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Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete Author(S): Paula J

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OF BATTLE, BOOTY, AND (CITIZEN) WOMEN: A "New" Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete Author(s): Paula J. Perlman Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January-March 2010), pp. 79-112 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835455 . Accessed: 18/03/2014 10:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions „..„..a„(»..) OF BATTLE, BOOTY, AND P"g"79"" (CITIZEN) WOMEN A "New" Inscription from Archaic Axos, Crete ABSTRACT The authorproposes a join betweentwo previously unassociated inscribed blocksfrom Axos, Crete. These Archaicinscriptions (IC II v 5 andIC II v 6) arenow lost, but published descriptions and drawings of the blocks, along with thetext that results from this virtual join, stronglysupport their association. The new,composite text preserves part of a law or interstateagreement and appearsto concernrituals attendant to war; it is examinedhere in the broader contextof Cretan dedicatory habits and societyduring the Late IronAge and theArchaic period. INTRODUCTION AncientAxos was located in north-central Crete in the foothills of Psiloritis (Mt. Ida), roughlymidway between the modern cities of Herakleion and Rethymnon.1Excavations on theacropolis of the polis-town late in the 19thcentury revealed the remains of a largepublic building dating to the Archaicperiod. A numberof blocks believed to havecome from the walls ofthis building bear inscriptions in theepichoric alphabet of Axos. This articlefocuses on twoof these inscriptions, Inscriptiones creticae (IC) II v 5 andIC II v 6. Althoughautopsy is notpossible, as thecurrent location of theblocks is unknown,the published descriptions and drawings of them, as wellas thetext that results from their proposed association, suggest that IC II v 5 andIC II v 6 belongtogether, perhaps even "joining" along the rightedge of IC II v 6 and theleft edge of IC II v 5. The newtext that resultsfrom this "join" seems to concernrituals attendant to war, possibly 1. See Perlman2004b, pp. 1153- AnnualMeeting of the American Gagarin,David Hill, Charalambos 1154,no. 950. PhilologicalAssociation (San Fran- Kritzas,Mark Southern,and thetwo Earlyversions of this paper were cisco,January 2-5, 2004). I wouldlike anonymousHesperia referees for their presentedat theinternational confer- to thankthe members of both audi- insightfulcomments, and to BethChi- ence"O M')À,otiót(X(ioçarcótt|v apxotió- encesfor their remarks and Constanze chesterfor preparing Figures 1 and 2. xT|xaa>ç af|(xepa" (Panormo, Crete, Wittfor delivering the paper for me in All translationsare my own. October24-30, 2003) and at the135th San Francisco.I am gratefulto Michael © The American School of Classical Studies at Athens This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 8o PAULA J. PERLMAN includingsacrifice and the tithing of booty. Of particular interest is a refer- enceto páaxai ("citizen women") in this context, a reference that may shed lighton the cults of goddesses at several Cretan sanctuaries, including one at Axositself, with votive assemblages consisting ofarms, armor, and terracotta figurinesof naked and clothed females. I begin with a briefhistory of the discoveryand subsequent fate of the Archaic epichoric inscriptions from Axosbefore turning to a closestudy of the 19th- and early-20th-century drawingson whichthe new composite text is based.I concludewith an explorationofthe broader historical implications ofthe composite text for LateArchaic Axos and Crete. DISCOVERY AND LOSS OF THE EPICHORIC INSCRIPTIONS OF AXOS Modernstudy of the Archaic epichoric inscriptions of Axosbegan with thepublication in 1865of Colonel T. A. B. Spratts Travelsand Researches in Crete.In hisaccount of the remains of ancient Axos, Spratt described a slabof marble bearing a "verycurious inscription in characterspartially reversedand of very early date/'2 Spratt discovered this inscribed block at a springnear the modern village of Axos.3 Although local women had used it as a surfacefor scrubbing their clothes, thus wearing away much of the originalsurface, Spratt managed to transcribeparts of the text. In thefall of 1879, the French epigrapher Bernard Haussoullier visited Axosand transcribedan additionalfive epichoric inscriptions (Table 1, nos.5-8, 10A).These were published in 1885.4At aboutthe same time (1884-1887),the Italian archaeologist and epigrapher Federico Halbherr includedAxos in hisitinerary when he exploredCrete on behalfof the Ministerodell'Istruzione Pubblica.5 Although he was unable to locate the inscribed"marble slab" that Spratt had transcribed,Halbherr discovered fourpreviously unknown Archaic inscriptions (Table 1, nos. 1-3, 10B) and reexaminedthe ones that Haussoullier had already studied. In thefinal decades of the 19th century, Domenico Comparetti pub- lishedthe 11 Archaicinscriptions ofAxos that were then known, incor- poratingHalbherr's notes and drawings and adding some commentary of hisown (Table 1, nos.1-10B).6 Eight of these 11 texts(nos. 1-8) were inscribedon blocksof local limestone. Comparetti concluded that seven 2. Spratt1865, pp. 77-78 (with Descrittionedell'isola di Creta.See Teza pp. 131-162; Comparetti1893, quoteon p. 78), 424-425,pl. 11:5.It is 1883; Comparetti1884. Barozzidid pp. 381-418. Halbherrs notesappear veryunlikely that the block was marble. notindicate where at Axoshe saw the in identicalform as thecritical appa- All otherinscribed blocks from Axos inscribedblock. ratusin bothpublications. Compa- areof the local limestone. For the 4. Haussoullier1885. Haussoullier rettirevised his owncommentary of inscriptionto whichSpratt refers, see brieflydescribed a sixthinscription 1888 in thelater publication. The Table 1, no. 9. (Table 1, no. 4), butdid notinclude a fournew inscriptions included no. 10B 3. Sprattwas not,as it turnsout, drawingor a transcriptionofit. in Table 1, inscribedon theback of thefirst to havestudied this inscrip- 5. Foran accountof the pioneering theblock bearing one ofthe inscrip- tion.The VenetianFrancesco B arozzi researchof Halbherr and otherItalian tionsfirst published by Haussoullier (1537-1604) includeda transcription scholarsat Axos,see Aversa2006. (no. 10A). ofthe text in his 1577 manuscript, 6. Comparettiand Halbherr1888, This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:12:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions a "new" inscription from archaic axos 8i TABLE 1. CONCORDANCE OF THE ARCHAIC INSCRIPTIONS FROM AXOS Haussoullier Comparettiand Comparetti Bile1988, Koerner Inscription ICIIv 1885 Halbherr1888 1893 SGDI pp. 28-69 1993 Nomima 11 1,2 183 5125a no. 101 1.28 2 2 3a + b 184 5125b no. 102 1.28 3 3 4 185 5125c no. 103 4 4 (no drawing) 5 186 5125d no. 104 5 5 3 6 187 5126a,b 6 6 17 188 5126a,b 7 7 2 8 189 5126c 8 8 5 9 190 9 9 10 191 5128 nos. 106,107 10A 10A 4 lia 192a 5126d,5129a, b 10B 10B lib 192b lla-f lla-f 12A,B 12a + a',b + b' no. 108 13a-d 13a-d 14a-h 14a-h 15 15 16 no. 27 no. 105 1.29 17 no. 45 2.18 of them(nos. 1-7) camefrom the walls of theArchaic building whose remainswere visible on theancient acropolis.7 During the fall of 1899, Halbherrand Gaetano de Sanctisexcavated the Archaic building on the acropolis,which they identified as a temple,and a templein thesaddle belowand to theeast of the acropolis site.8 Their excavations yielded an additionalsix fragments ofinscribed blocks from the acropolis site and 16 fromthe vicinity of the temple in the saddle. The 22 inscriptionsfrom the excavationsof 1899, together with one additional fragment ofan early text inscribedon a blockreused in a villagehouse that de Sanctishad transcribed in 1899,were first published in 1939in thesecond volume of Margherita Guarduccis Inscriptiones creticae.9 Since then, the texts of two new epichoric inscriptionsfrom Axos have been published.10 7. Comparetti1893, p. 383.The (de Sanctis).Guarducci appears to have Inscriptionescreticae as Guarducci's. case forassociating these inscribed studiednos. 12 and 13 afterthey had 10.Jeffery 1949, pp. 34-36, no. 8 blockswith the Archaic structure on beentransferred to the museum in (= Table 1, no. 16); SEG XXIII 565A theacropolis is notconclusive; see Perl- Herakleion.Although the facsimile and B (= Table 1, no. 17). Jefferynoted man2004a, pp. 191-192. drawingsof the remaining Archaic thatthe local familyfrom whom the 8. Halbherr1899; Savignoni1900, inscriptionsof Axos thatshe presents GreekArchaeological Service acquired pp. 311-312; Levi 1930-1931,pp. 44- in IC II v arenot identical to thedraw- thetwo joining fragments of no. 16 48, figs.3, 4; Aversaand Monaco 2006. ingsin theearlier publications of Haus- indicatedthat the fragments had come The acropolisbuilding, if it was indeed soullier,Halbherr, and Comparetti,to fromthe acropolis. She suggestedthat a temple,may have belonged to Apollo thebest of my knowledge Guarducci theinscription came originally from and theone belowit to a goddess;see did notherself examine the stones. I thetemple in thesaddle. The details Perlman2000, pp.. 73-74; 2004a, suspectthat these drawings depend ofthe discovery of no. 17 arenot pp. 188-191;and below,pp. 104-105. uponthe unpublished notes and draw- published.Yannis Tzifopoulos (pers. 9. Table 1: no. 11 (sixfragments ingsof Halbherr and de Sanctis,or comm.)reports the recent discovery at fromthe acropolis); nos.
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  • Regional Settlement Patterns, Exchange Systems and Sources of Powerin Crete at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Establishing a Connection

    Regional Settlement Patterns, Exchange Systems and Sources of Powerin Crete at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Establishing a Connection

    REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, EXCHANGE SYSTEMS AND SOURCES OF POWERIN CRETE AT THE END OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE: ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION by EUSABETTA BORGNA 1. - INTRODUCTION The traditional debate on the end of the Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age in Crete has been fuelled in recent years by new contributions adopting new theoretical perspectives and specific fieldwork practices, such as in particular regional surveys '. The purpose of this paper is to integrate certain recent indications with the preliminary results of a research project based on the analysis of the material culture coming from a single Late Bronze Age Cretan site, namely Phaistos in south-central Crete (Borgna 2001; 2003b, with literature). The data to be placed into a broader framework will, hopefully, serve to furnish a pattern for both the regional distribution of the population and the socio-economic relationships among the settlements and districts of Crete at the close of the Late Bronze Age. Some observations emerging from the scholarly dicussion arising out of a specific Cretan perspective, together with an Aegean Mediterranean view, have provided the investigation with theoretical premises and analytical basis. These can be summarized as follows: - In opposition to a generalizing explanation for Dark Age Crete, D. Haggis (1993; 2001; 2002) has reiterated the usefulness of a contextual analysis aiming at focusing on diversified regional realities. Furthermore, he has applied the concept of socio-economic "integration" to cultural frameworks and population layouts which, during the development of Minoan societies and in particular in the Prepalatial period, were unaffetcted by the control of central authorities.