Demokratie Und Volksbildung Bei Ludo Moritz Hartmann (1865-1924) Ein Beitrag Zur Pädagogischen Spurensicherung Einer Demokratischen Bildungsidee

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Demokratie Und Volksbildung Bei Ludo Moritz Hartmann (1865-1924) Ein Beitrag Zur Pädagogischen Spurensicherung Einer Demokratischen Bildungsidee „Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit“ Demokratie und Volksbildung bei Ludo Moritz Hartmann (1865-1924) Ein Beitrag zur pädagogischen Spurensicherung einer demokratischen Bildungsidee D I P L O M A R B E I T zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister philosophiae (Mag.phil.) Magister der Philosophie an der Fakultät für Philosophie und Bildungswissenschaft der Universität Wien eingereicht von: Gerold Franz Unterhumer Wien, Oktober 2005 „Wenn alle Menschen einmal lesen und schreiben können werden, dann wird das Reich der Vernunft und der Demokratie auf Erden anbrechen.“ (John Stuart Mill) „Das Beste, was wir von der Geschichte haben, ist der Enthusiasmus, den sie erregt.“ (J.W. von Goethe) - I - Vorwort Den Anlass für die Themenwahl gab ein Gespräch mit meinem Betreuer Mag. Dr. Kurt Finger, der mich auf einen Text von Ludo Moritz Hartmann mit dem Titel „Demokratie und Volksbildung“ (1921) aufmerksam machte. Die darin angesprochene Verbindung von demokratischen Implikationen für die Erwachsenenbildung in ihren Anfängen um die Jahrhundertwende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert weckte mein Interesse, und veranlasste mich, mich auf eine pädagogische Spurensuche und -sicherung zu begeben. Die Relevanz dieses historischen Themas ankerte in der Frage, ob und inwieweit die Hartmannsche Bildungsidee für die gegenwärtige Erwachsenbildung einerseits ein Korrektiv darstellen könne und andererseits das Potenzial innehat, diese neu zu inspirieren. Ich bedanke mich bei Mag. Dr. Kurt Finger für die anregenden und inspirierenden Diskussionen sowie die ausgezeichnete, geduldige Betreuung. Besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Direktor Mag. Christian H. Stifter und seinen Mitarbeiter vom Österreichischen Volkshochschularchiv in Wien für die hervorragende und hilfreiche Unterstützung bei der Recherche für die vorliegende Arbeit. Nicht zuletzt bedanke ich mich bei meiner Frau Sylvia und meinem Freund Richard für die stets aufmunternden und motivierenden Worte während der Erarbeitung. Wien, im Oktober 2005 Gerold F. Unterhumer Anmerkungen zur Zitierweise: Bei Zitaten, vor allem aus historischen Quellen, werden vorhandene Abweichungen – explizite Druckfehler ausgenommen – bezüglich der neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung nicht gesondert ausgewiesen oder gar derselben „angepasst“. Besondere Formulierungen und Ausdrücke sind mit dem Hinweis [sic!] gekennzeichnet. Gesperrt oder kursiv gedruckte Worte und Wortteile sowie Hervorhebungen durch Fettdruck beziehungsweise Kursivsetzung einzelner Satzelemente werden hingegen berücksichtigt und unverändert übernommen. Auslassungen und Einfügungen sind durch eckige Klammern […] und dem Zusatz „G.U.“ gekennzeichnet, bibliographische Angaben erfolgen in runden Klammern (). Längere zitierte Passagen sind vom Fließtext abgehoben und eingerückt. Gender splittling: Zur leichteren Lesbarkeit wird, falls nicht anders angegeben, im Plural die männliche Form für beide Geschlechter verwendet. - II - Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort...................................................................................................................................I Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................II 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................... 6 2. Biographische Notiz ....................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Die Eckdaten ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Das soziale Umfeld.................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1. Der Vater – Moritz Hartmann .............................................................................. 14 2.2.2. Die Mutter – Bertha Hartmann (geborene Rödiger)............................................. 19 2.3. Erziehung in der Tradition von 1848....................................................................... 22 3. Kritische Würdigung L. M. Hartmanns volksbildnerischer Aktivitäten ........................ 30 4. Die Adressaten................................................................................................................ 45 4.1. Wien um 1900 - Der historische Hintergrund ......................................................... 45 4.1.1. Exkurs: Obdachlosigkeit als Indikator der Lebensverhältnisse............................ 51 4.2. Schule und Zugang zu Wissen für alle.................................................................... 53 4.3. Vorträge und Lektüre für ‚jeden‘ - Der Wiener Volksbildungsverein .................... 56 4.4. Die Arbeiterschaft im Visier der „volkstümlichen Universitätsvorträge“ .............. 61 4.5. Das Volksheim – Ein Palast des Wissens für das Volk........................................... 65 4.6. Frauen im Fokus des „Athenäums“......................................................................... 70 4.7. Erfolge durch Zielgruppenorientierung – ein Resümee .......................................... 75 5. Pädagogisch-didaktische Implikationen einer demokratischen Bildungskonzeption .... 81 5.1. Ziele und Wege........................................................................................................ 81 5.2. Die Fachgruppen als „didaktische Gipfel“.............................................................. 90 5.3. „Dem Kind die Schule, dem Erwachsenen die Volkshochschule!“ ........................ 96 5.4. Aufklärung durch Denkschulung ............................................................................ 99 6. Die historische Persönlichkeit Ludo Moritz Hartmann und ihre Bedeutung für die gegenwärtige Erwachsenenbildung................................................................................... 106 6.1. Zur Vielschichtigkeit der Person Ludo Moritz Hartmann..................................... 108 6.2. Bedeutung und Stellenwert für die gegenwärtige Erwachsenenbildung............... 116 7. Ein Blick zurück............................................................................................................ 120 7.2. ...und nach vorn ..................................................................................................... 121 Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 122 - III - Anhang .............................................................................................................................. 131 Anhang 1: Verzeichnis der Publikationen von Ludo Moritz Hartmann........................ 132 Anhang 2: Brief von Ludo Moritz Hartmann an Friedrich Jodl.................................... 138 Anhang 3: „An die Herren Vortragenden:“................................................................... 139 Anhang 4: „Demokratie und Volksbildung“ von Ludo Moritz Hartmann.................... 141 Anhang 5: Aufruf zur Gründung eines Volksheimes (Volkshochschule) (1901) ......... 145 Anhang 6: „Ludo Hartmann“ von seiner Tochter Else Paneth (ohne Jahresangabe).... 147 Anhang 7: Brief von Prof. Wettstein an k.k. Ministerium für Cultus und Unterricht... 151 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Lebenslauf - 6 - 1. Einleitung Der österreichische Historiker, Sozialdemokrat und Volksbildner Ludo Moritz Hartmann (1865-1924) schrieb 1920 in der Zeitschrift „Volksbildung“ über sein Verständnis über das Verhältnis von Demokratie und Volksbildung am Beginn der Ersten Republik: „Demokratie und Volksbildung sind Begriffe, die einander ergänzen, denn weder wird sich die Demokratie jemals vollständig auswirken können, es sei denn auf der Grundlage allgemeiner Volksbildung, noch wird eine wirkliche Volksbildung jemals durchgeführt werden, außer auf dem Boden der Demokratie“. (HARTMANN 1920) Hartmann brachte hier einen politischen (Demokratie) und einen pädagogischen Begriff (Volksbildung) in Verbindung. Dieses Junktim stellte zur Zeit der Ersten Republik, mit ihren sozialen und politischen Konfliktkonstellationen und der Institutionalisierung der Erwachsenenbildung in Wien eine innovative, weil nicht allgemein gewünschte Forderung dar. Das Engagement des Bildungsbürgers Hartmann für die unterprivilegierten Klassen Zugang zu Bildung und wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen zu erhalten, wurde von den offiziellen Stellen, vor allem in finanzieller Hinsicht nur in bescheidenem Ausmaß unterstützt und vielerorts mit Skepsis betrachtet. Doch Zeit seines Lebens blieb er seinen bildungspolitischen Idealen treu und er gilt heute als Initiator und Mitbegründer von vielen volksbildnerischen Einrichtungen, wie zum Beispiel der heutigen Volkshochschule Ottakring (ehemals Volksheim Ottakring). Aber auch seine lebenslange Forderung nach der Installation von sogenannten Volksprofessuren – in Analogie zu den Lehrkräften im öffentlichen Bildungswesen und an den Universitäten – kann als Hinweis für die demokratische Fundierung seiner Bildungstheorie betrachtet werden. In den nahezu fünfunddreißig Jahren seiner volksbildnerisch aktiven Zeit, die von zahlreichen Hindernissen und Rückschlägen gekennzeichnet war, konnte er eine Vielzahl von Erfolgen erringen, die weitreichende Wirkung erzielten und deren Folgen bis heute für die institutionalisierte Erwachsenenbildung spürbar sind. Wilhelm Filla weist auf die ungebrochene Aktualität von Hartmanns volksbildnerischen Vorstellungen hin und hebt unter anderem „die Verknüpfung von Systematisierung und Dezentralisierung von Bildungsarbeit mit dem Ziel,
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