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Ngulungulu Fei'umu Politische Stabilität Und Deeskalierende

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Ngulungulu Fei'umu Politische Stabilität Und Deeskalierende Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 Ngulungulu fei’umu : politische Stabilität und deeskalierende Effekte in Tonga Lombardi, Tobias Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163797 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lombardi, Tobias. Ngulungulu fei’umu : politische Stabilität und deeskalierende Effekte in Tonga. 2008, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Ngulungulu fei’umu Politische Stabilität und deeskalierende Effekte in Tonga Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Tobias Lombardi von Oberurnen GL und Schänis SG Angenommen im Frühlingssemester 2008 auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Jürg Helbling und Herrn Prof. Dr. Hermann Mückler Gewidmet meiner Mutter Helen Lombardi-Bruggmann ii Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ....................................................................................... III ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................. VII DANKSAGUNGEN ............................................................................................. VIII 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Generelle Anmerkungen zur Literaturlage, Themenwahl, Fragestellung und Zielsetzung .................. 1 1.2 Theoretische Konzepte ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Politische Ethnologie und Macht ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Konfliktforschung und -theorien ................................................................................................ 5 1.2.3 Tradition, „Pacific Way“ und Demokratie ................................................................................. 6 1.3 Angewandte Methoden ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit plus Hinweise zur Schreibweise und Aussprache ................................................ 12 GEOGRAFISCH-ETHNOLOGISCHER TEIL ....................................................... 14 2 Grundlageninformationen zu Tonga .................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Naturräumlicher Überblick ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Die tonganischen Inseln im Einzelnen ............................................................................................... 15 2.3 Bevölkerungsverteilung und -entwicklung ........................................................................................ 17 2.4 Religiöse Gemeinschaften ................................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Beschäftigungsstruktur und Aussenhandel ........................................................................................ 20 2.6 Naturbedingte und sozioökonomische Schwierigkeiten .................................................................... 22 2.7 Die Landflucht ................................................................................................................................... 26 2.8 Die Sicherheitskräfte ......................................................................................................................... 27 3 Soziale Schichtung ................................................................................................................................ 30 3.1 Rang und Status ................................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Die Königsfamilie .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.3 Der Adel ............................................................................................................................................ 35 3.4 Die matāpule ...................................................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Verschiedene Verwandtschaftsgruppen und Besonderheiten des Familiensystems .......................... 38 3.6 Kleine bürgerliche Elite und Mittelschicht ........................................................................................ 39 iii 4 Politische und rechtliche Gliederung .................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Königliche Befugnisse ....................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 „Privy Council“ und Kabinett ............................................................................................................ 43 4.3 Das Parlament .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.4 Die Rechtsprechung ........................................................................................................................... 46 4.5 Kommunale Administration und Wahlrecht ...................................................................................... 48 4.6 Schwachpunkte der politischen und rechtlichen Ordnung ................................................................. 49 5 Grundbesitz in Tonga ........................................................................................................................... 52 5.1 Modernes Landrecht .......................................................................................................................... 52 5.2 Unzulänglichkeiten des Landwesens ................................................................................................. 55 6 Die Diaspora .......................................................................................................................................... 59 6.1 Emigrationsgeschichte und -motive ................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Lebensumstände in der Ferne und Kontakte zur Heimat ................................................................... 61 6.3 Der Bargeldversand samt positiven und negativen Effekten ............................................................. 62 6.4 Politische Gesinnung und Heimkehrer .............................................................................................. 64 7 Kulturelle Verhaltensweisen und Sitten ............................................................................................. 66 7.1 Werte und Normen ............................................................................................................................ 66 7.2 Bedeutsame Bräuche ......................................................................................................................... 67 7.3 Soziale Kontrolle und Konfliktmanagement ...................................................................................... 70 7.4 Schattenseiten der tonganischen Traditionen ..................................................................................... 71 8 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerung des geografisch-ethnologischen Teils ............................ 73 HISTORISCHER TEIL .......................................................................................... 78 9 Voreuropäische Gesellschaft ............................................................................................................... 78 9.1 Drei Dynastien ................................................................................................................................... 78 9.2 Die Stratifikation ............................................................................................................................... 80 9.3 Die Titelnachfolge ............................................................................................................................. 83 9.4 Traditionelles Landrecht und Glaubensvorstellungen ....................................................................... 84 9.5 Tonganische Eroberungen ................................................................................................................. 86 10 Eintreffen der ersten Weissen.............................................................................................................. 89 10.1 Die Seefahrer ................................................................................................................................ 89 10.2 Siedler, Walfänger und Händler .................................................................................................... 91 10.3 Die Missionare .............................................................................................................................. 92 10.4 Epoche der Bürgerkriege .............................................................................................................. 94 10.5 William Mariner und weitere „Schiffbrüchige“ ............................................................................ 97 iv 11 Die Genese der Nation .........................................................................................................................
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