Local Government Reform in Zimbabwe a Policy Dialogue

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Local Government Reform in Zimbabwe a Policy Dialogue Local government reform in Zimbabwe A policy dialogue Edited by Jaap de Visser, Nico Steytler and Naison Machingauta State, Peace and Human Security Studies Local government reform in Zimbabwe A policy dialogue Edited by Jaap de Visser, Nico Steytler and Naison Machingauta Community Law Centre 2010 PB | Local government reform in Zimbabwe: A policy dialogue The State, Peace and Human Security Programme of the Community Law Centre (University of the Western Cape) conducts research and provides policy advice on state efficiency, human security and peace building in Africa. It focuses on the role of decentralisation and federalism in enhancing the efficiency of African states, in building sustainable peace in post-conflict regions and improving human security on the continent. It does this through doctoral research programmes, a Masters Programme, applied research and policy advice to governments. State, Peace and Human Security Studies is a series containing the results of applied research conducted by local experts. Community Law Centre University of the Western Cape Modderdam Road Bellville 7535 South Africa +27 21 959 2950 [email protected] © 2010 Community Law Centre (University of the Western Cape). No part hereof may be reproduced without the written consent of the Centre. ISBN: 978-1-86808-708-2 Design and layout: Page Arts cc Printed by Mega Digital Cover photograph of Samora Machel Road, Harare: Annette May Financial support was provided by the Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperation, the Austrian Development Cooperation (through the Gemeinnuetzige Entwicklingszusammenarbeit GMbH) and the Ford Foundation. Austrian Development Cooperation iii ii Local authorities and traditional leadership: John Makumbe | Contents Foreword v Opening speech ix Abstracts xiii Chapter 1: Can local government steer socio-economic transformation in Zimbabwe? Analysing historical trends and gazing into the future 1 Kudzai Chatiza 1. Introduction 1 2. History of local government and highlights of law reform 3 3. Contextualising local government in Zimbabwe 7 4. Civil society organizations and local government 17 5. Local government’s developmental potential 21 6. Key issues for law reform 22 7. Conclusion 25 Chapter 2 Local government institutions and elections 31 Stephen Chakaipa 1. Introduction 31 2. Provincial councils 34 3. Urban local government 35 4. Rural local government 43 5. Traditional leaders and local governance 48 6. National institutions supporting and regulating local government 54 7. Elections for local government 59 8. Local government operational challenges and the way forward 62 9. Conclusion 68 Chapter 3: Sources of local government financing 71 Boniface Coutinho 1. Introduction 71 2. How do local authorities finance their activities? 72 3. Significance of the various revenue sources 77 4. Sources of funding of local authorities 81 5. The main expenditure drivers 83 6. Do local governments adopt their own budgets? 84 7. Need for policy or law reforms 85 iii ii | Local government reform in Zimbabwe: A policy dialogue Chapter 4: Local authorities and traditional leadership 87 John Makumbe 1. Introduction 87 2. Relationships between local and traditional authorities 88 3. Trends in other countries 94 4. Vision 98 5. Conclusion 99 Chapter 5: The powers and functions of local government authorities 101 Shingirayi Mushamba 1. Introduction 101 2. Defining local government in Zimbabwe 102 3. Organization of local government in Zimbabwe 102 4. Powers and functions of local government in Zimbabwe 104 5. Discretion: assessing local government powers versus the presidency and the minister 113 6. Stakeholders’ consensus on powers and functions of local government 117 7. Areas for policy and legislative reform 120 Chapter 6: Supervision of local government 139 Naison Machingauta 1. Introduction 139 2. The legal status and role of local government in Zimbabwe 141 3. Monitoring 142 4. Intervention in local government 144 5. Assessment 149 6. Recommendations for policy and law reform 149 7. Conclusion 150 v iv Foreword | Foreword This publication is the result of a collaborative research project of South African and Zimbabwean academics and practitioners active in the field of local government. On 3-4 November 2009 the Community Law Centre hosted a seminar entitled “Policy Dialogue on the Future of Local Government in Zimbabwe”. A diverse spectrum of local government practitioners was assembled to discuss issues related to local government in Zimbabwe. The seminar was officially opened by the Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, Hon. Ignatius Chombo MP whose opening speech is included in this book. The seminar was structured around six critical themes relating to local government, namely socio-economic transformation, local government institutions and elections, local government financing, traditional authorities, local government functions and supervision of local government. Six esteemed authors from Zimbabwe prepared and delivered position papers on the above subject matters against the background of comparative comments from South African academics. Their contributions have been consolidated in this book. In the opening paper, Kudzai Chatiza describes the historical context of the development of local government in Zimbabwe and situates the current debate for local autonomy within this context. He traces the historical origins of local institutions - the establishment of the first local government authority in 1891 and the subsequent racial policies and institutions. He shows how the liberation movements mobilised citizens against local government institutions and programmes which symbolised colonial oppression. After independence and specifically after 1999, Chatiza argues that the democratisation processes were at first successful at local government level where independent and opposition candidates were elected as councillors. However, the susceptibility of local government to be captured by opposition forces, has led the central government to limit its powers. This, he argues has derailed local government consolidation as a functioning democratic institution, destroying in the process local government identity and capacity. This has resulted, Chatiza points out, in civil society organisations creating parallel structures which often out compete local authorities in the provision of services. Given this socio-political context, Chatiza explains how the argument for the constitutionalisation of v iv | Local government reform in Zimbabwe: A policy dialogue local government in the current constitutional reform processes is aimed to deal decisively with local government’s subjugation to the form and political orientation of the central government. Constitutionalisation is thus seen as critical to entrenching local government as an administrative and political space for citizens. Stephen Chakaipa’s paper on local government institutions and elections gives a comprehensive overview of the various institutions involved in the shaping and operation of local governments. It also further adds a detailed picture of local government elections. The local government institutions include the democratically elected institutions in urban and rural areas. In the latter areas they are complemented by the traditional authorities, a topic that is further explored in John Makumbe’s paper. Then there are the non-elected provincial councils that serve merely as administrative units of the central government. There are also an array of central government institutions involved in the regulation and supervision of local governments, namely, the Local Government Board, the Local Government ministry and the Local Government Portfolio Committee of Parliament. The third set of institutions that are discussed are those that support local governance, including local government associations, the Municipal Development Partnership (MDP), citizens/residents associations, NGOs (including those dealing with rural local government such as CAMPFIRE) and tertiary institutions providing training. Chakaipa concludes by highlighting a number of challenges. Municipalities face serious financial difficulties and will have to reduce their budgets and tariffs if they wish to get the cooperation of the residents in payment service fees. With the abolition of the executive mayor, it would appear that tensions exist between the now more ceremonial mayor and the powerful town clerk. Although there are elaborate planning systems, the links between the various plans and the budget are weak. There is an overriding influence of national government over local affairs. The national ministry has extensive powers over day-to-day decisionmaking. Chakaipa, then, recommends the revision of the legal framework for local government by constitutionalising the principle of decentralisation, the objectives of local government, the competences of local government, and the funding of local government. Given Zimbabwe’s overall perilous financial state, local governments have not been spared. In his chapter Boniface Coutinho outlines the sources of local government revenue as well as how almost all local authorities have faced insurmountable challenges in raising enough funding to ensure effective service delivery ever since independence. He shows that most of the challenges revolve around the failure to ensure effective financial management systems resulting in levying sub-economic tariffs, the failure to ensure cost recovery on essential services, the failure
Recommended publications
  • Issue Number 1, 2016
    Issue Number 1, 2016 A sub-regional UNESCO-ICH project Supported by the Flanders Government SAICH NEWS Senior officials, consultants and coordinators of the SAICH Platform Prof. David J. Simbi Mr. Damir Dijakovic Dr. Thokozile Chitepo Vice Chancellor, Regional Cultural Advisor, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development, Promotion and Preservation Chinhoyi University of UNESCO Regional Office of National Cultural Heritage, Zimbabwe Technology for Southern Africa Mr. Stephen Chifunyise Dr. Marc Jacobs Mr. Lovemore Mazibuko UNESCO ICH Expert/ UNESCO ICH Expert/ UNESCO ICH Expert/ Consultant Flanders Government Consultant Representative Prof. Herbert Chimhundu Prof. Jacob Mapara Dr. Manase K. Chiweshe Coordinator Associate Coordinator Associate Coordinator SAICH Platform SAICH Platform SAICH Platform Editor-in-Chief Cover Page Professor Herbert Chimhundu Event: Great Limpopo Cultural Trade Fair, Location: Boli Muhlanguleni, Editor Chiredzi, Zimbabwe, Photograph by: Mr. Eugene Ncube Professor Jacob Mapara Contacts Contributors SAICH Platform Dr Manase K. Chiweshe Chinhoyi University of Technology Ms Varaidzo Chinokwetu P. Bag 7724, Ms Jacqueline Tanhara Chinhoyi Design Off Harare-Kariba Highway Mr. Eugene Ncube Zimbabwe Printing Telephone: +2636727496 CUT Printing Press E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] SAICH NEWS SAFEGUARDING SAICH NEWS Participating Countries ParticipatingParticipating Countries Countries Participating Countries ParticipatingParticipatingParticipating CountriesCountries Countries BotswanaParticipatingBotswana
    [Show full text]
  • MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY APPROVAL FORM The
    MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have supervised, read and recommend to the Midlands State University for acceptance of dissertation entitled: Violation of Children `s rights by Varemba cultural practise in Mberengwa District 1980-2013 submitted by Nokuthula Bula-Bula in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in History and International studies Honours Degree Signature of Student........................................................................................................................... Signature of Supervisor...................................................................................................................... Signature of the Chairperson............................................................................................................. Signature of the Examiner(s)............................................................................................................. 1 DECLARATION I, Bula-bula Nokuthula (R103446R), certify that this dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Arts honours degree in History and International Studies at Midlands State University has not been submitted for a degree at any other University, and that it is entirely my work. Student’s name Nokuthula.L Bula-Bula Signature ……………………………… Date ........../......../............ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the almightys God who gave me the wisdom and knowledge to accomplish the work. My appreciation is
    [Show full text]
  • Grassroots Governance?: Chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2003 Grassroots governance?: chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean University of Calgary Press Grassroots governance?: chiefs in Africa and the Afro-Caribbean. Donald I. Ray, P.S. Reddy, eds. Series: Africa, missing voices series 1, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48646 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com GRASSROOTS GOVERNANCE? CHIEFS IN AFRICA AND THE AFRO-CARIBBEAN Edited by Donald I. Ray and P.S. Reddy ISBN 978-1-55238-565-4 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulawayo City Mpilo Central Hospital
    Province District Name of Site Bulawayo Bulawayo City E. F. Watson Clinic Bulawayo Bulawayo City Mpilo Central Hospital Bulawayo Bulawayo City Nkulumane Clinic Bulawayo Bulawayo City United Bulawayo Hospital Manicaland Buhera Birchenough Bridge Hospital Manicaland Buhera Murambinda Mission Hospital Manicaland Chipinge Chipinge District Hospital Manicaland Makoni Rusape District Hospital Manicaland Mutare Mutare Provincial Hospital Manicaland Mutasa Bonda Mission Hospital Manicaland Mutasa Hauna District Hospital Harare Chitungwiza Chitungwiza Central Hospital Harare Chitungwiza CITIMED Clinic Masvingo Chiredzi Chikombedzi Mission Hospital Masvingo Chiredzi Chiredzi District Hospital Masvingo Chivi Chivi District Hospital Masvingo Gutu Chimombe Rural Hospital Masvingo Gutu Chinyika Rural Hospital Masvingo Gutu Chitando Rural Health Centre Masvingo Gutu Gutu Mission Hospital Masvingo Gutu Gutu Rural Hospital Masvingo Gutu Mukaro Mission Hospital Masvingo Masvingo Masvingo Provincial Hospital Masvingo Masvingo Morgenster Mission Hospital Masvingo Mwenezi Matibi Mission Hospital Masvingo Mwenezi Neshuro District Hospital Masvingo Zaka Musiso Mission Hospital Masvingo Zaka Ndanga District Hospital Matabeleland South Beitbridge Beitbridge District Hospital Matabeleland South Gwanda Gwanda Provincial Hospital Matabeleland South Insiza Filabusi District Hospital Matabeleland South Mangwe Plumtree District Hospital Matabeleland South Mangwe St Annes Mission Hospital (Brunapeg) Matabeleland South Matobo Maphisa District Hospital Matabeleland South Umzingwane Esigodini District Hospital Midlands Gokwe South Gokwe South District Hospital Midlands Gweru Gweru Provincial Hospital Midlands Kwekwe Kwekwe General Hospital Midlands Kwekwe Silobela District Hospital Midlands Mberengwa Mberengwa District Hospital .
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Paper Series
    POLITICAL ECONOMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE University of Massachusetts Amherst Community Rights, Costs, and Benefits: The Question of Natural Resource Stewardship and Community Benefits in Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE Program James C. Murombedzi January 2003 CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No. 16 Committees, Rights, Costs and Benefits: The Question of Natural Resource Stewardship and Community Benefits in Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE Program James C. Murombedzi The Ford Foundation Johannesburg, South Africa 1 In the CAMPFIRE formulation, the resource management problems obtaining in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are the result of the absence of both the institutional capacity as well as the incentives to manage the resources in question. The CAMPFIRE solution, therefore, was to introduce new systems of group ownership and territorial rights to natural resources to communities, and provide the appropriate institutions for legitimate resource management for the benefit of these communities (Martin 1986). The implementation of this solution was attained through the enactment of an amendment to the Parks and Wild Life Act of 1975, which enables the government to delegate appropriate authority over the wildlife to the ‘communal representatives’. The CAMPFIRE program in fact constitutes a transfer of the notion of ownership, successfully implemented with regard to individual landowners, to communal landowners (Farquharson 1993). This chapter tests the extent to which CAMPFIRE has in fact been able to devolve ownership over wildlife to communities in the communal areas, and thereby promoted stewardship of wildlife through the production of benefits for the participating communities. To achieve this, I will proceed by first evaluating the extent to which CAMPFIRE has succeeded in eliciting stewardship of the wildlife resource by participating communities through the devolution of clear and unambiguous rights to wildlife to these communities.
    [Show full text]
  • LAN Installation Sites Coordinates
    ANNEX VIII LAN Installation sites coordinates Item Geographical/Location Service Delivery Tic Points (List k if HEALTH CENTRE Site # PROVINCE DISTRICT Dept/umits DHI (EPMS SITE) LAN S 2 services Sit COORDINATES required e LOT 1: List of 83 Sites BUDIRIRO 1 HARARE HARARE POLYCLINIC [30.9354,-17.8912] ALL X BEATRICE 2 HARARE HARARE RD.INFECTIO [31.0282,-17.8601] ALL X WILKINS 3 HARARE HARARE INFECTIOUS H ALL X GLEN VIEW 4 HARARE HARARE POLYCLINIC [30.9508,-17.908] ALL X 5 HARARE HARARE HATCLIFFE P.C.C. [31.1075,-17.6974] ALL X KAMBUZUMA 6 HARARE HARARE POLYCLINIC [30.9683,-17.8581] ALL X KUWADZANA 7 HARARE HARARE POLYCLINIC [30.9285,-17.8323] ALL X 8 HARARE HARARE MABVUKU P.C.C. [31.1841,-17.8389] ALL X RUTSANANA 9 HARARE HARARE CLINIC [30.9861,-17.9065] ALL X 10 HARARE HARARE HATFIELD PCC [31.0864,-17.8787] ALL X Address UNDP Office in Zimbabwe Block 10, Arundel Office Park, Norfolk Road, Mt Pleasant, PO Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: (263 4) 338836-44 Fax:(263 4) 338292 Email: [email protected] NEWLANDS 11 HARARE HARARE CLINIC ALL X SEKE SOUTH 12 HARARE CHITUNGWIZA CLINIC [31.0763,-18.0314] ALL X SEKE NORTH 13 HARARE CHITUNGWIZA CLINIC [31.0943,-18.0152] ALL X 14 HARARE CHITUNGWIZA ST.MARYS CLINIC [31.0427,-17.9947] ALL X 15 HARARE CHITUNGWIZA ZENGEZA CLINIC [31.0582,-18.0066] ALL X CHITUNGWIZA CENTRAL 16 HARARE CHITUNGWIZA HOSPITAL [31.0628,-18.0176] ALL X HARARE CENTRAL 17 HARARE HARARE HOSPITAL [31.0128,-17.8609] ALL X PARIRENYATWA CENTRAL 18 HARARE HARARE HOSPITAL [30.0433,-17.8122] ALL X MURAMBINDA [31.65555953980,- 19 MANICALAND
    [Show full text]
  • CHIEFS and the STATE in INDEPENDENT ZAMBIA Exploring the Zambian National Press
    CHIEFS AND THE STATE IN INDEPENDENT ZAMBIA Exploring the Zambian National Press •J te /V/- /. 07 r s/ . j> Wim van Binsbergen Introduction In West African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone, chiefs have successfully entered the modern age, characterized by the independent state and its bureaucratie institutions, peripheral capitalism and a world-wide electronic mass culture. There, chiefs are more or less conspicuous both in daily life, in post-Independence literary products and even in scholarly analysis. In the first analysis, the Zambian situation appears to be very different. After the späte of anthropological research on chiefs in the colonial era,1 post-Independence historical research has added précision and depth to the scholarly insight concerning colonial chiefs and the precolonial rulers whose royal or aristocratie titles the former had inherited, as well as those (few) cases where colonial chieftaincies had been downright invented for the sake of con- venience and of systemic consistence all over the territory of the then Northern Rhodesia. But precious little has been written on the rôle and performance of Zambian chiefs öfter Independence. A few recent regional studies offer useful glances at chiefly affairs in 1. The colonial anthropological contribution to the study of Zambian chieftainship centered on, the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and the Manchester School, and included such classic studies of chieftainship as Barnes 1954; Cunnison 1959; Gluckman 1943, 1967; Richards 1935; Watson 1958. Cf. Werbner 1984 for a recent appraisal. e Copyright 1987 - Wim van Binsbergen - 139 - CHIEFS IN INDEPENDENT ZAMBIA Wim van Binsbergen selected rural districts,2 but by and large they fail to make the link with the national level they concentrât« on the limited number of chiefs of the région under study.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HISTORY of the TONGA and FISHING COOPERATIVES in BINGA DISTRICT 1950S-2015
    FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY EMPOWERMENT OR CONTROL? : THE HISTORY OF THE TONGA AND FISHING COOPERATIVES IN BINGA DISTRICT 1950s-2015 BY HONOUR M.M. SINAMPANDE R131722P DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE HONOURS DEGREE IN HISTORY AT MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY. NOVEMBER 2016 ZVISHAVANE: ZIMBABWE SUPERVISOR DR. T.M. MASHINGAIDZE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have supervised the student Honour M.M Sinampande (R131722P) dissertation entitled Empowerment or Control? : The history of the Tonga and fishing cooperatives in Binga District 1950-210 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Arts in History Honours Degree offered by Midlands State University. Dr. T.M Mashingaidze ……………………… SUPERVISOR DATE …….……………………………………… …………………………….. CHAIRPERSON DATE ….………………………………………… …………………………….. EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE DECLARATION I, Honour M.M Sinampande declare that, Empowerment or Control? : The history of the Tonga and fishing cooperatives in Binga District 1950s-2015 is my own work and it has never been submitted before any degree or examination in any other university. I declare that all sources which have been used have been acknowledged. I authorize the Midlands State University to lend this to other institution or individuals for purposes of academic research only. Honour M.M Sinampande …………………………………………… 2016 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my father Mr. H.M Sinampande and my mother Ms. J. Muleya for their inspiration, love and financial support throughout my four year degree programme. ABSTRACT The history of the Tonga have it that, the introduction of the fishing villages initially and then later the cooperative system in Binga District from the 1950s-2015 saw the Zambezi Tonga lose their fishing rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Tributes to Former Presidents of the Association
    INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION Aims The Inter-Parliamentary Union, whose international Statute is outlined in a Headquarters Agreement drawn up with the Swiss federal authorities, is the only world-wide organization of Parliaments. The aim of the Inter-Parliamentary Union is to promote personal contacts between mem- bers of all Parliaments and to unite them in common action to secure and maintain the full participation of their respective States in the firm establishment and development of repre- sentative institutions and in the advancement of the work of international peach and co- operation, particularly by supporting the objectives of the United Nations. In pursuance of this objective, the Union makes known its views on all international problems suitable for settlement by parliamentary action and puts forward suggestions for the development of parliamentary assemblies so as to improve the working of those institutions and increase their prestige. Membership off the Union (October 1993) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea (Dem. P. R. of), Korea
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL ENTERPRISE AS the GAME-CHANGER: EMBRACING INNOVATION and DYNAMISM in CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE in ZIMBABWE Rangarirai Franka & Zororo Murandab
    ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AJSW, Volume 6 Number 1 2016 Frank, R. & Muranda, Z. Publisher African Journal of Social Work Afri. j. soc. work © National Association of Social Workers-Zimbabwe/Author(s) ISSN Print 1563-3934 ISSN Online 2409-5605 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License SOCIAL ENTERPRISE AS THE GAME-CHANGER: EMBRACING INNOVATION AND DYNAMISM IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN ZIMBABWE Rangarirai Franka & Zororo Murandab ABSTRACT The integration of economic and social value creation through social entrepreneurship has become a global phenomenon. Only recently, social work practitioners, researchers, and academics have begun to explore social entrepreneurship including its significance to social work practice. This paper discusses social enterprise as an innovative and dynamic approach to social work practice which addresses complex societal challenges within a constrained but constantly changing environment. Since social entrepreneurship embraces the application of business acumen to raise income for the purposes of supporting a social mission, its application to social work practice in Zimbabwe’s voluntary sector has become indispensable, given the dwindling state and donor funds to support and sustain social services delivery. The paper underscores that since social enterprise is premised on a culture of innovation, openness and adaption, it represents a hands-on approach to sustainable
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Ecology of Poverty Alleviation in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources CAMPFIRE) B
    Geoforum 33 2002) 1±14 www.elsevier.com/locate/geoforum The political ecology of poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources CAMPFIRE) B. Ikubolajeh Logan a, William G. Moseley b a Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2502, USA b Department of Geography, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115-2854, USA Received 13 November 2000; in revised form 25 June 2001 Abstract The CAMPFIRE program in Zimbabwe is one of a `new breed' of strategies designed to tackle environmental management at the grassroots level. CAMPFIRE aims to help rural communities to manage their resources, especially wildlife, for their own local development. The program's central objective is to alleviate rural poverty by giving rural communities autonomy over resource management and to demonstrate to them that wildlife is not necessarily a hindrance to arable agriculture, ``but a resource that could be managed and `cultivated' to provide income and food''. In this paper, we assess two important elements of CAMPFIRE: poverty alleviation and local empowerment and comment on the program's performance in achieving these highly interconnected objectives. We analyze the program's achievements in poverty alleviation by exploring tenurial patterns, resource ownership and the allocation of proceeds from resource exploitation; and its progress in local empowerment by examining its administrative and decision making structures. We conclude that the program cannot eectively achieve the goal of poverty alleviation without ®rst addressing the administrative and legal structures that underlie the country's political ecology. Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Political ecology; Poverty alleviation; Community-empowerment; CAMPFIRE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Chambers: Unicameral Or Bicameral?
    Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? How many chambers a parliament should have is a controversial question in constitutional law. Having two legislative chambers grew out of the monarchy system in the UK and other European countries, where there was a need to represent both the aristocracy and the common man, and out of the federal system in the US. where individual states required representation. In recent years, unicameral systems, or those with one legislative chamber, were associated with authoritarian states. Although that perception does not currently hold true, there appears to be a general trend toward two chambers in emerging democracies, particularly in larger countries. Given historical, cultural and political factors, governments must decide whether one-chamber or two chambers better serve the needs of the country. Bicameral Chambers A bicameral legislature is composed of two-chambers, usually termed the lower house and upper house. The lower house is usually based proportionally on population with each member representing the same number of citizens in each district or region. The upper house varies more broadly in the way in which members are selected, including inheritance, appointment by various bodies and direct and indirect elections. Representation in the upper house can reflect political subdivisions, as is the case for the US Senate, German Bundesrat and Indian Rajya Sabha. Bicameral systems tend to occur in federal states, because of that system’s two-tiered power structure. Where subdivisions are drawn to coincide with other important societal units, the upper house can serve to represent ethnic, religious or tribal groupings, as in India or Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]