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Zimbabwe: Insight Into the Humanitarian Crisis and Food Politics

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Zimbabwe: Insight Into the Humanitarian Crisis and Food Politics Study report • r a p p o r t d ' é t u d e www.actioncontrelafaim.org www.actioncontrelafaim.ca Zimbabwe: insight into the humanitarian crisis www.accioncontraelhambre.org and food politics January 2006 www.aah-usa.org www.aahuk.org Contact: Anne Garella & + 33 1 43 35 88 62 [email protected] Zimbabwe: insight into the humanitarian crisis and food politics January 2006 Zimbabwe: insight into the humanitarian crisis and food politics ON I E x E c u t i v E S u m m a r y a n d r E c o m m E n d a t i o n S NTRODUCT I n 2002-03, Zimbabwe was the epicentre of and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Yet, Zimbabwe the so-called Southern Africa ‘food crisis’ has faced a very unique situation over the past few Iwith over six million people declared in years: the land reform and the resulting tense rela- need of emergency food aid. The crisis was tions with some western countries have not only triggered by a drought and compounded by the influenced the causes of the crisis but also shaped consequences of the economic decline, notably the way responses have been provided. the poor availability and high prices of agricultural inputs. The Fast Track land reform programme The human rights violations and political tensions started in 2000 also greatly contributed to the crisis, around the land reform have often obliterated the by reducing food production and compounding fact that a meaningful land redistribution, accompa- economical difficulties. nied with relevant financial and technical support to resettled farmers, was essential to eliminate poverty Despite some improvements in 2004, economical and food insecurity in a country suffering from a difficulties, including low food production, hype- highly skewed land repartition. Such support, neces- rinflation, shortage of basic commodities and sary to the adaptation of large scale commercial rising unemployment, have continued since 2002, farms into smaller units requires significant levels threatening livelihoods of millions. Fortunately, of investment and management, which have been international assistance, including a massive food lacking so far. relief intervention, along with the subsidised sales implemented by the Government, have played a Consequently, the land reform has resulted in great role in preventing hunger over these past few a dramatic drop in food production and export years: malnutrition level in Zimbabwe has remained earnings, which have induced food shortages one of the lowest in Africa, and reported cases are and reduced Government’s financial capacity actually mainly due to diseases and primarily to address them through commercial imports. HIV/AIDS. 40% of the cereals were produced by the large scale commercial farms and the newly resettled 1. Although recent data from Indeed, the words famine and starvation have farmers haven’t been able to restore significantly Zimbabwe’s national HIV sentinel surveillance system, been often misused to describe the situation of the former production levels. Reduced exports earnings collected from women country, as emergency responses by the Government may have limited the ability of the Government to attending antenatal clinics and relief agencies have prevented such a disaster import food, though the Grain Marketing Board 2 for routine check-ups, indicate that HIV prevalence to happen. As a matter of fact, the decline of social was still able to import more than 1 million tons of may have started to decline and health services combined with the HIV/AIDS cereals over the past few years, i.e. between 50 and in the country. In Evidence pandemic constitute far more immediate threats to 75% of the total food requirement, the remaining for HIV decline in Zimbabwe: a comprehensive review of lives and livelihoods: the life expectancy of Zimba- being imported by relief agencies. the epidemiological data, bweans has dropped from 61 to 34 years over the past UNAIDS Report November 15 years. This dramatic 27 years drop confirms that, Another critical effect of the land reform is the 30th, 2005. 2. Grain Marketing Board – so far, treatment has not been accessible for most of serious deterioration of the Government’s rela- GMB: state body in charge of the affected people: out of 295,000 people in need of tionship with some western countries and conse- the subsidized redistribution antiretroviral treatment, only about 9,000 receive it cutive restrictions to foreign aid. Indeed, whereas of grain and seeds. today. As a result, in this country of 12 million people, targeted sanctions were taken against Zimbabwe 170,000 die every year of the disease 1. and direct support provided to some opposition movements, some major donors and financial insti- Epicentre of the Southern Africa food crisis, tutions have restricted their assistance in different Zimbabwe is often looked at throughout a regional ways after 2000: lens, and it is true that one can find a lot in common • most of their cooperation and development with other countries in the region, including similar funding to the country has been curtailed and the agricultural patterns and agro-ecological conditions assistance been concentrated on emergency relief, mostly HIV/AIDS, food aid, water & sanitation and interventions. The mutual mistrust between the only later on agriculture. Government and the international community limits • the resettlement areas are excluded from the funding by donors, but also results in increased main aid packages whereas they have a greater bureaucratic and practical restrictions by the govern- agricultural potential due to more favourable agro- ment to the work of humanitarian organisations ecological conditions and the larger size of the and in a reduced collaboration between them and land holdings. Government services. • all assistance is channelled through international organisations, which prevents any institutional In May 2002, the British Foreign Minister, Clare Short support to Government services. stated that “People must not be punished because • in spite of one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence their government is corrupt”. Yet the Director of and death toll in the world, the health sector, and UNICEF noted in March 2005 that “despite the world’s primarily HIV/AIDS, remains largely under funded fourth highest rate of HIV infection and the greatest compared to other countries in the region. rise in child mortality in any nation, Zimbabweans receive just a fraction of donor funding compared It seems essential In a context of high political tensions and strong to other countries in the region” and appealed to today for NGOs criticism over the way the land reform has been donors “to look beyond politics and to differentiate conducted, food and agriculture have been politically between the politics and the people of Zimbabwe”. to depoliticize charged in Zimbabwe: the Government is on the one humanitarian issues hand held responsible for the food shortages and Indeed, HIV/AIDS and other diseases kill today far in Zimbabwe. NGOs on the other hand accused of not addressing them more than malnutrition which has remained in interventions may properly because of inefficiency, politicisation and Zimbabwe at one of the lowest levels in Africa. Yet, aim not only at discrimination of the public food distribution system most media and NGOs keep focusing on food issues, bringing assistance and Government’s obstructions to foreign aid. This the bulk of the assistance remains food aid, and to the people but also criticism was strongly voiced by an increasing part a silent embargo is maintained on HIV/AIDS and at improving the of the international community and the opposition institutional support funding for health services. working environment movements during the past electoral year. in the country; this It seems essential today for NGOs to depoliticize should include the Today, relief agencies find themselves trapped in humanitarian issues in Zimbabwe. NGOs inter- promotion of a shared this political arena: ventions may aim not only at bringing assistance • the overstated famine situation described by some to the people but also at improving the working understanding of the of them has been extensively used to criticise environment in the country; this should include challenges faced by Government’s policy and interventions. the promotion of a shared understanding of the the communities and • similarly, the high estimates of food aid needs deter- challenges faced by the communities and of the of the priorities of the mined by relief agencies have generally overlooked priorities of the assistance. assistance. the fact that the extent of these needs actually depended on Government’s financial resources to In order to do so, it is paramount to reject and to fight import food and to proceed to subsidised sales. any form of discrimination in the assistance, whether it comes from the Government or from donors. It is The vulnerable people of Zimbabwe are the direct also essential to produce and disseminate objective victims of these tensions: the debates around the information and analysis on livelihood situations in humanitarian situation are so politically charged order to generate adequate funding and to promote that it has become increasingly difficult to assess appropriate relief and recovery interventions that objectively people’s needs and to design appropriate will benefit to the vulnerable people of Zimbabwe. RECOMMENDATIONS • To the international community: The community of donors shall promote humanita- Western governments shall not impose sanctions to rian programmes and recovery activities aiming at the government that adversely affect the vulnerable improving living conditions, so as to find sustainable people of the country, already strongly impacted by solutions for the vulnerable people of Zimbabwe. the economic crisis and the climate constraints. • To the NGOs: They shall rather promote a non-discriminatory Relief agencies shall strive to get out of the political approach of the assistance programmes. arena and give priority to relief, assistance and • To the donors: recovery activities.
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