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Preface Introduction Notes Preface 1. 'A. J. P. Taylor', The Times, September 8, 1990, p. 16; J. Y. Smith, 'British Historian A. J. P. Taylor Dies at 84', Washington Post, Sep­ tember 8, 1990, p. B6; Richard Gatt, 'Great history, little England', Guardian, September 8, 1990. 2. Keith Robbins to Robert Cole, January 31, 1969; Denis Judd to Cole, February 2, 1969. 3. See C. Robert Cole, 'A Bibliography of the Works of A. J. P. Taylor, parts I and II', The Bulletin of Bibliography and Magazine Notes, 33 (July-September and October-December 1976) pp. 170-7, 181, 212-25, cited below as' A Bibliography of A. J. P. Taylor'; and Chris Wrigley, A. ]. P. Taylor: A Complete Annotated Bibliography (Sussex, 1980), cited below as A. J. P. 'Rlylor Bibliography. Wrigley's volume runs to more than 600 pages. Introduction 1. A. J. P. Taylor, 'Received With Thanks', Observer, November 20, 1966, p. 26. 2. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1963) p. 15. Cited below as Origins of the Second World War. 3. Taylor,' Accident Prone, or What Happened Next', JMH, 49 (March 1977) p. 2. Referred to below as 'Accident Prone'. 4. Taylor, 'Dreyfus', MG (May 7,1939) p. 7. 5. Taylor, 'Diplomatic History', MG (May 26,1939) p. 415. 6. A. J. P. Taylor, quoted in Ved Mehta, The Fly and the Fly Bottle (London, 1963) p. 151. Cited below as Fly and the Fly Bottle. Nonconformists historically regarded the Anglican Church as their enemy, and Taylor inherited this tradition sufficiently to once claim that his hero, socialist idealist George Lansbury, suffered from the defect of being Anglican. His political views were tainted, in Taylor's estimation, by an innate sense of superiority that was the principal by-product of religious establishment. For himself, Taylor claimed to be closer in spirit and viewpoint to the Quakers than any other religious body because, like him, they were a community resolutely out of step with the larger community. 7. Information on Taylor'S early life for this study derives from the author's personal knowledge, much of it given him by Taylor directly Over the years, and from A. J. P. Taylor: A Personal History (London, 1983). Cited below as Personal History. 241 242 A. J. P. Taylor: The 1Taitor within the Gates 8. Eric Glasgow, 'The Amalgamation of Birkdale and Southport', p. 6. This unpublished manuscript was supplied by Glasgow, who is a local historian of Lancashire. He described Percy Taylor's involve­ ment in the Park-Common controversy as being populism against privilege. 9. Taylor to Cole, July 2, 1973 10. Ibid.; Henry Pelling, The British Communist Party: A Historical Profile (New York, 1958) p. 405. Cited below as British Communist Party. Newbold proved to be unreliable as the 'English Lenin'. A Quaker of humble origin, he rose in the world via a Manchester University education and the politics of the Fabian Society. He was a moderately successful journalist and was persecuted for writing How Europe Armed for War, an indictment of private arms manufacturers. He was elected to parliament as a Communist for Motherwell in 1922. There it ended. Newbold soon left the Communist Party over differences with the leadership. In 1925 he supported Winston Churchill's return to the gold standard, and in 1929 took a seat on the Macmillan Commission on Industry and Finance. From then until his death, Newold was regarded as a traitor to the Communist cause. 11. Personal History, p. 37 12. Taylor to Cole, July 2,1973; Lord Beaverbrook, 'The Man Who Likes to Stir Things Up', A Century of Conflict, ed. Martin Gilbert (New York, 1967) p. 3. 13. See Francis E. Pollard (ed.), Bootham School, 1823-1923 (London, 1926). 14. John H. Gray to Cole, February 12, 1973. Mr Gray was headmaster at Bootham, and his letter included Taylor's bene decessit and the results of a conversation with Leslie Gilbert, who had been Taylor's history master. Gilbert remembered Taylor as 'precocious and likable'. Taylor recalled Gilbert as wanting 'to save my soul from Marxism'. The John Bright oration was in honour of the nineteenth­ century MP from Manchester, opponent of the Com Laws, critic of the Crimean War and Quaker hero. He was also Taylor's hero over the years, precisely because he was a dissenter and critic of war and the wielders of power. 15. British Communist Party, p. 36; Taylor to Cole, July 2, 1973. 16. Terence Greenidge, Degenerate Oxford? (London, 1930) p. 171. Greenidge tells a depressing - and subjective - story of the treatment of intellectual students by the Oxford 'hearty' types, based upon observations made at the time that Taylor was an undergraduate. 17. Taylor to Cole, February 28, 1967. A look at the Oxford University Gazette for Taylor's years indicates that 'modem history' ended with 1815. After that came political science. 18. Taylor to Cole, February 19, 1966. 19. Taylor to Cole, May 11, 1973; Taylor, quoted in Fly and the Fly BoUle, p.151. 20. Ibid., p. 144. Notes 243 21. Ibid., p. 151. 22. Taylor, The Italian Problem In European Diplomacy, 1847-1849 (Manchester, 1934) p. viii. Cited below as The Italian Problem. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1815-1918, 1st edn (London, 1941) p. vi. Cited below as Habsburg Monarchy, 1st edn. Both Namier and Sir Samuel Alexander had reputations for eccentric behaviour, and Taylor loved them both. Alexander, for example, is reputed to have sat in the front row at Halle Orchestra concerts and read his Manchester Guardian during the performance of pieces he did not like. Namier was given to imposing on his friends for hours at a time, to the extent that one exasperated host composed a couplet which read: There was a Jew named Namier, Who came here, and came here, and came here! Or, there was hr.s response to a matron who asked what he thought was the purpose of secondary education. He replied: 'Elementary education keeps children off the streets; university education provides a place for people like me. As for secondary education, I can think of no reason for it at all.' Taylor recalled both anecdotes in Personal History. 23. A. F. Pribram, it should be noted, was a major contributor to Die grofle Politik from the Habsburg side. The German side consisted of 54 volumes, which Taylor described in later years as 'the only collection of diplomatic documents which can be recommended as bedside reading to the layman' (Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918, Oxford, 1954, p. 572; cited below as Struggle for Mastery). He also noted that publication of Die grofle Politik 'shamed' the British and French into producing similar collections of their diplomatic documents, all to the advantage of historians such as himself. 24. 'Preserving Civil Liberties. Austria Sympathy Meeting Discusses Democracy in Britain', MG, June 25, 1934, p. 11; 'Dearly Won Liberties. Danger of Losing them through Apathy: the Sedition Bill Threat', MG, June 25, 1934, p. 11. 25. Taylor to the author, June 6, 1966. 26. John W. Boyer, I A. J. P. Taylor and the Art of Modem History', JMH, 49 (March 1977) p. 72. Chapter 1 Historian of Foreign Policy 1. Taylor to Cole, January 12, 1966. 2. 'Accident Prone', p. 1. 3. Ibid., p. 6. 4. The Italian Problem, pp. vii-viii; Taylor to Cole, January 12, 1966. The editors of The Italian Problem did not use diacritical markings in 244 A. ]. P. Taylor: The Traitor within the Gates their spelling of Pribram's name, nor did Taylor. Therefore, neither has this author when quoting. 5. Alfred Francis Pribram, England and the International Policy of the European Great Powers, 1871-1914 (London, 1931) p. viii. Cited below as England and the Great Powers; Personal History, p. 90. 6. Personal History, pp. 90-1. Friedjung was Pribram's predecessor at the University of Vienna, and part of the great school of Viennese historians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 7. England and the Great Powers, p. xi. 8. Ibid., pp. 147-9. 9. Ibid., pp. 1, xi. 10. Ibid., p. 149. 11. The Italian Problem, p. 2. 12. Ibid., pp. 1-4. 13. England and the Great Powers, p. 103. 14. The Italian Problem, pp. 7-8. 15. Ibid., pp. 8, 1. 16. Ibid., pp. vii-8. 17. Ibid., bibliographical note, p. 244. 18. Ibid., pp. 6-7. 19. Taylor, 'Metternich and His 'System' for Europe', Listener, 62 Guly 1959) pp. 167-8. Cited below as 'Metternich and his "System" for Europe'. Of course, it is not entirely wrong to argue that Taylor employed a similar system, in that he simply reversed this 'political science' process, using contemporary theses to explain history. 20. The Italian Problem, p. 17. Taylor described in The Italian Problem almost exactly the 'dassic' balance of power system as laid out for the Napoleonic war years by Edward Vose Gulick in Europe's Classical Balance of Power (New York., 1955). 21. The Italian Problem, p. 9. 22. Ibid. 23. A traditional story from the Napoleonic Wars concerns a Tyrolean peasant, Andreas Hofer, who organised and led a successful parti­ san action against the French in the Brenner Pass. When Hofer was described to Emperor Francis II as a patriot, the monarch replied: 'But is he a patriot for me?' 24. The Italian Problem, p. 10. 25. Ibid., pp. 11-12. 26. Ibid., p. 236. 27. Ibid., p. 239. 28. Ibid., p. 8. 29. Ibid., p. BO. 30. Ibid., p. 144. 31. Ibid., pp. 218, 242, 31. 32. Ibid., p. 113. 33. General Oudinot, quoted in ibid., p.
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