Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect. -
Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)
Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes
The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes. A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ruyi Li BSc (Bio-Eng), MSc (Vit./Oen.) Northwest A&F University The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine July 2012 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................... iii Declaration...................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. ix Figures, Schemes and Tables......................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 1.1 General Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Carotenoids................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Definition, types and identification of carotenoids................................................. 3 1.2.2 Factors influencing the concentration of carotenoids -
Altered Xanthophyll Compositions Adversely Affect Chlorophyll Accumulation and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Arabidopsis Mutants
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 13324–13329, October 1998 Plant Biology Altered xanthophyll compositions adversely affect chlorophyll accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis mutants BARRY J. POGSON*, KRISHNA K. NIYOGI†,OLLE BJO¨RKMAN‡, AND DEAN DELLAPENNA§¶ *Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601; †Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102; ‡Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305-4101; and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014 Contributed by Olle Bjo¨rkman, September 4, 1998 ABSTRACT Collectively, the xanthophyll class of carote- thin, are enriched in the LHCs, where they contribute to noids perform a variety of critical roles in light harvesting assembly, light harvesting, and photoprotection (2–8). antenna assembly and function. The xanthophyll composition A summary of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of higher of higher plant photosystems (lutein, violaxanthin, and neox- plants and relevant chemical structures is shown in Fig. 1. anthin) is remarkably conserved, suggesting important func- Lycopene is cyclized twice by the enzyme lycopene b-cyclase tional roles for each. We have taken a molecular genetic to form b-carotene. The two beta rings of b-carotene are approach in Arabidopsis toward defining the respective roles of subjected to identical hydroxylation reactions to yield zeaxan- individual xanthophylls in vivo by using a series of mutant thin, which in turn is epoxidated once to form antheraxanthin lines that selectively eliminate and substitute a range of and twice to form violaxanthin. Neoxanthin is derived from xanthophylls. The mutations, lut1 and lut2 (lut 5 lutein violaxanthin by an additional rearrangement (9). -
Appendix 9.2 Plant Species Recorded Within the Assessment Area
Appendix 9.2: Plant Species Recorded within the Assessment Area Agricultural Area Storm Water Fishponds Mudflat / Native/ Developed Distribution in Protection Village / Drain / Natural Modified and Coastal Scientific Name Growth Form Exotic to Area / Plantation Grassland Shrubland Woodland Marsh Mangrove Hong Kong (1) Status Orchard Recreational Watercourse Watercourse Mitigation Water Hong Kong Wasteland Dry Wet Pond Ponds Body Abrus precatorius climber: vine native common - + subshrubby Abutilon indicum native restricted - ++ herb Acacia auriculiformis tree exotic - - ++++ +++ + ++++ ++ +++ Acacia confusa tree exotic - - ++++ + +++ ++ ++ ++++ ++ ++++ Acanthus ilicifolius shrub native common - + ++++ Acronychia pedunculata tree native very common - ++ Adenosma glutinosum herb native very common - + + Adiantum capillus-veneris herb native common - + ++ ++ Adiantum flabellulatum herb native very common - + +++ +++ shrub or small Aegiceras corniculatum native common - +++ tree Aeschynomene indica shrubby herb native very common - + Ageratum conyzoides herb exotic common - ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + Ageratum houstonianum herb exotic common - ++ + Aglaia odorata shrub exotic common - +++ + +++ + Aglaonema spp. herb - - - + + rare (listed under Forests and Ailanthus fordii (3) small tree native + Countryside Ordinance Cap. 96) Alangium chinense tree or shrub native common - ++ + ++ + +++ + Albizia lebbeck tree exotic - - +++ Alchornea trewioides shrub native common - + Aleurites moluccana tree exotic common - +++ ++ ++ ++ Allamanda cathartica climbing -
Identification of Distinct Ph- and Zeaxanthin-Dependent Quenching
RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Julianne M Troiano1†, Federico Perozeni2†, Raymundo Moya1, Luca Zuliani2, Kwangyrul Baek3, EonSeon Jin3, Stefano Cazzaniga2, Matteo Ballottari2*, Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen1* 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 3Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Under high light, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms avoid photodamage by thermally dissipating absorbed energy, which is called nonphotochemical quenching. In green algae, a chlorophyll and carotenoid-binding protein, light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR3), detects excess energy via a pH drop and serves as a quenching site. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we investigated quenching within LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro two distinct quenching processes, individually controlled by pH and zeaxanthin, were identified within LHCSR3. The pH-dependent quenching was removed within a mutant LHCSR3 that lacks the residues that are protonated to sense the pH drop. Observation of quenching in zeaxanthin-enriched LHCSR3 even at neutral pH demonstrated zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, which also occurs in other light-harvesting complexes. Either pH- or zeaxanthin-dependent quenching prevented the formation of damaging reactive oxygen species, and thus the two *For correspondence: quenching processes may together provide different induction and recovery kinetics for [email protected] (MB); photoprotection in a changing environment. [email protected] (GSS-C) †These authors contributed equally to this work Competing interests: The Introduction authors declare that no Sunlight is the essential source of energy for most photosynthetic organisms, yet sunlight in excess competing interests exist. -
Abscisic Acid Induced Protection Against Photoinhibition of PSII Correlates with Enhanced Activity of the Xanthophyll Cycle
FEBS 15944 FEBS Letters 371 (1995) 61-64 Abscisic acid induced protection against photoinhibition of PSII correlates with enhanced activity of the xanthophyll cycle A.G. Ivanov a'*, M. Krol b, D. Maxwell b, N.P.A. Huner b alnstitute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Aead. (7. Bonchev Street, bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria bDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada Received 22 June 1995; revised version received 24 July 1995 applied ABA on the light-dependent zeaxanthin formation, the Abstract The exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) to related capacity for non-photochemical chlorophyll fluores- barley seedlings resulted in partial protection of the PSII photo- cence quenching and the possible involvement of ABA in the chemistry against photoinhibition at low temperature, the effect protection of PSII photochemistry from excessive radiation at being most pronounced at 10 -s M ABA. This was accompanied low temperatures. by higher photochemical quenching (qP) in ABA-treated leaves. A considerable increase (122%) in the amount of total carotenoids 2. Materials and methods and xanthophylls (antheraxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin) was also found in the seedlings subjected to ABA. The activity Seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. cadette) were germinated of the xanthophyll cycle measured by the epoxidation state of for 3 days and grown in aqueous solutions of ABA (10 -5 M and 10-6 M) xanthophyUs under high-light treatment was higher in ABA- as in [23]. ABA treatments lasted 7 days. The solutions were changed treated plants compared with the control. This corresponds to a daily. -
Biocolorants and Its Implications in Health and Food Industry - a Review
International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vol.3, No.4, pp 2228-2244, Oct-Dec 2011 Biocolorants and its implications in Health and Food Industry - A Review H. Rymbai1*, R.R. Sharma2, Manish Srivastav1 1Division of Fruits & Horticultural Technology, 2Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India *Corres.author: [email protected] Mobile No. 09582155637 Abstract: Color is the main feature of any food item as it enhances the appeal and acceptability of food. During processing, substantial amount of color is lost, and make any food commodity attractive to the consumers, synthetic or natural colours are added. Several types of dyes are available in the market as colouring agents to food commodities but biocolorants are now gaining popularity and considerable significance due to consumer awareness because synthetic dyes cause severe health problems. Biocolorants are prepared from renewable sources and majority are of plant origin. The main food biocolorants are carotenoids, flavanoids, anthocyanidins, chlorophyll, betalain and crocin, which are extracted from several horticultural plants. In addition to food coloring, biocolorants also act as antimicrobials, antioxygens and thereby prevent several diseases and disorders in human beings. Although, biocolorants have several potential benefits, yet tedious extraction procedures, low colour value, higher cost than synthetic dyes, instability during processing etc., hinder their popularity. Although, it is presumed that with the use of modern techniques of biotechnology, these problems in extraction procedures will be reduced, yet to meet the growing demand, more detailed studies on the production and stability of biocolorants are necessary while ensuring biosafety and proper legislation. -
Genetic Modification of Tomato with the Tobacco Lycopene Β-Cyclase Gene Produces High Β-Carotene and Lycopene Fruit
Z. Naturforsch. 2016; 71(9-10)c: 295–301 Louise Ralley, Wolfgang Schucha, Paul D. Fraser and Peter M. Bramley* Genetic modification of tomato with the tobacco lycopene β-cyclase gene produces high β-carotene and lycopene fruit DOI 10.1515/znc-2016-0102 and alleviation of vitamin A deficiency by β-carotene, Received May 18, 2016; revised July 4, 2016; accepted July 6, 2016 which is pro-vitamin A [4]. Deficiency of vitamin A causes xerophthalmia, blindness and premature death, espe- Abstract: Transgenic Solanum lycopersicum plants cially in children aged 1–4 [5]. Since humans cannot expressing an additional copy of the lycopene β-cyclase synthesise carotenoids de novo, these health-promoting gene (LCYB) from Nicotiana tabacum, under the control compounds must be taken in sufficient quantities in the of the Arabidopsis polyubiquitin promoter (UBQ3), have diet. Consequently, increasing their levels in fruit and been generated. Expression of LCYB was increased some vegetables is beneficial to health. Tomato products are 10-fold in ripening fruit compared to vegetative tissues. the most common source of dietary lycopene. Although The ripe fruit showed an orange pigmentation, due to ripe tomato fruit contains β-carotene, the amount is rela- increased levels (up to 5-fold) of β-carotene, with negli- tively low [1]. Therefore, approaches to elevate β-carotene gible changes to other carotenoids, including lycopene. levels, with no reduction in lycopene, are a goal of Phenotypic changes in carotenoids were found in vegeta- plant breeders. One strategy that has been employed to tive tissues, but levels of biosynthetically related isopre- increase levels of health promoting carotenoids in fruits noids such as tocopherols, ubiquinone and plastoquinone and vegetables for human and animal consumption is were barely altered. -
Carotenoid Composition of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus Unedo L.) Fruits
Accepted Manuscript Carotenoid composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits Raúl Delgado-Pelayo, Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez PII: S0308-8146(15)30273-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.135 Reference: FOCH 18476 To appear in: Food Chemistry Received Date: 25 May 2015 Revised Date: 21 November 2015 Accepted Date: 28 November 2015 Please cite this article as: Delgado-Pelayo, R., Gallardo-Guerrero, L., Hornero-Méndez, D., Carotenoid composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits, Food Chemistry (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2015.11.135 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Carotenoid composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits. Raúl Delgado-Pelayo, Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez* Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department. Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC). Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera km. 1. 41013 - Sevilla (Spain). * Corresponding author. Telephone: +34 954611550; Fax: +34 954616790; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract The carotenoid composition of strawberry tree (A. unedo) fruits has been characterised in detail and quantified for the first time. According to the total carotenoid content (over 340 µg/g dw), mature strawberry tree berries can be classified as fruits with very high carotenoid content (> 20 µg/g dw). -
Analysis of Chemical Composition of Cowpea Floral Volatiles and Nectar
i ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COWPEA FLORAL VOLATILES AND NECTAR BY CONSOLATA ATIENO AGER, B.Ed (Kenyatta) I56/7423/2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2009 1 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this is my own original work and it has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Signed………………………..Date……………………… Consolata Atieno Ager Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Signed……………………..Date……………………… Prof. Isaiah O. Ndiege Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University Signed……………………..Date……………………… Dr. Sauda Swaleh Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University Signed……………………..Date……………………… Prof. Ahmed Hassanali Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Department (BCED) International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Signed……………………..Date……………………… Dr. Remmy Pasquet Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department (MBBD) 1 2 International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) DEDICATION To my husband Godfrey Isaac Ochieng‟ and my children Mercy, Humphrey and Jeffrey 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I want to glorify and exalt the Almighty God for giving me sound health and mind during the entire research period. I register my sincere appreciation to my research supervisors: Prof. Isaiah Ndiege, Prof. Ahmed Hassanali, Dr. Remmy Pasquet and Dr. Sauda Swaleh for the guidance, comments, discussions, supervision, advice, support and encouragement they gave me during my research. Special thanks to all the staff of BCED and MBBD departments at ICIPE for technical assistance and cooperation during my stay at the center. -
Pigment Palette by Dr
Tree Leaf Color Series WSFNR08-34 Sept. 2008 Pigment Palette by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Autumn tree colors grace our landscapes. The palette of potential colors is as diverse as the natural world. The climate-induced senescence process that trees use to pass into their Winter rest period can present many colors to the eye. The colored pigments produced by trees can be generally divided into the green drapes of tree life, bright oil paints, subtle water colors, and sullen earth tones. Unveiling Overpowering greens of summer foliage come from chlorophyll pigments. Green colors can hide and dilute other colors. As chlorophyll contents decline in fall, other pigments are revealed or produced in tree leaves. As different pigments are fading, being produced, or changing inside leaves, a host of dynamic color changes result. Taken altogether, the various coloring agents can yield an almost infinite combination of leaf colors. The primary colorants of fall tree leaves are carotenoid and flavonoid pigments mixed over a variable brown background. There are many tree colors. The bright, long lasting oil paints-like colors are carotene pigments produc- ing intense red, orange, and yellow. A chemical associate of the carotenes are xanthophylls which produce yellow and tan colors. The short-lived, highly variable watercolor-like colors are anthocyanin pigments produc- ing soft red, pink, purple and blue. Tannins are common water soluble colorants that produce medium and dark browns. The base color of tree leaf components are light brown. In some tree leaves there are pale cream colors and blueing agents which impact color expression.