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(Bihać) Spring Cross- Border Sanitary Protection Zones

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(Bihać) Spring Cross- Border Sanitary Protection Zones Public Disclosure Authorized Development of a Study on the Establish- ment of the Klokot (Bihać) Spring Cross- Border Sanitary Protection Zones FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Zürich, 09.09.2020 HOLINGER AG Neugasse 136, CH-8005 Zurich Phone: +41 44 288 81 00 [email protected] Version Date Responsible Control Distribution 1 09.09.2020 HOLINGER / Philipp Derungs Stakeholders UNA Consulting / Hidroinzenjering Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot (Bihac) spring cross-border sanitary protection zones – Final Report Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones TABLE OF CONTENT: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 INTRODUCTION 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE WATER INTAKE AT KLOKOT SOURCE 10 CATCHMENT AREA AND PROTECTION ZONES 11 1.3.1 Geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the catchment area 11 1.3.2 Hydrogeological characteristics of the catchment area 11 1.3.3 Overview of the conducted groundwater flow tracings 12 1.3.4 Defining the hydrogeological catchment of Klokot and Privilica 12 1.3.5 Proposed sanitary protection zones boundaries 12 GIS AND MAPPING 17 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 18 WATER QUALITY AT THE KLOKOT SPRING 20 POLLUTERS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF WATER SOURCE KLOKOT 23 VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE BASIN 25 CHARACTERISTICS OF EROSION PROCESSES IN THE CATCHMENT AREA 27 VULNERABILITY AND POLLUTION RISK MAPS 28 RECOMMENDATION OF MEASURES TO ENSURE WATER QUALITY 29 1.11.1 General 29 1.11.2 Proposed improvement measures for identified Polluters 29 1.11.3 Measures in the framework of the overall protection approach 34 INTRODUCTION 37 PROJECT BACKGROUND 37 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONSULTANCY TEAM 38 IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT 40 DESCRIPTION OF KLOKOT WATER SOURCE 41 WATER INTAKE AT THE SOURCE OF KLOKOT 41 SPELEOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN THE VICINITY OF KLOKOT WATER SOURCE 44 CATCHMENT AREA AND PROTECTION ZONES 46 GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS 46 TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE TERRAIN 48 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATCHMENT AREA 51 4.3.1 Hydrogeological types of rocks 51 4.3.2 Hydrogeological functions of the terrain 54 OVERVIEW OF THE CONDUCTED TRACINGS 55 4.4.1 Tracings conducted from 1968 to 2020 55 3/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones 4.4.2 Dye Mass Balance Calculation 61 DEFINING THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CATCHMENT AREA OF THE KLOKOT AND PRIVILICA SPRINGS 62 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 66 4.6.1 Review of previous analysis from the study "the Klokot and Privilica springs in the municipality of Bihac protection project" 66 4.6.2 Processing of hydrological observation and measurement results for the Klokot stream 75 4.6.3 Completing the Klokot discharge series at the Klokot profile 77 PROPOSED SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES BOUNDARIES 101 4.7.1 Zone of strict protection and surveillance regime – zone I 103 4.7.2 Zone of strict restriction and surveillance – zone II 104 4.7.3 Restriction and surveillance zone – zone III 106 4.7.4 Restricted zone – zone IV 106 4.7.5 Restriction Zones in the Plitvice Lakes National Park 107 GIS DATABASE AND MAPPING 109 WORKING GIS DATABASE 109 CREATION OF STANDARDIZED GEODATABASE 111 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 114 BASE DATA AND REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION 114 PROPOSAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTION SYSEM AND THE INVESTIGATION METHODS FOR PROTECTION OF THE KARSTIC AQUIFERS IN THE BORDER AREAS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 114 REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK 115 6.3.1 Laws 115 6.3.2 By-laws 115 6.3.3 Specific regulations 116 6.3.4 Results of conducted analysis of existing regulations and improvement measures 116 6.3.5 Water quality control at water source 117 6.3.6 Developed and improved documents 118 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE CONSULTANT 119 WATER QUALITY AT KLOKOT SPRING 121 EXAMINATION OF RESULTS FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS 122 7.1.1 Frequent increase of water turbidity at the Klokot spring 123 7.1.2 Physicochemical analysis of the water quality of the Klokot spring established by monitoring with a fixed multiprobe 128 7.1.3 Physicochemical analysis of water quality in piezometers (boreholes) at the Željava¨ airport location 129 7.1.4 Physicochemical analysis of water quality at sinkholes and karstic holes in Croatia 132 4/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones EXAMINATION OF RESULTS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 134 7.2.1 Frequent presence of unwanted bacteria in water 135 7.2.2 Microbiological analysis of water quality at sinkholes and karstic holes in Croatia 137 PLITIVICE LAKES NATIONAL PARK – IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF THE KLOKOT SPRING WATER 138 COMPARISON OF FLOW, APPEARANCE OF TURBIDITY AND BACTERIA PRESENCE IN WATER AT THE KLOKOT SPRING 138 7.4.1 Notes about the quality of water: 140 7.4.2 Notes on circumstances in which project research was conducted: 141 RECOMMENDATIONS 141 IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTERS 142 BASE DATA AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING INFORMATION 142 POLLUTERS CADASTRE WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF LOCATIONS 144 DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTERS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 148 DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 156 ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION LOADS IN CATCHMENT AREA OF WATER SOURCE KLOKOT 170 VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE BASIN 171 ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF FORESTS AND FOREST LANDS IN THE KLOKOT SPRING CATCHMENT AREA 171 FORESTS AND FOREST LAND IN FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 171 FORESTS AND FOREST LANDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 174 DEFORESTATION ALONG THE BORDER BETWEEN FBIH AND RC 176 CONCLUSION 177 CHARACTERITICS OF EROSION PROCESSES IN THE CATCHEMENT AREA 178 SPATIAL MODELLING - VULNERABILITY AND RISK OF POLLUTION 183 PREPARING DATA LAYERS 183 DIGITAL SPATIAL MODELLING 184 11.2.1 Pollution vulnerability 184 11.2.2 Potential polluters 186 CONCLUSION 189 RECOMMENDATION OF MEASURES TO ENSURE WATER QUALITY 190 GENERAL 190 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT MEASURES FOR IDENTIFIED POLLUTERS 191 MEASURES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE OVERALL PROTECTION APPROACH 198 5/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones 12.3.1 Legislation 198 12.3.2 Implementation strategy for wastewater management 199 12.3.3 Overall planning approach 200 MEASURES TO CONTAIN HAZARDS ON KARSTIC WATER 202 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM 202 SELECTION OF AN ADEQUATE WATER TREATMENT 204 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 205 6/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones ABBREVIATIONS: BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina EU European Union FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina MAC Maximum Authorized Concentration NPPL See 'PLNP' PE Population Equivalent, unit used to define the size of a waste-water treatment plant PLNP Plitvice Lakes National Park (also called 'NPPL': National Park Privlice Lakes) RC Republic of Croatia ToR Terms of Reference UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UF Ultra Filtration WB World Bank WBIF Western Balkans Investment Framework WFD Water Framework Directive (European Union Directive) WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plan 7/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones ANNEXES: Annex 1. Overview Map of the Catchment Area Annex 2. Hydrogeological Map Annex 3 Table of the Conducted Groundwater Flow Tracings Annex 4. Map of Protection Zones - General with Tracings Annex 4.1 Map of Protection Zones - Zones III and IV Annex 4.2 Map of Protection Zones - Detail Zone II Annex 4.3. Map of Protection Zones - Detail Zone I : Klokot Annex 4.4 Map of Protection Zones - Detail Zone I : Privilica Annex 4.5 Map of Protection Zones - Detail Zone I : Vucjak Annex 5. Process of Development of Interstates Documents Annex 6. Review and Analysis of the existing Legal Framework Annex 7. Comparison of Rulebooks FBiH and RC Legal part Annex 8. Comparison of Rulebooks FBiH and RC Technical part Annex 9. Proposal for the Development of Rulebook on Water Protection Zones-Joint BiH and RH Annex 10. Proposal for the Development of Protection Methods and Survey for Karst Spring Annex 11. Proposal for the Development of Decision on Source Protection BiH RC Annex 12. Proposal for the Development of Treaty on Protection of Karst Aquifers Joint BiH RC Annex 13. Tables of Results of Physical and Chemical Analysis between 2004 and 2020 Annex 14. Overview Table of all Physical and Chemical Parameters which value is over Maximum Authorized Concentration Annex 15. Tables of Results of Microbiological Analysis between 2004 and 2020 Annex 16. Overview Table of all Microbiological Parameters which value is over Maximum Authorized Concentration Annex 17. Map pf potential polluters Annex 18. Map of Proposition of Locations for Marks of Sanitary Protection Zone 8/207 Development of a study on the establishment of the Klokot spring protection zones EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The Klokot and Privilica springs are used to supply the City of Bihać in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) with potable water. Protection of this spring is of great importance for the Municipality of Bihać. The overview map in Annex 1 shows the City of Bihac and the Klokot and Privilica springs catchment area. The estimated size of the catchment area of Klokot and Privilica is 951.5 km2. About 90% of the catchment area is in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (RC), and only 10% is in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Several existing and potential polluters in the catchment area were foreseen to need to be either removed or remediated. A need to protect Klokot and Privilica springs and more specifically to establish sanitary pro- tection zones within the catchment area of the Klokot and Privilica springs, that is to say in the territories of both countries: the Republic of Croatia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herze- govina was identified.
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