DOCSLIB.ORG

Level 2 History (90467) 2011

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Level 2 History (90467) 2011 See back cover for an English translation of this cover 90467MR 2 Ngā Kōrero o Mua, Kaupae 2, 2011 90467 Te ārohi i ngā taunaki o ngā mātāpuna o ngā kōrero o mua 9.30 i te ata Rāpare 24 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2011 Whiwhinga: Whā PUKAITI RAUEMI Tirohia tēnei pukaiti hei whakautu i ngā pātai mō Ngā Kōrero o Mua 90467M. Tirohia mehemea kei roto nei ngā whārangi 2–15 e raupapa tika ana, ā, kāore hoki he whārangi wātea. KA TAEA TĒNEI PUKAITI TE PUPURI HEI TE MUTUNGA O TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU. © Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa, 2011. Pūmau te mana. Kia kaua rawa he wāhi o tēnei tuhinga e tāruatia ki te kore te whakaaetanga a te Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa. 2 MĀTĀPUNA A He Tirohanga Whānui o te Rautau 1800: Ngā Kōrero o Mua me te Hanganga Pāpori o Tonga Nō ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 1800, nō te āta taetaenga atu o ngā kaihoko ... He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei. .... aukatinga kua tāmia ki runga i a rātou i tēnei hanganga pāpori tū roa. Rārangiwā Poto o ngā Kōrero o Mua o Tonga, 1826–2006 1826: Ka whakaaetia kia noho ngā mihinare Wēteriana ki te moutere matua o Tonga, a Tongatapu ... ... 2006: Te Matenga o Tāufa’āhau Tupou IV; ka tū a Hōri Tupou V hei Kīngi; ka pakaru mai ngā whakahārangi ki te tāone matua o Nuku’alofa i te mautohe o te hunga whakahē kia wawe ake te tahuringa ki te manapori. 3 SOURCE A 19th Century Overview: History and Social Structure of Tonga By the early 19th century, as European traders and Christian missionaries ... For copyright reasons, these resources cannot be reproduced here. ... challenge the restrictions imposed upon them by this long-standing social structure. Brief Timeline of Tongan History, 1826–2006 1826: Methodist missionaries allowed to settle on the main island of Tongatapu ... ... 2006: Death of Taufa’ahau Tupou IV; George Tupou V becomes King; riots break out in the capital Nuku’alofa as protestors demand faster change towards democracy. 4 MĀTĀPUNA B Ngā tangohanga mai i te Kaupapa Ture o Tonga, 1875 WĀHANGA TUARUA – TE ĀHUA O TE KĀWANATANGA A: Te Āhua o te Kāwanatanga Ko te āhua Kāwanatanga o tēnei Kīngitanga ... He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei. ... kōrerorerohia i te Pāremata kia hui rā anō te Pāremata. Te mema rangatahi rawa o te Pāremata o Tonga e tū ana ki te rua tapuke o te mihinare a Shirley Baker, i te tau 1949. Nā Baker i tuhi te Kaupapa Ture tuatahi o Tonga, mō Kīngi Tupou I. I mate a Baker i te tau 1903, ā, ka whakatūhia tēnei whakapakoko whai muri i tōna matenga. 5 SOURCE B Excerpts from the Tongan Constitution, 1875 PART II – FORM OF GOVERNMENT A: Form of Government The form of Government for this Kingdom is a Parliamentary ... For copyright reasons, these resources cannot be reproduced here. .... passed by Parliament it shall be unlawful for Parliament to discuss it again until the next time Parliament meets. The youngest member of the Tongan Parliament standing at grave of the missionary Shirley Baker, 1949. Baker wrote Tonga’s first ever Constitution, for King Tupou I. Baker died in 1903, and this monument was erected after his death. 6 MĀTĀPUNA C Te whakautu i rō Pāremata ki te kōrero whakatuwhera a Kīngi Hōri Tupou II, he mea tuku e te Māngai o Ngā Ariki o Tonga, i te tau 1903. “Ko mātou ngā Minita me ngā Māngai o Ngā Ariki me Ngā Tāngata o Tonga, He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei. ... i ngā motu e rua, me te kawe mai i ngā painga nui ki a Tonga.” He tangohanga mai i The Encyclopedia of Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti and the Cook Islands. I whakaputahia i te tau 1907 me te whakaaetanga o Te Arikinui Kīngi Hōri II o Tonga, me tērā o te Māngai o Ingarangi e noho ana ki Tonga [ko Hamilton Hunter] me tērā hoki o te Kāwana Tiamana o Hāmoa [ko Wilhelm Solf]. Mai i te wāhanga “Tonga”, wh. 41–42. Ko Kīngi Tupou II rāua ko tōna puhi wahine i a Kuini Lavinia Veiongo, 1 Pipiri 1899. 7 SOURCE C Reply in Parliament to the opening speech of King George Tupou II, given by the Representative of the Tongan Nobles, 1903. “We the Government Ministers and Representatives of the Nobles and People, For copyright reasons, these resources cannot be reproduced here. ... has deepened relationships between the two countries and brought great benefits to Tonga.” Excerpt from The Encyclopedia of Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti and the Cook Islands. Published in 1907 with the approval of His Majesty King George II of Tonga, and of the British Consul based in Tonga [Hamilton Hunter], and of the German Governor of Samoa [Wilhelm Solf]. From the section “Tonga”, pp 41–42. King Tupou II with his newly-wed wife, Queen Lavinia Veiongo, 1 June 1899. 8 MĀTĀPUNA D Ngā whakahārangi me ngā whakawātanga tautoko i te manapori He mea tuku i te hāora 06:16 o te 19 o Kohitātea, i te tau 2007 Ngā Rongo Kōrero o Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa (Ratonga ā-Ao) Ko te Mema Pāremata matua mō te tautoko i te manapori, a ‘Akilisi Pohiva, ko ... He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei. ... take o te whakahounga tōrangapū.” E tūmanakohia ana ka mauherehia ētahi atu kaitautoko manapori. Ngā Whakahārangi ki Nuku´alofa, Whiringa-ā-rangi 2006. 9 SOURCE D Pro-democracy riots and trials Posted at 06:16 on 19 January, 2007 Radio New Zealand News (International Service) Tonga’s leading pro-democracy Member of Parliament, ‘Akilisi Pohiva, ... For copyright reasons, these resources cannot be reproduced here. ... reform hadn’t worked.” Further arrests of pro-democracy movement figures are expected. Riots in Nuku´aolfa, November 2006. 10 MĀTĀPUNA E Te Koroneihana o Kīngi Hōri Tupou V He uri pūkaka a Kīngi Hōri Tupou V nō te Kīngi tuatahi o Tonga i ... He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei. .... ka tahuri a Tupou V ki te hanga hou anō i te tāone matua i ukuuku. E mau ana ngā ariki o Tonga i ngā ‘aofivala (he korowai tikihope), ā, e tatari ana rātou ki te Kīngi i te kawa o te taumafa kava i te 30 Hōngongoi 2008. Ko te horemi tonu atu i te kava o te angaanga niu te tohu E mau ana ngā ākonga o Tonga i ngā whakakai kākano o te fa, ā, e mahi whakamutunga o te kawa i whakawāhia ai te Kīngi hei ana rātou i te Lakalaka mō Kīngi Hōri Tupou V i ngā whakanuitanga i te arikinui rua tekau mā toru o Tonga. Rā Tikanga-ā-Iwi ki te tāone matua o Nuku´alofa, i te 29 Hōngongoi 2008. Ko Tupou V e noho ana i runga i tōna ahurewa i te wā o te koroneihana i te 1 Hereturikōkā 2008. I waenganui i te tangi o ngā pere, te pahū o ngā hūrepo, te tuku o ngā poihau me Ka puea mai te Kīngi hou o Tonga ki te mihi atu ki ngā mano ngā umere a te hunga tamariki, ka whakawāhia te Kīngi pononga ki Nuku’alofa, Rāmere, 1 Hereturikōkā 2008. hou o Tonga ki mua i te minenga e 1 000, i whai wāhi hoki ai ngā kāhui ariki o Tonga, o Ingarangi, o Hapana me Tairana, tae atu hoki ki ngā rangatira o te taha whakarunga o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa. Ko Tupou V (e tū ana i te motukā me tana whītiki whero), e whakatewhatewha ana i ana hoia i te Parikarauna Hoia o te Koroneihana, 2 Hereturikōkā 2008. 11 SOURCE E Coronation of King George Tupou V King George Tupou V is a direct descendant of Tonga’s first King, George ... For copyright reasons, these resources cannot be reproduced here. ... on the reconstruction of the destroyed capital. Tongan nobles wearing ‘aofivalas (waist mats) await the arrival of the King for the taumafa kava ritual on 30 July 2008. Consuming a coconut shell of kava in a single motion was the final act in a Tongan students wearing fa seed necklaces perform the Lakalaka ceremony that saw the King officially became the dance for King George Tupou V during the Cultural Day 23rd ruler of Tonga. celebrations in the capital, Nuku´alofa, on 29 July 2008. Tupou V seated on his throne during the coronation ceremony, 1 August 2008. Amid ringing church bells, booming cannons, balloons and cheering children, The newly crowned King of Tonga emerges to greet the Tonga crowned its new King in front of a church thousands of well-wishers in Nuku’alofa, Friday, 1 August congregation of 1 000 well-wishers that included 2008. Tongan, British, Japanese and Thai royalty, as well as South Pacific chiefs and other leaders. Tupou V (standing in the vehicle wearing the red sash), inspects his troops during the Coronation Military Parade, 2 August 2008. 12 MĀTĀPUNA F Ngā Hua o te Pōtitanga, Whiringa-ā-rangi i te tau 2010 He whakarāpopototanga o ngā hua pōti o te Pāremata o Tonga i te 25 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2010 Ngā Rōpū Ngā % Ngā Pōti Tūru Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands 10 953 28.49 12 Tapeke 38 447 100.00 26 Mātāpuna: Matangi Tonga Tuhipoka – i whai wāhi ngā 'tūtūā’ ki te tuku pōti mō ngā Māngai ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Echoes of Pacific War
    ECHOES of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Echoes of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Papers from the 7th Tongan History Conference held in Canberra in January 1997 TARGET OCEANIA CANBERRA 1998 © Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell 1998 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Book and cover design by Jennifer Terrell Printed by ANU Printing and Publishing Service ISBN 0-646-36000-0 Published by TARGET OCEANIA c/ o Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Contents Maps and Figures v Fo reword ix Introduction xiii 1 Behind the battle lines: Tonga in World War II EUZABETHWOOD-EILEM 1 2 Changing values and changed psychology of Tongans during and since World War II 'I. F. HELU 26 3 Airplanes and saxaphones: post-war images in the visual and peiforming arts ADRIENNE L. KAEPPIER 38 4 Tonga and Australia since Wo rld War II GARETH GRAINGER 64 5 New behaviours and migration since Wo rld War II SIOSIUA F. POUVALU LAFITANI 76 6 The churches in Tonga since World War II JOHN GARRE'IT 87 7 Introduction and development of fa mily planning in Tonga 1958-1990 HENRY IVARATURE 99 8 Analysing the emergent mi ddle class - the 1990s KERRY JAMES 110 9 Changing interpretations of the kava ritual MEREDITH FILIHIA 127 10 How To ngan is a Tongan? Cultural authenticity revisited HELEN MORTON 149 Bibliograp hy 167 Index 173 Contributors 182 Maps Map 1: TheTonga Islands vii Map 2: Tongatapu 5 Map 3: Nuku'alofa 10 Figures Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyvocal Tongan Barkcloths: Contemporary Ngatu and Nomenclature at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
    Tuhinga 24: 85–104 Copyright © Te Papa Museum of New Zealand (2013) Polyvocal Tongan barkcloths: contemporary ngatu and nomenclature at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Billie Lythberg Mira Szászy Research Centre for Mäori and Pacific Economic Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ([email protected]) ABSTRACT: The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa) collects and exhibits Tongan barkcloth (ngatu) to illustrate curatorial narratives about Pacific peoples in New Zealand. I discuss the materiality and provenances of five ngatu at Te Papa, their trajectories into the museum’s Pacific Cultures collection and, where relevant, how they have been exhibited. I consider the role of Tongan curators and communities in determining how, when and which ngatu will enter the collection, and how Tongan identity will be imaged by the objects. The paper concludes with a close examination of contemporary descriptive and evaluative nomenclature for ngatu made with synthetic materials, including examples at Te Papa. KEYWORDS: Te Papa, Pacific Cultures collection, ngatu, barkcloths, Tonga, New Zealand, nomenclature. Introduction values by Polynesians, the ways in which Polynesian and Western popular culture have melded, and also the The Pacific Cultures collection at the Museum of New possibilities presented by these transactions (Refiti 1996: Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa) includes Tongan bark- 124).1 As well as being a literal descriptor of the multiple cloths (ngatu) representative of material and technological and overlapping Tongan systems of nomenclature for innovation, significant historical events, and the confluence contempo rary ngatu (see Table 1), the term polyvocal encom- of seemingly divergent Tongan and museological politics passes the many voices employed to talk about bark- of prestige.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Reform in Tonga: Towards an Alternative Electoral System 171
    DEMOCRATIC REFORM IN TONGA: TOWARDS AN ALTERNATIVE ELECTORAL SYSTEM 171 DEMOCRATIC REFORM IN TONGA: TOWARDS AN ALTERNATIVE ELECTORAL SYSTEM Rob Salmond* This paper recommends an alternative electoral system for Tonga based on the assumption that Tonga will at some stage move towards increased democratic accountability. The paper remains agnostic on the desirability of democracy in Tonga, however, leaving that determination to be made by the people of Tonga themselves. The paper draws on literature from two areas: the general study of electoral systems, and the study of Tongan society and culture. It applies current theories of electoral systems to the Tongan case in order to provide specific reform recommendations. The recommended system has two parliamentary chambers, a lower legislative house elected via STV with multimember districts and an unelected deliberative upper House. This paper is intended to help focus ‘the democracy debate’ in Tonga, so that it can include a detailed discussion and comparison of clear and specific alternatives, rather than being limited to broad comparisons of abstract concepts. Misant sur une probable ouverture démocratique des Tonga, l’auteur suggère quelques modalités pratiques tendant à la mise en place d’un nouveau système électoral. Cet article ne prend cependant pas position dans le débat de l’opportunité des changements démocratiques à intervenir, cette question devant, selon lui, rester de la seule décision du peuple des Tonga. L’analyse retenue se fonde principalement sur l’étude du système électoral actuel et sur celle des structures de la société tongienne et cherche à y transposer les principaux systèmes électoraux en vigueur dans les pays démocratiques.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of Middle Classes in Tonga
    Modernity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of Middle Classes in Tonga Niko Besnier “The Embarrassment of the Middle Classes” A recurrent issue in our understanding of the transformations experienced by Pacifi c Island societies, and societies of the developing world in gen- eral, is the extent to which traditional social arrangements (eg, rank-based systems, inequalities predicated on colonialism, or local forms of egalitari- anism) are being displaced by social-class structures. A focus on these his- torical transformations demands that we address what constitutes a social class—an almost unsolvable problem, but nevertheless one for which we are fortunate to have a distinguished intellectual genealogy. The work of two of the founding fathers of modern-day social science, Karl Marx and Max Weber, can be understood as lifelong projects to understand social inequality in the West in terms of social-class stratifi cation. Yet, as social scientists, we continue to have diffi culties apprehending social class, par- ticularly in contexts that are not traditionally viewed as the locus of class hierarchies. This article seeks to address these diffi culties in the context of one Pacifi c Island society, Tonga. The problem is particularly acute when one deals with the middle classes, as opposed to the working or elite classes—those who are betwixt- and-between, caught in a liminal position that, like other forms of liminal- ity, are supposed to go one way or another, while in fact they remain in suspension. This suspension is particularly pertinent to the “middleness” of the middle classes and renders their very nature unstable, in contrast to the solidity that Marx attributed to both the proletariat and the bour- geoisie, groups whose self-consciousness is fi rmly ingrained in their identi- ties, and who theoretically have little trouble fi nding a common “enemy” The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 21, Number 2, 215–262 © 2009 by University of Hawai‘i Press 215 216 the contemporary pacifi c • 21:2 (2009) whose interests are opposed to their own.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuhinga 24: 1–4 Copyright © Te Papa Museum of New Zealand (2013)
    Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa The journal of scholarship and mätauranga Number 24, 2013 Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is a peer-reviewed publication, published annually by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand Tuhinga is available online at www.tepapa.govt.nz/tuhinga It supersedes the following publications: Museum of New Zealand Records (1171-6908); National Museum of New Zealand Records (0110-943X); Dominion Museum Records; Dominion Museum Records in Ethnology. Editorial Board: Ricardo Palma (editorial co-ordinator), Stephanie Gibson, Patrick Brownsey, Athol McCredie, Sean Mallon, Claire Murdoch (Publisher, Te Papa Press). ISSN 1173-4337 All papers © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 2013 Published June 2013 For permission to reproduce any part of this issue, please contact the editorial co-ordinator, Tuhinga, PO Box 467, Wellington Cover design by Tim Hansen Typesetting by Afineline, Wellington Digital imaging by Jeremy Glyde PO Box 467 Wellington Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Number 24, 2013 Contents Obituary: John Munne Moreland (1921–2012) 1 Alan N.Baker and Jack A.F.Garrick Archaeological excavations at the Station Bay pä, Motutapu Island, 5 inner Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand Janet Davidson Rites of passage: public response to Don Driver’s Ritual (1982) and its institutional history 49 Sarah Farrar The Mixing Room project at Te Papa: co-creating the museum with refugee background youth
    [Show full text]
  • Research Commons at The
    http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Kakai Tonga ‘i ‘Okalani Nu’u Sila Tongan Generations in Auckland New Zealand Teena Joanne Brown Pulu A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at the University of Waikato 2007 Hamilton, New Zealand ii Abstract This thesis is written in the format of a three act play. The author has elected this structure to frame the ethnographic data and analysis because it seemed befitting for telling my own life story alongside the memories of three generations of my matrilateral and patrilateral Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand. Thus, actors and scenes play out the thesis storyline in three parts where each act is titled Prologue, Dialogue and Epilogue. The Prologue, part one of this three act play, is three chapters which sets in motion the main actors – the research participants, and the scenes – the ethnographic context in which data was collected.
    [Show full text]
  • P. Van Der Grijp Ideology and Social Inequality in the Tongan Kinship System In
    P. van der Grijp Ideology and social inequality in the Tongan kinship system In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 144 (1988), no: 4, Leiden, 445-463 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 11:16:22AM via free access PAUL VAN DER GRUP IDEOLOGY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN THE TONGAN KINSHIP SYSTEM Introduction Tonga is a highly stratified Polynesian society.1 A clear indication of this is found in the emphasis Tongans put on the tu'a-'eiki distinction. They continually rank each other as lower (tu'a) or higher ('eiki). By means of this ideological distinction not only the social status and the correspond- ing power position of any individual within the kinship system are defined, but also the important difference between commoners and aristocracy (chiefs) is indicated. It is a matter of relative position, of relational logic. For example, a chief (='eiki) may be tu'a as well, not only vis-a-vis still higher chiefs, but also with respect to certain catego- ries of kinfolk who do not necessarily belong to the chiefly class (the hou 'eiki). To be able to understand this ideology, we have to go into the background of the Tongan kinship system. But first the concept of ideology as it is used here will be defined. Ideology and Social Inequality I define ideology as a set of ideas in which forms of social inequality are represented as natural and self-evident, or, as may be the case, as predes- tined by a god or any other supernatural power; Social inequality may occur at several levels within a society: between the sexes, age and kin I.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in Polynesian Ethnology
    Developments in Polynesian Ethnology Developments in Polynesian Ethnology Edited by Alan Howard and Robert Borofsky Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824881962 (PDF) 9780824881955 (EPUB) This version created: 20 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. ©1989 University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved For Jan and Nancy CONTENTS Title Page ii Copyright 3 Dedication iv Acknowledgments vi 1. Introduction ALAN HOWARD AND ROBERT BOROFSKY 1 2. Prehistory PATRICK V. KIRCH 14 3. Social Organization ALAN HOWARD AND JOHN KIRKPATRICK 52 4. Socialization and Character Development JANE RITCHIE AND JAMES RITCHIE 105 5. Mana and Tapu BRADD SHORE 151 6. Chieftainship GEORGE E. MARCUS 187 7. Art and Aesthetics ADRIENNE L. KAEPPLER 224 8. The Early Contact Period ROBERT BOROFSKY AND ALAN HOWARD 257 9. Looking Ahead ROBERT BOROFSKY AND ALAN HOWARD 290 Bibliography 307 Contributors 407 Notes 410 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A VARIETY of people contributed to the preparation of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratisation in Asia-Pacific Monarchies
    DEMOCRATISATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC MONARCHIES: DRIVERS AND IMPEDIMENTS A STUDY OF BHUTAN, TONGA, NEPAL AND THAILAND BY CHRISTINE BOGLE A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2019 Abstract In the first decade of the 21st century, Bhutan and Tonga enacted reforms which took executive power away from the monarch and placed it the hands of an elected government. Conversely, Thailand and Nepal have faltered in their trajectory towards democracy. Thailand is stuck in a cycle of repression, popular protest, limited democracy, renewed military takeover, and constitutional revision to allow a controlled “democracy.” Nepal has broken out of a similar cycle (although without military rule), at the cost of abolishing its monarchy. This thesis looks at factors, including the monarchy’s role, which contributed to the different outcomes. The study questions Huntington’s theory of the modernising monarch’s dilemma (fear that reform would do the monarch out of a job), and suggests that, on the contrary, a democratising monarch is more likely to retain the throne, albeit with reduced power. This comparative qualitative study is based on research into primary and secondary sources, plus interviews. The thesis found that in Bhutan and Tonga strong leadership of democratisation by Kings Jigme Singye and George V greatly favoured a successful democratic transition. In both Thailand and Nepal, monarchs Bhumibol and Gyanendra resisted a democratic bargain, seeking instead to retain or regain political power, in a context where popular mobilisation and the role of the military were significant in both countries, but with considerable differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingship and Kinship the House of Tupou, Democracy and Transnationalism
    Kingship and Kinship The House of Tupou, Democracy and Transnationalism in Tonga Areti Metuamate February 2019 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University © Areti Metuamate All rights reserved 2019 ii Declaration Except where specific reference is made to other sources, the work presented in this thesis is solely that of the author. _____________________________________________ Areti Metuamate February 2019 iii Page intentionally left blank iv This thesis is dedicated to my maternal grandparents, Rongomate David Metuamate and Helen Te Ara o Rehua Metuamate (nee Tangimoana Rakatau), two people who loved their children and grandchildren unconditionally and taught us to pursue our dreams. Completing this PhD is one of mine. v Page intentionally left blank vi Abstract Tongan kingship has roots in an ancient system of Tu‘i (paramount ruler) that stretches back over a thousand years. The present king, Tupou VI, is the twenty-fourth Tu‘i Kanokupolu and the sixth monarch of the Tupou dynasty. What has enabled these institutions to survive so long is a range of accepted social arrangements and relationships that make up an intricate kinship system that underlies the very fabric of Tongan society. The rise of democracy, while an important modern development in Tonga’s recent political history, has not significantly affected this. Even Christianity, with its transformational impact on Tonga in the nineteenth century and beyond, was not able to shift Tonga’s deeply kinship-oriented social hierarchy. The image often portrayed in the Western media is that Tonga is a small (read insignificant), traditional (read out-dated) Polynesian society ruled firmly by a King and his noblemen; consequently this view is one that is shared by many in Australia and New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulaire 185 (2018-03 Eng)
    INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF HERALDRY Presidency: Robert D. WATT, 1-249 West 16th Street, North Vancouver, B.C. V7M 1T7 – CANADA – [email protected] General Secretariat: Nicolas VERNOT, 44 Rue Chantepuits, 95 220 HERBLAY – FRANCE – [email protected] Circular n° 185 – March 2018 EDITORIAL: ENDS AND MEANS PUBLICATIONS… The main content of this newsletter is the impressive heraldic bibliography produced by Michel Popoff, to whom we are grateful for this challenging work whose usefulness is self- evident. Thank you also to those of you who report their publications and send a copy to our library. This concern for pooling resources is the strength of our Académie. The quantity, but also the quality of the publications listed here proves it: the science of heraldry is alive and well. Our Académie is not lagging: from the outset, it has had the constant concern of publishing and disseminating the works of its members gathered in colloquia or scientific congresses.Preparation for the Arras Congress is on-going following the splendid Copenhagen Colloquium. The internet site already furnishes useful information. The registration page will be available shortly. Address: https://www.arras2018cighl.com/ The next colloquium of the AIH will take place in Antwerp from Wednesday the 18th until Friday the 20th of September 2019, followed by a tour on Saturday the 21st. In accordance with the plan adopted in 2016, the current Council intends to make a concerted effort in order to improve the circulation of past, present and future works by the AIH. These questions were discussed during our General Meeting in Copenhagen and its detailed minutes will be incorporated in the next circular.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutions and Investment in Fiji's Electricity Sector
    Renewable Technologies for Energy Security: Institutions and Investment in Fiji’s Electricity Sector By Matthew Dornan A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ASIA PACIFIC PROGRAM CRAWFORD SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND GOVERNMENT ANU COLLEGE OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2011 i Declaration I, Matthew Dornan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Resource Management in Asia Pacific Program, Crawford School of Economics and Government, College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged (as is the case for part of Chapter 3). This thesis has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institutions. The word count of the body of this thesis is 94,000 including all tables and figures, which is in accordance with the Australian National University‘s 100,000 word limit. Preliminary information, references and appendices are not included in this count. Part of this thesis has been made publicly available in the form of journal articles and conference papers: Dornan, M. 2011, Solar-based rural electrification policy design: The Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) Model in Fiji, Renewable Energy, Volume 36, pp 797-806, Feb 2011 Dornan, M. 2009, Methods for assessing the contribution of renewable technologies to energy security: the electricity sector of Fiji, Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, No. 3, October 2009 ii Dornan, M. and F. Jotzo, 2011, Electricity Generation in Fiji: Assessing the Impact of Renewable Technologies on Costs and Financial Risk, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society 55th Annual National Conference, Melbourne, 8-11 February, 2011 Dornan, M.
    [Show full text]