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Novas Categorias Da Filologia Russa Para A i iii ENDEREÇO Equipe Editorial Departamento de Letras Orientais, Faculdade de Editora Fátima Bianchi, Universidade de São Paulo. Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de Assistente editorial Jéssica de Souza Farjado, Universidade de São São Paulo Paulo. Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 403 sala 25 Projeto Gráfico e diagramaçãoAna Novi, Universidade de São Paulo. CEP: 01060-970 Cidade Universitária Revisão de texto Cecília Rosas, Danilo Horã e Henrique Canary, São Paulo/SP - Brasil Universidade de São Paulo. CONTATO Conselho Editorial Telefone: 055 11 3091-4299 E-mail: [email protected] Arlete Cavaliere, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil SITE Bruno Barretto Gomide, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil revistas.usp.br/rus Elena Nikolaevna Vassina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil APOIO Fátima Bianchi, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil CAPES Mario Ramos Francisco Junior, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil LERUSS Noé Oliveira Policarpo Polli, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil Conselho Científico David Mandel, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canadá. Jerusa Pires Ferreira, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brasil. Aurora Fornoni Bernardini, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Georges Nivat, Universidade de Genebra, Suiça. Paulo Bezerra, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil. Yuri N. Guírin, ILU, Federação da Rússia. iv Junho de 2017 Volume 8 Número 9 Missão A revista RUS é uma publicação eletrônica anual da área de Literatura e Cultura Russa do Departamento de Letras Orien- tais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. O principal objetivo da RUS é a di- vulgação dos estudos da área de russística no Brasil, por meio da publicação de trabalhos inéditos de pesquisadores brasilei- ros e estrangeiros, que abordem a literatura, a cultura, as artes, a filosofia, as ciências humanas na Rússia. A idealização da revista RUS, em 2011, tem como intuito substituir o Caderno de Literatura e Cultura Russa. Publica- do pela primeira vez em 2004, pela Ateliê Editorial, o primeiro número do Caderno de Literatura e Cultura Russa (disponível para download em nosso site) representou a concretização de um importante espaço para a ampliação e o aprofundamento dos estudos russos no Brasil, dando continuidade aos esforços e dedicação de Boris Schnaiderman na divulgação desta área de conhecimento entre nós. O Caderno foi resultado, portan- to, do amadurecimento de idéias que foram desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas e que ganharam maior impulso acadêmico a partir do início das atividades da pós-graduação do Curso de Russo, em 1994. O primeiro número do Caderno de Literatura e Cultura Russa trouxe um dossiê sobre a obra daquele que é considerado o iniciador da literatura russa moderna, Aleksandr Púchkin. Já em seu segundo número, publicado em 2008, o Caderno apre- sentou um rico dossiê sobre a obra de Fiódor M. Dostoiévski. Nos dois casos, a revista contou com ensaios e artigos de im- portantes estudiosos do Brasil e do exterior. A partir de 2011, a revista RUS passou a cumprir a relevan- te tarefa de divulgar a literatura e a cultura russa no Brasil, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento e enriquecimento dos estudos de russística e promovendo a formação de novos es- pecialistas nesta área. iii Índice 1. A intelligentsia e a Revolução de Outubro /The intelligentsia and the October Revolution David Mandel artigos 1 2. Novas categorias da filologia russa para a compreensão da poética de Dostoiévski/ Новые категории русской филологии для понимания поэтики Достоевского Иван Есаулов/ Ivan 33 Esaúlov 3. Um diálogo entre Dostoiévski, Agos- tinho de Hipona e Allan Kardec: uma possível via crucis para a cicatrização 66 do espírito? Flávio Ricardo Vassoler 4. Bakhtin e o Pós-colonialismo: a 88 questão do hibridismo Valteir Vaz 5. “O nosso tudo”: o mito de Púchkin pelo prisma dos escritores dissi- 120 dentes soviéticos Yulia Mikaelyan 6. Autorretratos de Daniil Kharms } 141 Daniela Mountian 7. O teatro de Vakhtângov: fundamen- tos de uma prática teatral Adriane 169 Maciel Gomes tradução 8. Rudolfio (V.G. Raspútin) Henrique 185 Gomes Santos e Fatima Bianchi ensaio 9. Minha última viagem sentimental à 203 URSS (1989) Aurora Bernadini v vi artigos artigos viii A intelligentsia e a Revolução de Outubro* David Mandel* * RESUMO: Este artigo examina a atitude da intelligentsia “democrática”, de orientação de esquerda, para com as revoluções de 1917. Documenta e analisa sua crescente alienação posterior em relação às classes populares, operários e camponeses, ao longo de 1917. Essa alienação é explicada no marco do aprofundamento da polarização da sociedade russa, um processo cujas raízes podem ser encontradas na revolução de 1905, e até mesmo antes dela, mas que alcançou seu ápice em 1917, na Revolução de Outubro. Essa revolução se revelou um evento exclusivamente plebeu, diante do qual a intelligentsia de orientação de esquerda foi bastante hostil, situação esta que preocupou profundamente os ativistas operários. Palavras-chave: intelligentsia democrática, revolução, alienação. 1 David Mandel *Esta é uma versão revisada ereschenko, um magnata do açúcar e Ministro dos As- e ampliada de um artigo que suntosT Estrangeiros na última coalizão do Governo Provisório, não apareceu pela primeira vez na revista Critique, nº 14, 1981, pp. estava apenas tentando puxar assunto quando perguntou ao ma- 68-87. Boa parte dele é baseada rinheiro que o escoltava para a prisão, após a tomada do Palácio na pesquisa publicada em meu The Petrograd Workers and the de Inverno, na noite de 24 para 25 de outubro: “Como vocês vão se Fall of the Old Regime (Os ope- virar sem a intelligentsia?”1 Essa questão, de fato, apontava para rários de Petrogrado e a queda um aspecto crucial das revoluções de 1917 – a alienação entre do antigo regime) e também The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet a classe operária e a intelligentsia, particularmente aquela parte Seizure of Power (Os operários de da intelligentsia que era reconhecida e se reconhecia como “de- Petrogrado e a tomada do poder mocrática” ou “socialista”.2 Os historiadores deram, relativamente, pelos soviets), Macmillan Press, Londres, 1983 e 1986. pouca atenção para esse importante aspecto da revolução, talvez ** David Mandel é professor devido ao papel proeminente da intelligentsia no mais alto esca- do Departamento de Ciências políticas da Université du Québec lão do partido bolchevique, no seu Comitê Central. Mas em todos à Montréal. É autor de vários os níveis inferiores a presença dos membros da intelligentsia era livros e artigos sobre a classe de fato escassa: o partido bolchevique em 1917 era incrivelmente operária russa e soviética, e participou efetivamente em ações proletário, tanto por sua composição social, quanto por sua orien- de formação na Rússia, Ucrânia e tação política. Bielorrússia. Mas a alienação da intelligentsia de esquerda em relação ao movimento dos trabalhadores poderia, de fato, ter suas raízes ras- treadas até a revolução de 1905, ou mesmo antes. Essa alienação foi brevemente revertida pela Revolução de Fevereiro, que, por um curto período, criou uma atmosfera de unidade nacional. Mas o mútuo estranhamento reapareceu rapidamente e, como uma vin- gança, culminou na Revolução de Outubro, que foi incrivelmente apoiada pelos operários e camponeses, mas que gerou uma hos- tilidade profunda por parte da intelligentsia, inclusive de sua ala esquerda. 1 Citado por S. P. Melgunov, The Bolshevik Seizure of Power, ABC-CAO, 1972, p. 90. 2 Em contraste com a “intelligentsia burguesa” – pessoas como P. V. Miliukov, historiador e líder do partido kadete, um partido liberal que se tornou hegemônico entre as classes proprietárias (“sociedade censitária”) em 1917 –, a “intelligentsia democrática” simpatizava com as classes populares (operários e camponeses) e apoiava vários partidos socialistas. Na terminologia de então da esquerda russa, eram parte da “democracia revolucionária”, junto com os operários e camponeses. 2 A intelligentsia e a Revolução de Outubro Na linguaguem popular da época, intelligent era alguém que ga- nhava a vida (ou que poderia vir a fazê-lo – estudantes) com uma ocupação que requeria um diploma pelo menos de nível secundá- rio. Por exemplo, quando, em abril de 1917, os altos funcionários da Agência dos Correios de Petrogrado decidiram formar um sin- dicato próprio, em reação às aspirações igualitárias do Sindicato dos Empregados dos Correios e Telégrafos então existente, eles se intitularam “Birô Organizativo Provisório dos Empregados Intel- ligentnikh3 da Agência Central dos Correios e Filiais” e destacaram sua “educação, à qual dedicaram pelo menos um quarto da vida”, em contraste com os membros do sindicato existente, “que não conseguem nem mesmo escrever o próprio nome corretamente”.4 V. M. Levin, um socialista-revolucionário de esquerda (SR), mem- bro do Conselho Central de Comitês de Fábrica de Petrogrado, escreveu, em dezembro de 1917, que “as pessoas que tiveram a sorte de receber uma educação científica estão abandonando o povo... E entre este último cresce instintivamente um ódio pelas pessoas instruídas, pela intelligentsia.” 5 Mas além dessa definição popular, sociológica, o termo também carregava uma certa conotação moral e política: a intelligentsia eram pessoas preocupadas com as “questões malditas”, com o destino da Rússia. O sociólogo Pitirim Sorókin, secretário pessoal de Kerénski em 1917, se referiu à intelligentsia como “os portado- res do intelecto e da consciência”.6 E embora a maioria fosse de liberais, ou até mesmo de alas mais à direita, e identificados com os interesses e a visão de mundo das classes proprietárias (“so- ciedade censitária”), mesmo assim, o termo intelligentsia tinha uma certa conotação de serviço ao povo trabalhador. Historicamente, essa conotação tinha alguma base na realida- de. Ao longo da segunda metade do século 19, uma parte signi- ficativa da intelligentsia politicamente ativa se opôs à autocracia e, embora fossem apenas uma minoria da população instruída, mesmo assim, esse grupo deu a tônica de toda a camada social. 3 Adjetivo derivado do substantivo intelligentsia ou intelligent. (Nota do Tradutor) 4 K. Bazilevich, Professionalnoe dvijenie rabotnikov sviazi, Moscou, 1927, p.
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