DOCSLIB.ORG

Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete Author(S): Paula J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete Author(S): Paula J OF BATTLE, BOOTY, AND (CITIZEN) WOMEN: A "New" Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete Author(s): Paula J. Perlman Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January-March 2010), pp. 79-112 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835455 . Accessed: 18/03/2014 10:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions „..„..a„(»..) OF BATTLE, BOOTY, AND P"g"79"" (CITIZEN) WOMEN A "New" Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete ABSTRACT The authorproposes a join betweentwo previously unassociated inscribed blocksfrom Axos, Crete. These Archaicinscriptions (IC II v 5 andIC II v 6) arenow lost, but published descriptions and drawings of the blocks, along with thetext that results from this virtual join, stronglysupport their association. The new,composite text preserves part of a law or interstateagreement and appearsto concernrituals attendant to war; it is examinedhere in the broader contextof Cretan dedicatory habits and societyduring the Late IronAge and theArchaic period. INTRODUCTION AncientAxos was located in north-central Crete in the foothills of Psiloritis (Mt. Ida), roughlymidway between the modern cities of Herakleion and Rethymnon.1Excavations on theacropolis of the polis-town late in the 19thcentury revealed the remains of a largepublic building dating to the Archaicperiod. A numberof blocks believed to havecome from the walls ofthis building bear inscriptions in theepichoric alphabet of Axos. This articlefocuses on twoof these inscriptions, Inscriptiones creticae (IC) II v 5 andIC II v 6. Althoughautopsy is notpossible, as thecurrent location of theblocks is unknown,the published descriptions and drawings of them, as wellas thetext that results from their proposed association, suggest that IC II v 5 andIC II v 6 belongtogether, perhaps even "joining" along the rightedge of IC II v 6 and theleft edge of IC II v 5. The newtext that resultsfrom this "join" seems to concernrituals attendant to war, possibly 1. See Perlman2004b, pp. 1153- AnnualMeeting of the American Gagarin,David Hill, Charalambos 1154,no. 950. PhilologicalAssociation (San Fran- Kritzas,Mark Southern,and thetwo Earlyversions of this paper were cisco,January 2-5, 2004). I wouldlike anonymousHesperia referees for their presentedat theinternational confer- to thankthe members of both audi- insightfulcomments, and to BethChi- ence"O M')À,otiót(X(ioçarcótt|v apxotió- encesfor their remarks and Constanze chesterfor preparing Figures 1 and 2. xT|xaa>ç af|(xepa" (Panormo, Crete, Wittfor delivering the paper for me in All translationsare my own. October24-30, 2003) and at the135th San Francisco.I am gratefulto Michael © The American School of Classical Studies at Athens This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 8o PAULA J. PERLMAN includingsacrifice and the tithing of booty. Of particular interest is a refer- enceto páaxai ("citizen women") in this context, a reference that may shed lighton the cults of goddesses at several Cretan sanctuaries, including one at Axositself, with votive assemblages consisting ofarms, armor, and terracotta figurinesof naked and clothed females. I begin with a briefhistory of the discoveryand subsequent fate of the Archaic epichoric inscriptions from Axosbefore turning to a closestudy of the 19th- and early-20th-century drawingson whichthe new composite text is based.I concludewith an explorationofthe broader historical implications ofthe composite text for LateArchaic Axos and Crete. DISCOVERY AND LOSS OF THE EPICHORIC INSCRIPTIONS OF AXOS Modernstudy of the Archaic epichoric inscriptions of Axosbegan with thepublication in 1865of Colonel T. A. B. Spratts Travelsand Researches in Crete.In hisaccount of the remains of ancient Axos, Spratt described a slabof marble bearing a "verycurious inscription in characterspartially reversedand of very early date/'2 Spratt discovered this inscribed block at a springnear the modern village of Axos.3 Although local women had used it as a surfacefor scrubbing their clothes, thus wearing away much of the originalsurface, Spratt managed to transcribeparts of the text. In thefall of 1879, the French epigrapher Bernard Haussoullier visited Axosand transcribedan additionalfive epichoric inscriptions (Table 1, nos.5-8, 10A).These were published in 1885.4At aboutthe same time (1884-1887),the Italian archaeologist and epigrapher Federico Halbherr includedAxos in hisitinerary when he exploredCrete on behalfof the Ministerodell'Istruzione Pubblica.5 Although he was unable to locate the inscribed"marble slab" that Spratt had transcribed,Halbherr discovered fourpreviously unknown Archaic inscriptions (Table 1, nos. 1-3, 10B) and reexaminedthe ones that Haussoullier had already studied. In thefinal decades of the 19th century, Domenico Comparetti pub- lishedthe 11 Archaicinscriptions ofAxos that were then known, incor- poratingHalbherr's notes and drawings and adding some commentary of hisown (Table 1, nos.1-10B).6 Eight of these 11 texts(nos. 1-8) were inscribedon blocksof local limestone. Comparetti concluded that seven 2. Spratt1865, pp. 77-78 (with Descrittionedell'isola di Creta.See Teza pp. 131-162; Comparetti1893, quoteon p. 78), 424-425,pl. 11:5.It is 1883; Comparetti1884. Barozzidid pp. 381-418. Halbherrs notesappear veryunlikely that the block was marble. notindicate where at Axoshe saw the in identicalform as thecritical appa- All otherinscribed blocks from Axos inscribedblock. ratusin bothpublications. Compa- areof the local limestone. For the 4. Haussoullier1885. Haussoullier rettirevised his owncommentary of inscriptionto whichSpratt refers, see brieflydescribed a sixthinscription 1888 in thelater publication. The Table 1, no. 9. (Table 1, no. 4), butdid notinclude a fournew inscriptions included no. 10B 3. Sprattwas not,as it turnsout, drawingor a transcriptionofit. in Table 1, inscribedon theback of thefirst to havestudied this inscrip- 5. Foran accountof the pioneering theblock bearing one ofthe inscrip- tion.The VenetianFrancesco B arozzi researchof Halbherr and otherItalian tionsfirst published by Haussoullier (1537-1604) includeda transcription scholarsat Axos,see Aversa2006. (no. 10A). ofthe text in his 1577 manuscript, 6. Comparettiand Halbherr1888, This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions a "new" inscription from archaic axos 8i TABLE 1. CONCORDANCE OF THE ARCHAIC INSCRIPTIONS FROM AXOS Haussoullier Comparettiand Comparetti Bile1988, Koerner Inscription ICIIv 1885 Halbherr1888 1893 SGDI pp. 28-69 1993 Nomima 11 1,2 183 5125a no. 101 1.28 2 2 3a + b 184 5125b no. 102 1.28 3 3 4 185 5125c no. 103 4 4 (no drawing) 5 186 5125d no. 104 5 5 3 6 187 5126a,b 6 6 17 188 5126a,b 7 7 2 8 189 5126c 8 8 5 9 190 9 9 10 191 5128 nos. 106,107 10A 10A 4 lia 192a 5126d,5129a, b 10B 10B lib 192b lla-f lla-f 12A,B 12a + a',b + b' no. 108 13a-d 13a-d 14a-h 14a-h 15 15 16 no. 27 no. 105 1.29 17 no. 45 2.18 of them(nos. 1-7) camefrom the walls of theArchaic building whose remainswere visible on theancient acropolis.7 During the fall of 1899, Halbherrand Gaetano de Sanctisexcavated the Archaic building on the acropolis,which they identified as a temple,and a templein thesaddle belowand to theeast of the acropolis site.8 Their excavations yielded an additionalsix fragments ofinscribed blocks from the acropolis site and 16 fromthe vicinity of the temple in the saddle. The 22 inscriptionsfrom the excavationsof 1899, together with one additional fragment ofan early text inscribedon a blockreused in a villagehouse that de Sanctishad transcribed in 1899,were first published in 1939in thesecond volume of Margherita Guarduccis Inscriptiones creticae.9 Since then, the texts of two new epichoric inscriptionsfrom Axos have been published.10 7. Comparetti1893, p. 383.The (de Sanctis).Guarducci appears to have Inscriptionescreticae as Guarducci's. case forassociating these inscribed studiednos. 12 and 13 afterthey had 10.Jeffery 1949, pp. 34-36, no. 8 blockswith the Archaic structure on beentransferred to the museum in (= Table 1, no. 16); SEG XXIII 565A theacropolis is notconclusive; see Perl- Herakleion.Although the facsimile and B (= Table 1, no. 17). Jefferynoted man2004a, pp. 191-192. drawingsof the remaining Archaic thatthe local familyfrom whom the 8. Halbherr1899; Savignoni1900, inscriptionsof Axos thatshe presents GreekArchaeological Service acquired pp. 311-312; Levi 1930-1931,pp. 44- in IC II v arenot identical to thedraw- thetwo joining fragments of no. 16 48, figs.3, 4; Aversaand Monaco 2006. ingsin theearlier publications of Haus- indicatedthat the fragments had come The acropolisbuilding, if it was indeed soullier,Halbherr, and Comparetti,to fromthe acropolis. She suggestedthat a temple,may have belonged to Apollo thebest of my knowledge Guarducci theinscription came originally from and theone belowit to a goddess;see did notherself examine the stones. I thetemple in thesaddle. The details Perlman2000, pp.. 73-74; 2004a, suspectthat these drawings depend ofthe discovery of no. 17 arenot pp. 188-191;and below,pp. 104-105. uponthe unpublished notes and draw- published.Yannis Tzifopoulos (pers. 9. Table 1: no. 11 (sixfragments ingsof Halbherr and de Sanctis,or comm.)reports the recent discovery at fromthe acropolis); nos.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minoan Religion
    MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS MINOAN RELIGION STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION Frederick M. Denny, Editor The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Edited by Frederick M. Denny and Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory Rodney L. Taylor By Ruth Cecily Katz Dr. Strangegod: Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics By Ira Chernus Edited by Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer Native American Religious Action: A Performance Approach to Religion By Ritual Criticism: Sam Gill Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory By Ronald L. Grimes The Confucian Way of Contemplation: Okada Takehiko and the Tradition of The Dragons of Tiananmen: Quiet-Sitting Beijing as a Sacred City By By Rodney L. Taylor Jeffrey F. Meyer Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: The Other Sides of Paradise: Western and Islamic Perspectives Explorations into the Religious Meanings on Religious Liberty of Domestic Space in Islam By David Little, John Kelsay, By Juan Eduardo Campo and Abdulaziz A. Sachedina Sacred Masks: Deceptions and Revelations By Henry Pernet The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song The Third Disestablishment: By Earle H. Waugh Regional Difference in Religion and Personal Autonomy 77u' Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: By Phillip E. Hammond Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol By By George D. Bond Nanno Marinatos A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam By Gordon Darnell Newby MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS University of South Carolina Press Copyright © 1993 University of South Carolina Published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinatos, Nanno.
    [Show full text]
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleolithic Y-Haplogroup Heritage Predominates in a Cretan Highland Plateau
    European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 485–493 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1018-4813/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/ejhg ARTICLE Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau Laisel Martinez1, Peter A Underhill2, Lev A Zhivotovsky3, Tenzin Gayden1, Nicholas K Moschonas4, Cheryl-Emiliane T Chow2, Simon Conti2, Elisabetta Mamolini5, L Luca Cavalli-Sforza2 and Rene J Herrera*,1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; 2Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; 3N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; 4Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; 5Department of Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy The island of Crete, credited by some historical scholars as a central crucible of western civilization, has been under continuous archeological investigation since the second half of the nineteenth century. In the present work, the geographic stratification of the contemporary Cretan Y-chromosome gene pool was assessed by high-resolution haplotyping to investigate the potential imprints of past colonization episodes and the population substructure. In addition to analyzing the possible geographic origins of Y-chromosome lineages in relatively accessible areas of the island, this study includes samples from the isolated interior of the Lasithi Plateau – a mountain plain located in eastern Crete. The potential significance of the results from the latter region is underscored by the possibility that this region was used as a Minoan refugium. Comparisons of Y-haplogroup frequencies among three Cretan populations as well as with published data from additional Mediterranean locations revealed significant differences in the frequency distributions of Y-chromosome haplogroups within the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Education • Ph.D. Candidate in History of Art, University of Crete Supervisor
    Afroditi Kouki Research Team Member CV Date of birth: 29 August 1981 Telephone number:+30-6972398607 E-mail: [email protected] Education • Ph.D. Candidate in History of Art, University of Crete Supervisor: Professor Evgenios Matthiopoulos Ph.D. Dissertation (in progress): “The Creation and Organisation of the Production of Folk Art Works: From ‘The Feast in the Zappeion Exhibition Hall’ by the Lyceum Club of Greek Women (1911) to the Professional School of Housekeeping and Handicraft ‘The Greek House’ (1938)” • M.A. in History of Art, University of Crete, 2003-2008 Supervisor: Professor Evgenios Matthiopoulos Grade: “Excellent” (9/10) M.A. Thesis: “The Organisation of the Production of Folk Art Works during the Interwar Period: from the ‘Lyceum Club of Greek Women’ to the ‘Association of Arts and Crafts Workshops’” • B.A. in Archaeology and Art History, University of Crete, 1999-2003 Grade: “Very Good” (Lian Kalos, 7.79/10) Grant • Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) – Institute for Mediterranean Studies: Participation in the research project “Art criticism in interwar Greece”, 2007-2009 (principal researcher: Professor Evgenios Matthiopoulos) Publication • ‘Folk’ art in the ‘service’ of bourgeois modernization: the proposals of the German architect Hugo Eberhardt for the development of Greek craft industry (1914)”, in Research questions in art history, from the late Middle Ages to the present day, Aris Sarafianos & Panagiotis Ioannou (eds), Athens: Asini Publishing, 2016, p. 329-342 Conference papers • “Proposals
    [Show full text]
  • The Ubiquity of the Cretan Archer in Ancient Warfare
    1 ‘You’ll be an archer my son!’ The ubiquity of the Cretan archer in ancient warfare When a contingent of archers is mentioned in the context of Greek and Roman armies, more often than not the culture associated with them is that of Crete. Indeed, when we just have archers mentioned in an army without a specified origin, Cretan archers are commonly assumed to be meant, so ubiquitous with archery and groups of mercenary archers were the Cretans. The Cretans are the most famous, but certainly not the only ‘nation’ associated with a particular fighting style (Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts leap to mind but there are others too). The long history of Cretan archers can be seen in the sources – according to some stretching from the First Messenian War right down to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Even in the reliable historical record we find Cretan archer units from the Peloponnesian War well into the Roman period. Associations with the Bow Crete had had a long association with archery. Several Linear B tablets from Knossos refer to arrow-counts (6,010 on one and 2,630 on another) as well as archers being depicted on seals and mosaics. Diodorus Siculus (5.74.5) recounts the story of Apollo that: ‘as the discoverer of the bow he taught the people of the land all about the use of the bow, this being the reason why the art of archery is especially cultivated by the Cretans and the bow is called “Cretan.” ’ The first reliable references to Cretan archers as a unit, however, which fit with our ideas about developments in ancient warfare, seem to come in the context of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE).
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of the Kouros
    THE ORIGINS OF THE KOUROS By REBECCA ANN DUNHAM A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Rebecca Ann Dunham This document is dedicated to my mom. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION OF THE KOUROS TYPE ....................................................................1 Pose...............................................................................................................................2 Size and material...........................................................................................................2 Nudity ...........................................................................................................................3 Body Shape and Treatment of Musculature .................................................................3 Execution ......................................................................................................................4 Function ........................................................................................................................5 Provenances ..................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements Art
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements Art 7-1-2000 Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements [full text, not including figures] J.L. Benson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/art_jbgs Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Benson, J.L., "Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements [full text, not including figures]" (2000). Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements. 1. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/art_jbgs/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cover design by Jeff Belizaire About this book This is one part of the first comprehensive study of the development of Greek sculpture and painting with the aim of enriching the usual stylistic-sociological approaches through a serious, disciplined consideration of the basic Greek scientific orientation to the world. This world view, known as the Four Elements Theory, came to specific formulation at the same time as the perfected contrapposto of Polykleitos and a concern with the four root colors in painting (Polygnotos). All these factors are found to be intimately intertwined, for, at this stage of human culture, the spheres of science and art were not so drastically differentiated as in our era. The world of the four elements involved the concepts of polarity and complementarism at every level.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Practices in Ancient Macedonia from the Neolithic to the Roman Period
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Hellenic University: IHU Open Access Repository Agricultural practices in ancient Macedonia from the Neolithic to the Roman period Evangelos Kamanatzis SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Studies January 2018 Thessaloniki – Greece Student Name: Evangelos Kamanatzis SID: 2201150001 Supervisor: Prof. Manolis Manoledakis I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. January 2018 Thessaloniki - Greece Abstract This dissertation was written as part of the MA in Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Studies at the International Hellenic University. The aim of this dissertation is to collect as much information as possible on agricultural practices in Macedonia from prehistory to Roman times and examine them within their social and cultural context. Chapter 1 will offer a general introduction to the aims and methodology of this thesis. This chapter will also provide information on the geography, climate and natural resources of ancient Macedonia from prehistoric times. We will them continue with a concise social and cultural history of Macedonia from prehistory to the Roman conquest. This is important in order to achieve a good understanding of all these social and cultural processes that are directly or indirectly related with the exploitation of land and agriculture in Macedonia through time. In chapter 2, we are going to look briefly into the origins of agriculture in Macedonia and then explore the most important types of agricultural products (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Luigi Pernier, Direttore
    Volume LXXXVII Serie III, 9 Tomo I* 2009 ESTRATTO SCUOLA ARCHEOLOGICA ITALIANA DI ATENE 100 anni 1909/1910 - 2009/2010 LUIGI PERNIER: DIRETTORE “PEL BENE E L’AVVENIRE” * “Le dirò che la mia proposta del nome del Dr. Pernier per la direzione della Scuola di Atene è stata appoggiata presso il Ministro Rava dal Senatore Mosso e dall’On. Galli e che il Ministro ha risposto dando buon affidamento” 1 Con queste parole, scritte da Federico Halbherr 2 a Domenico Comparetti 3, nel settembre del 1908, si conclude la laboriosa genesi 4 della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene. Il triangolo Comparetti-Halbherr-Pernier offre, nei frequenti scambi epistolari, uno spaccato affascinante e, per molti versi, estremamente attuale della rete di interessi politici e scientifici che avevano mosso, già all’indomani della scoperta di Gortina, l’appassionato roveretano a cercare una sede greca per le sue missioni archeologiche. Da Firenze Domenico Comparetti crea i presupposti politici e individua vari ambiti della ricer - ca scientifica, mentre a Halbherr il giovane Luigi Pernier 5 appare come una figura che possa unire la concretezza dell’attività sul campo ad un’indole diplomatica. “Luigi Pernier (…) si distingue per una speciale vocazione per questi studii di storia e di anti - chità” 6 Pernier era stato selezionato nel 1897 come allievo della Scuola Archeologica di Roma da una severa commissione composta da D. Comparetti, R. Lanciani, F. Halbherr, E. Loewy ed E. De Ruggiero. Il giudizio unanime di idoneità aveva confermato l’ottima prova che qualche mese prima Pernier aveva sostenuto discutendo la tesi di laurea di fronte, tra gli altri, a Giulio Beloch e con Lanciani come relatore.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip V and Perseus: the Twilight of Antigonid Macedonia Philip V of Macedonia Was a Shrewd and Effective Leader. He Proved Ev
    Philip V and Perseus: The Twilight of Antigonid Macedonia Philip V of Macedonia was a shrewd and effective leader. He proved even more adept than his predecessors at dealing with the Greek city-states, Illyrian invasions, and the other traditional concerns of his kingdom. Unfortunately for him, he was forced to deal with a completely new threat, for which he was unprepared—the rising power of Rome. Philip V and his son and successor Perseus failed in their conflicts with Rome, and ultimately allowed Macedonia to be conquered by the Romans. Since the wars they fought against Rome were recorded by Roman historians, they are known as the Macedonian Wars. Early Life and Reign of Philip V Philip V was the son of Demetrius II, who died in battle when Philip was nine years old. Since the army and nobility were hesitant to trust the kingdom to a child, they made Antigonas Doson regent, and then king. Antigonas honored Philip’s position, and when Antigonas died in 221 BC, Philip ascended smoothly to the throne at the age of seventeen. As the young king of Macedonia, Philip V was eager to prove his abilities. He defeated the Dardians in battle. When hostilities broke out between the two major leagues of Greek cities—the Achaean League and Aetolian League—he sided with Aratus and the Achaean League. Thanks to Philip’s intervention, the Achaeans achieved major victories against the Aetolians, and Aratus became one of Philip’s advisors. First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) In 219 BC, Demetrius of Pharos, the king of Illyria, fled to Philip’s court after being expelled by the Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Settlement Patterns, Exchange Systems and Sources of Powerin Crete at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Establishing a Connection
    REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, EXCHANGE SYSTEMS AND SOURCES OF POWERIN CRETE AT THE END OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE: ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION by EUSABETTA BORGNA 1. - INTRODUCTION The traditional debate on the end of the Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age in Crete has been fuelled in recent years by new contributions adopting new theoretical perspectives and specific fieldwork practices, such as in particular regional surveys '. The purpose of this paper is to integrate certain recent indications with the preliminary results of a research project based on the analysis of the material culture coming from a single Late Bronze Age Cretan site, namely Phaistos in south-central Crete (Borgna 2001; 2003b, with literature). The data to be placed into a broader framework will, hopefully, serve to furnish a pattern for both the regional distribution of the population and the socio-economic relationships among the settlements and districts of Crete at the close of the Late Bronze Age. Some observations emerging from the scholarly dicussion arising out of a specific Cretan perspective, together with an Aegean Mediterranean view, have provided the investigation with theoretical premises and analytical basis. These can be summarized as follows: - In opposition to a generalizing explanation for Dark Age Crete, D. Haggis (1993; 2001; 2002) has reiterated the usefulness of a contextual analysis aiming at focusing on diversified regional realities. Furthermore, he has applied the concept of socio-economic "integration" to cultural frameworks and population layouts which, during the development of Minoan societies and in particular in the Prepalatial period, were unaffetcted by the control of central authorities.
    [Show full text]