melee Expert (16) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Galatians - Devastating Chargers 75 - 1,2 Formed Close Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bastarnae foot - Devastating Chargers 70 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 4 Hillmen Short Spear - 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Pontic INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 2 Light horse --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 3 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Javelinmen - Combat Shy 20 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 CHARIOTS Poor - Expendables, 0 Scythed chariots - 68 - 1 Formed Loose Protected - Devastating Chargers 1 Allies Armenian allies (from 92 BCE) Notes If phalangites are used, only one TUG of Pontic legionaries is permitted. SPECIAL RULE: Scythed chariots count the Devastating Chargers combat factor in only 1 rank. This rule must be notified to your opponent at deployment. Historical Notes Pontus consisted of parts of northern Turkey east of the Halys river. Ruled by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty from the latter part of the 4th century BCE the kingdom progressively expanded. Under Mithridates VI control was extended over Galatia, Cappadocia and the Bosporan kingdom. In 89 BCE he defeated a Roman army and seized the Roman province of Asia, ordering the killing of 80,000 Romans and Italians. A Pontic army invaded Greece and was defeated by Sulla at the battle of Chaeronea. A second defeat was inflicted by the Romans at Orchomenus in 85 BCE. Mithridates agreed to a peace that included returning Asia to the Romans and giving back Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings. Further wars were fought with Rome. Between 74 BCE and 67 BCE Lucullus defeated Pontic and Armenian armies but had his command removed from him by Pompey. Pompey defeated Mithridates who fled to the Crimea. He was organising a new army when his son Pharnaces led a revolt against him and he was forced to commit suicide or was assassinated. Pontus became a Roman province with Bithynia.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Pontic Troop Notes Pontus had originally been part of Cappadocia and gradually increased its independence. It had a relatively small native force and relied extensively on mercenaries, either recruited from the Pontic steppes to the north or from the Roman provinces it overran. Mithridates also received a contingent of Armenians when fighting Lucullus. Heavy cavalry: Recruited from the Pontic nobility. Sarmatian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Scythian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes. Thracians: Continued to be available as mercenaries. Galatians: Were employed as mercenaries. Bastarnae: Recruited from the steppes. Thureophoroi: Recruited as mercenaries from the Hellenistic influenced areas of Asia Minor. Phalanx: A phalanx was recruited when Mithridates invaded and conquered the Roman provinces of Asia and Greece. It was supplemented by a phalanx of ex-slaves. Imitation legionaries: After defeated in Greece, the army was reorganised and trained on Roman lines.

Historical Enemies Early Sarmatian; Bosporan; Later Scythian; Mid Republican Roman; Parthian; Bithynian; Cappadocian; Galatian Changes from last version Special rule for scythed chariots.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Palmyran

Army Commander 1 Any Dates 258 CE to 273 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Terrain Plains, Desert Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Melee Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size CAVALRY Average - Devastating 2 Cataphracts Long Spear 173 - 1,2 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 6 CAVALRY Superior - Devastating 0 Upgrade cataphracts Long Spear 242 - 1,2 Formed Close ArmHrs/F Armoured - Chargers, Shove 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Roman cavalry Short Spear - 105 Shoot & Charge (10), 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected Javelin Dismountable (5) 2 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best archers - - 58 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Drilled Loose Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 2 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average - Melee Expert (16), 0 Roman legionaries Impact Weapon Shield Cover 92 Orb (2), 1,2 Drilled Flexible Protected - Integral Shooters (6) 6

INFANTRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (16), 0 Roman auxilia Short Spear - 85 Shoot & Charge (6), 1,2 Drilled Flexible Protected Javelin Orb (2) 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers - - 70 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 8 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade horse archers - Cantabrian 86 Combat Shy (-4) 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Up to half INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 42 - 1,2,3 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Palmyran Allies Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab Notes From 268 CE, Roman foot cannot be mixed in the same command as non-Romans. Roman cavalry dismount as Drilled Loose, Protected, Average (or Poor if downgraded to Poor), Unskilled Javelin, Short Spear (and Melee Expert if this characteristic has been chosen). Historical Notes Palmyra became a wealthy city from trade caravans. By the third century CE, Palmyra was a prosperous regional centre reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed Palmyra. Troop Notes Palmyran troops had been integrated with the Roman army in 224 CE Cataphracts: The Palmyrene cataphracts gave the Romans a hard time. Horse archers: Some horse archers were equipped with spears. This is similar to some Parthian horse archers who also used spears on occasion. It is not deemed sufficient to equip skirmishers with short spear. Archers: Both regular and levied units of archers were employed. Historical Enemies Pre-Islamic Arab; Imperial Roman; Early Sassanid Persian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall