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Proceedings of the Symposium on Peat Lands Below Sea Level

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Peat Lands Below Sea Level Proceedings of the symposium on peat lands below sea level Proceedings of the symposium on peat lands below sea level Peat lands lying below sea level in the western part of the Netherlands, their geology, reclamation, soils, management and land use Edited by H. de Bakker and M.W. van den Berg International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement/lLRI P.O. Box 45,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 1982. Proceedings of the International Symposium, organised under the sponsorship of Commission Ill of the International Peat Society and the Netherlands Soil Science Society, Wageningen The Netherlands, August 24-28, 1981. @ International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1982. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 90 70260 Printed in The Netherlands FOREWORD The International Symposium on Peat Lands below Sea Level was held in Wageningen, The Netherlands, from August 24th to 28th 1981. The initiative for the Symposium was taken in Norway during the 1978 Symposium of Commission I11 of the International Peat Society and the i IPS Council accepted the Symposium during its meeting in Duluth (USA) on the occasion of the 6th International Peat Congress in 1980. Its subject was 'Peat lands lying below sea level'in the western part of The Netherlands, their geology, reclamation, soils, management and land use'. It was sponsored by Commission I11 of the IPS, and because there is no National Committee of the IPS in The Netherlands, also by the Netherlands Soil Science Society. The idea was worked out by an organizing committee of the following mem- bers : Chairman: H. de Bakker, Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen. Scientific Secretary: M.W. van den Berg, State Geological Survey, Lochem. Administrative Secretary and Treasurer: J. Drijver, InternAtional Agri- cultural Centre, Wageningen. Members : W.H. van der Molen, Agricultural University, Wageningen J.C. Pape, Netherlands Soil Science Society, Wageningen L.J. Pons, Agricultural University, Wageningen G.P. Wind, Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Wageningen. The Organizing Committee obtained the valuable support from various Dutch organizations: the Soil Survey Institute, the Institute for Land 5 1 and Water Management Research, the Agricultural University, the State Geological Survey, the International Agricultural Centre (executive agency), the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improve- i ment (publisher of the proceedings), Vereniging van Nederlandse Verve- ners en Turfstrooiselfabrikanten, Grontmij N.V., N.P. Heidemaatschappij Beheer, 'Oranjewoud' B.V. Consulting Engineers, Eykelkamp Equipment for Soil Research B.V. (financial support from these five last-mentioned institutions). Last but not least we thank the Dutch colleagues who pre- sented these papers and the colleagues from abroad, who reviewed the papers during the meeting. The Programme of the Symposium included a visit to the International Soil Museum in Wageningen and two days excursion in the western part of The Netherlands. A trial farm with different drainage levels was visited, in newly built suburban quarters difficulties with construc- tions in peat areas was demonstrated, soils and geological conditions, different water levels and management of polder water were shown, and a Research Station for Horticulture were visited. Like other Symposia of Commission I11 in the past in Finland (1974), GDR (1974), Israel (1975) and Norway (1978) this kind of meetings gives a good opportunity for exchange of experiences and ideas for new work. The proceedings of these earlier meetings are available by IPS Secre- tariat Unioninkatu 40 B, SF 00170 Helsinki 17, Finland. On behalve of IPS, especially Commission 111, I hope that these new proceedings of this Symposium in The Netherlands 1981 may contribute to the development of peat areas in other places of the world and that researchers elsewhere may benefit from the age-long experience of the Dutch in 'making their landscape'. H. Kuntze Chairman, Commission III/IPS 6 CONTENTS PREFACE INVITED PAPERS SESSION I GEOGRAPHY Geology of the Holocene in the western part of the Netherlands S. BijZsma 11 Review of Chapter 1: the occurrence and significance of peat in the Holocene deposits of the German North Sea coast H. Streif 31 History of the reclamation of the western fenlands and of the organizations to keep them drained H. van der Linden 42 Review of Chapter 3: a comparative note on the exploitation and draining of the peat fens near the Wash J. R. RavensdaZe 74 Soils and their geography H. de Bakker a5 Review of Chapter 5 H. Okruszko ga 7 SESSION I1 ENGINEERING Water management in the western Netherlands W. H. van der Molen 106 Review of Chapter 7: water management of northwestern ‘German peat lands R. Egge lsmann 122 9 Drainage and behaviour of peat soils C. J. Schothorst 130 10 Review of Chapter 9 P. IZnicki 164 11 Urban use of peat soils J. van der Kerkhoff et al. 169 12 Review of Chapter 11 A.O. Landva 207 SESSION I11 LAND USE 13 The use of peat soils for grassland Th. A. de Boer 214 14 Review of Chapter 13 A.J. Cole and G. McNaZZy 222 15 Farm management on peat soils C. B. H. Schneider 228 16 Review of Chapter 15: a comparison with some data from Schleswig-Holstein H.H. Bracker 24 1 17 The use of peat and peat soils for horticulture A.P. Hidding 248 18 Review of Chapter 17: the significance of peat soils in northwest Germany for horticulture O. Burchards 256 ADDED PAPERS 19 Main properties of horticultural peat V. fiustjtirvi 260 8 Fundamentals of the theory of peat deposit draining S. S. Korchunov 267 SELECTED ITEMS FROM THE EXCURSIONS The geology of the deposits at the excavation Hazerswoude S. BijZsma 272 Vegetational development of a wood peat deposit, as read from its pollen content A. J. Havinga and R.M. van den Berg van Saparoea 275 Experimental Farm in Zegveld C. B. H. Schneider 282 Research Station in Boskoop B.C.M. van Elk 287 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 290 9 PREFACE ' The proceedings of this symposium contain 24 papers: 1-18, invited pa- pers; 19 and 20, added papers; and 21-24, selected items from the excur- sions. Nine from the invited papers were given by Dutchmen and deal with the topic 'Peat lands lying below sea level in the western part of the Netherlands'. This region is roughly indicated by the encircled area on Figure 1 in Chapter 3. These nine papers discuss the geology (I), the reclamation (3), the soils (5), the water management (7), the effect of the drainage (9), the urban land use (1 I), the grassland (l3), the man- agement of dairy farms (15), and the horticulture (17) of peat soils in that area. Nine colleagues from abroad had a preview of these papers, and reviewed them during the symposium against the background of their own research. The Dutch papers and their reviews were presented in three sessions: Geography (l-6), Engineering (7-12), and Land Use (13-18). Un- happily three of the invited reviewers were not able to attend the sym- posium, two reviews were read and one was received after the symposium, all three are included in the proceedings. There were two additional papers given by other participants concerning horticulture and drainage (I9 and 20). The excursion guide contained valuable and original information, the editors thought it worthwhile to include some of these items in the pro- ceedings (21-24). Some reviews have notes from the editors or from the authors of the re- viewed papers; some of the other Chapters have notes from their authors. Finally we thank authors as well reviewers for their willingness to pre- sent their papers, and for their tolerancy to our editorial remarks both about text and figures. H. de Bakker M.W. van den Berg GEOLOGY OF THE HOLOCENE IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE NETHERLANDS S. Bijlsma Geological Survey, Haarlem/Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, the Netherlands 1.1 Ab s tract After the last glaciatioqrapid melting of the ice sheets resulted in a fast rise in sea-level during the Holocene. The sea invaded a gently sloping plain dipping to the west. As a result of the rapidly risingsea- level a thick sequence of clastic sediments and some peat was formed be- hind small coastal barriers. This peat was mainly formed in the landward part of the area enclosed by the coastal barriers. After 5000 BP, the rate of the relative rise in sea-level was much less. The coastal bar- riers became better developed, and behind them peat formed over the ma- rine deposists. The formation of peat was locally interrupted by incur- sions of sea-water through the coastal barriers, and dunes developed on top of these barriers. After 2000 BP, part of the coastal-barrier system was broken up by the sea. Some of the peat was eroded and marine deposits were formed in this area. Large dunes were formed on the re- mains of the coastal barriers. 1.2 Introduction Holocene marine and perimarine deposits occupy about 40 per cent of the present inhabitable area of the Netherlands (see Figure 1). More than half the population, which totals 14 million, live in this area. These figures indicate the importance of the study of the Holocene deposits for the Netherlands. They have been intensively studied and mapped for r I Weichselian. They consist of medium sand (Verbraeck, 1974). They were often blown to such a height that they were not covered by Holocene sediments. In the middle and northern part of the Netherlands, older landforms oc- cur. They are remnants of an earlier glacial period when inland ice reached the Netherlands.
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