DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis of Chemical Composition of Cowpea Floral Volatiles and Nectar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis of Chemical Composition of Cowpea Floral Volatiles and Nectar i ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COWPEA FLORAL VOLATILES AND NECTAR BY CONSOLATA ATIENO AGER, B.Ed (Kenyatta) I56/7423/2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2009 1 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this is my own original work and it has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Signed………………………..Date……………………… Consolata Atieno Ager Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Signed……………………..Date……………………… Prof. Isaiah O. Ndiege Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University Signed……………………..Date……………………… Dr. Sauda Swaleh Department of Chemistry Kenyatta University Signed……………………..Date……………………… Prof. Ahmed Hassanali Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Department (BCED) International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Signed……………………..Date……………………… Dr. Remmy Pasquet Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department (MBBD) 1 2 International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) DEDICATION To my husband Godfrey Isaac Ochieng‟ and my children Mercy, Humphrey and Jeffrey 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I want to glorify and exalt the Almighty God for giving me sound health and mind during the entire research period. I register my sincere appreciation to my research supervisors: Prof. Isaiah Ndiege, Prof. Ahmed Hassanali, Dr. Remmy Pasquet and Dr. Sauda Swaleh for the guidance, comments, discussions, supervision, advice, support and encouragement they gave me during my research. Special thanks to all the staff of BCED and MBBD departments at ICIPE for technical assistance and cooperation during my stay at the center. I specifically appreciate the efforts of Edward Nyandat and John Angira for the technical assistance and advice; and Veronica Odero for taking care of the plants in the green house. I also thank Mr. Onesmus Wanyama Kaye for running GC-MS and LC-MS spectra. To the entire Chemistry Department at Kenyatta University, I thank all my course lecturers and the Chief Technician, Mr. Elias Maina, for assistance they gave. I sincerely thank my colleagues especially Dr. Maurice Omollo, Miss Fidelis Samita, Dr. Josiah Odalo, Mr. Silas Simiyu, Dr. Salome Guchu, Mr. Joseph Kobia Mr. Peter Kirira, Mr. Joshua Kemei, Mr. John Bwire, Mr. Alfred Odhiambo, Mr. Yussuf Rabbi and Mr. Joseph Owino for moral support, assistance and useful suggestions. 3 4 I thank the Director General ICIPE and Prof. Hassanali for allowing me to use institutional facilities, including laboratory and bench space, to carry out my research work. I appreciate my husband, Godfrey Ochieng, for braving to help in upbringing our children when I was busy with research and for giving moral and financial support. I thank my children for being patient even when I was away for longer hours. I thank my parents, sisters, brothers and friends for supporting me throughout the entire course. Rockefeller Foundation under the Transgenic Risk Assessment gave the financial assistance to this project, and I am extremely grateful for the support. 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF SCHEMES x LIST OF PLATES xi APPENDICES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv ABSTRACT xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Wild and cultivated cowpea species 5 1.3 Growth types 6 1.4 Cultigroups (cultivars) 7 1.5 Medical and economic significance of legumes 7 1.6 Statement of the problem 8 1.7 Hypothesis 9 1.8 Objectives 9 1.8.1 General objectives 9 1.8.2 Specific objectives 9 1.9 Justification 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 5 6 2.1 Plant-insect interactions 11 2.2 Floral scent 12 2.3 Nectar 13 2.3.1 Factors that influence nectar production 14 2.3.2 Nectar sugars 16 2.3.3 Nectar sugar ratios 18 2.3.3.1 Nectar sugar ratios and pollination biology 19 2.3.4 Roles of the sugar 20 2.3.5 Other nectar constituents 20 2.4 Extra-floral nectar 23 2.5 Floral oils 24 2.6 Essential oil 25 2.7 Floral volatiles 25 2.7.1 Terpenes 26 2.7.2 Sesquiterpenes 35 2.7.3 Aromatic constituents of floral volatiles 42 2.7.4 Amine floral volatile compounds 47 2.7.5 Factors affecting the release and emission of plant volatiles 47 2.7.6 Floral volatiles and pollination biology 50 2.7.7 Floral volatiles and agricultural biotechnology 56 2.7.8 Volatiles from vegetative parts of cowpea 59 2.7.9 Isolation of plant volatiles 60 2.7.10 Ultra Violet (UV) - Visible Spectroscopy (Spectrophotometry) 62 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 64 6 7 3.0 General experimental procedures 64 3.1 Regents, apparatus and standards 64 3.2 Cleaning of adsorbents 64 3.3 Preparation of traps 65 3.4 Study location 65 3.5 Plant material 65 3.6 Flower sizes 66 3.7 Nectar extraction 67 3.8 Analysis of nectar 67 3.9 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 67 3.10 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 68 3.11 Collection and analysis of volatiles 69 3.11.1 Static headspace trapping 69 3.11.2 Hydrodistillation 70 3.11.3 GC analysis 70 3.11.4 GC-MS analysis 71 3.11.5 Statistical analysis 72 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 73 4.1 Flowering and flower sizes 73 4.2 Nectar production 75 4.3 Nectar sugar composition 76 4.4 Essential oils and floral volatiles 80 4.4.1 Essential oils 80 4.4.2 Floral volatiles 83 7 8 4.4.2.1 Monoterpenes 90 4.4.2.2 Sesquiterpenes 91 4.4.2.3 Norisoprenoids 92 4.4.2 4 Aromatics 93 4.4.2.5 Aliphatic compounds 96 4.4.2.6 Miscellaneous compounds 98 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 99 5.1 Flowering and flower sizes 99 5.2 Nectar production 99 5.3 Nectar sugar composition 101 5.4 Essential oils and floral volatiles 101 5.4.1 Monoterpenes 102 5.4.2 Sesquiterpenes 104 5.4.3 Norisoprenoids 105 5.4.4 Aromatics 108 5.4.5 Aliphatic compounds 110 5.4.6 Miscellaneous compounds 113 5.5 Conclusion 114 5.6 Recommendations 114 REFERENCES 117 APPENDICES 141 8 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Global dispersal pattern and distribution of cowpea 3 Figure 2: A map of the distribution of wild cowpea in Africa 6 Figure 3: Diagrammatic representation of static headspace trapping 69 Figure 4: Mean sizes of cowpea flower 74 Figure 5: Mean volume of cowpea flower nectar 75 Figure 6: HPLC profiles of cowpea flower nectar 77 9 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sugar composition of nectar from six cowpea cultivars 78 Table 2: HPLC data for sugar standards 78 Table 3: Calibration equations for sugar standards 78 Table 4: Mean (±S.E) sugar concentration (mg/ml) in nectar from six cowpea cultivars 79 Table 5: Statistical characteristics for the sugar standards 79 Table 6: The statistical characteristics of the sugars in nectar of six cowpea cultivars 79 Table 7: Composition of cowpea floral volatiles from six cultivars obtained by hydrodistillation 80 Table 8: Composition of cowpea floral volatiles trapped in activated charcoal 83 Table 9: Composition of cowpea floral volatiles trapped in C18 bonded silica 84 Table 10: Composition of cowpea floral volatiles trapped in porapak Q 85 Table 11: Composition of cowpea floral volatiles trapped in combined adsorbents 88 10 11 11 12 LIST OF SCHEMES Scheme 1: Biosynthesis of IPP from acetyl co-enzyme 27 Scheme 2: Biosynthesis of monoterpenes 28 Scheme 3: Biosynthesis of irregular moterpenenes 34 Scheme 4: Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes 36 Scheme 5: Shikimate pathway 44 Scheme 6: Biosynthesis of GLVs 49 Scheme 7: Biosynthesis of linalool and its oxides 54 Scheme 8: Biosynthesis of norisoprenoids from carotenoids 107 12 13 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar 524B 73 Plate 2: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar 1CV12 73 Plate 3: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar SP46 73 Plate 4: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar SP52 73 Plate 5: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar 219 73 Plate 6: Photograph of flowering cowpea cultivar 269 73 13 14 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS Chromatograms 141 Appendix 1a: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar 219 141 Appendix 1b: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar 269 141 Appendix 1c: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar SP46 142 Appendix 1d: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar SP52 142 Appendix 1e: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar 524B 143 Appendix 1f: Combined UV analogue and LC-MS profile for cultivar ICV 12 143 Appendix 2: GC profiles of essential oils 144 Appendix 2a: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 219 144 Appendix 2b: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 219 144 Appendix 2c: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 269 144 14 15 Appendix 2d: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 269 145 Appendix 2e: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 524B 145 Appendix 2f: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar 524B 145 Appendix2g: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar ICV 12 146 Appendix 2h: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar ICV 12 146 Appendix 2i: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar SP46 146 Appendix 2j: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar SP46 147 Appendix 2k: GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar SP52 147 Appendix 2l: Magnified GC profile of essential oil of cowpea cultivar SP52 147 Appendix 3: GC profiles for floral volatiles trapped in combined adsorbents 148 Appendix 3a: GC profile of floral volatile from cowpea cultivar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes
    The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential ABA-Like Analogues: Prospective Substrates to Control Berry Ripening of Wine Grapes. A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ruyi Li BSc (Bio-Eng), MSc (Vit./Oen.) Northwest A&F University The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine July 2012 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................... iii Declaration...................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. ix Figures, Schemes and Tables......................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 1.1 General Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Carotenoids................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Definition, types and identification of carotenoids................................................. 3 1.2.2 Factors influencing the concentration of carotenoids
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Novel Role of Ninab Orthologs from Bombyx Mori and Tribolium Castaneum T
    Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 109 (2019) 106–115 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ibmb Characterization of the novel role of NinaB orthologs from Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum T Chunli Chaia, Xin Xua, Weizhong Sunb, Fang Zhanga, Chuan Yea, Guangshu Dinga, Jiantao Lia, ∗ Guoxuan Zhonga,c, Wei Xiaod, Binbin Liue, Johannes von Lintigf, Cheng Lua, a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China b College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China c Life Sciences Institute and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China d College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China e Sericulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China f Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ABSTRACT Carotenoids can be enzymatically converted to apocarotenoids by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Insect genomes encode only one member of this ancestral enzyme family. We cloned and characterized the ninaB genes from the silk worm (Bombyx mori) and the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). We expressed BmNinaB and TcNinaB in E. coli and analyzed their biochemical properties. Both enzymes catalyzed a conversion of carotenoids into cis-retinoids. The enzymes catalyzed a combined trans to cis isomerization at the C11, C12 double bond and oxidative cleavage reaction at the C15, C15′ bond of the carotenoid carbon backbone. Analyses of the spatial and temporal expression patterns revealed that ninaB genes were differentially expressed during the beetle and moth life cycles with high expression in reproductive organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment Palette by Dr
    Tree Leaf Color Series WSFNR08-34 Sept. 2008 Pigment Palette by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Autumn tree colors grace our landscapes. The palette of potential colors is as diverse as the natural world. The climate-induced senescence process that trees use to pass into their Winter rest period can present many colors to the eye. The colored pigments produced by trees can be generally divided into the green drapes of tree life, bright oil paints, subtle water colors, and sullen earth tones. Unveiling Overpowering greens of summer foliage come from chlorophyll pigments. Green colors can hide and dilute other colors. As chlorophyll contents decline in fall, other pigments are revealed or produced in tree leaves. As different pigments are fading, being produced, or changing inside leaves, a host of dynamic color changes result. Taken altogether, the various coloring agents can yield an almost infinite combination of leaf colors. The primary colorants of fall tree leaves are carotenoid and flavonoid pigments mixed over a variable brown background. There are many tree colors. The bright, long lasting oil paints-like colors are carotene pigments produc- ing intense red, orange, and yellow. A chemical associate of the carotenes are xanthophylls which produce yellow and tan colors. The short-lived, highly variable watercolor-like colors are anthocyanin pigments produc- ing soft red, pink, purple and blue. Tannins are common water soluble colorants that produce medium and dark browns. The base color of tree leaf components are light brown. In some tree leaves there are pale cream colors and blueing agents which impact color expression.
    [Show full text]
  • STB046 1939 the Carotenoid Pigments
    THE CAROTENOID PIGMENTS Occurrence, Properties, Methods of Determination, and Metabolism by the Hen FOREWORD This bulletin has been written as a brief review of the carotenoid pigments. The occurrence, properties, and methods of determina- tion of this interesting class of compounds are considered, and special consideration is given to their utilization by the hen. The work has been done in the departments of Chemistry and Poultry Husbandry, cooperating, on Project No. 193. The project was started in 1932 and several workers have aided in the accumulation of information. The following should be men- tioned for their contributions: Mr. Wilbor Owens Wilson, Mr. C. L. Gish, Mr. H. F. Freeman, Mr. Ben Kropp, and Mr. William Proudfit. We are also greatly indebted to Dr. H. D. Branion of the Depart- ment of Animal Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada, for his fine coöperative studies on the vitamin A potency of corn. A number of unpublished observations from these laboratories and others have been organized and included in this bulletin. Extensive use has also been made of the material presented in Zechmeister’s “Carotenoide,” and “Leaf Xanthophylls” by Strain. It is hoped that this work be considered in no way a complete story of the metab- olism of carotenoid pigments in the fowl, but rather an interpreta- tion of the information which is available at this time. The wide range of distribution of the carotenoid pigments in such a wide variety of organisms points strongly to the importance of these materials biologically. In recent years chemical and physio- logical studies of the carotenoids have revealed numerous relation- ships to other classes of substances in the plant and animal world.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Carotenoids As Pigment Sources in Laying Hen Diets: Effect on Yolk Color, Carotenoid Content, Oxidative Stability and Sensory Properties of Eggs
    foods Article Plant Carotenoids as Pigment Sources in Laying Hen Diets: Effect on Yolk Color, Carotenoid Content, Oxidative Stability and Sensory Properties of Eggs Kristina Kljak 1 , Klaudija Carovi´c-Stanko 1,2,* , Ivica Kos 1 , Zlatko Janjeˇci´c 1 , Goran Kiš 1, Marija Duvnjak 1 , Toni Safner 1,2 and Dalibor Bedekovi´c 1 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (I.K.); [email protected] (Z.J.); [email protected] (G.K.); [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (D.B.) 2 Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +385-1-2393-622 Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a supplementation diet for hens consisting of dried basil herb and flowers of calendula and dandelion for color, carotenoid content, iron-induced oxidative stability, and sensory properties of egg yolk compared with commercial pigment (control) and marigold flower. The plant parts were supplemented in diets at two levels: 1% and 3%. In response to dietary content, yolks from all diets differed in carotenoid profile (p < 0.001). The Citation: Kljak, K.; Carovi´c-Stanko, 3% supplementation level resulted in a similar total carotenoid content as the control (21.25 vs. K.; Kos, I.; Janjeˇci´c,Z.; Kiš, G.; 21.79 µg/g), but by 3-fold lower compared to the 3% marigold (66.95 µg/g). The tested plants did Duvnjak, M.; Safner, T.; Bedekovi´c,D.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid on Chlorophyll and Carotenoids of Marigold (Calendula Officinalis L.)
    id1185233 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Available online at http://www.ijabbr.com International journal of Advanced Bi ological and Biomedical Research Volume 2, Issue 6, 2014: 1887-1893 Effects of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid on Chlorophyll and Carotenoids of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Ali Salehi Sardoei* and Mojgan Shahdadneghad Young Researchers ans Elite Club, Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch, Iran ABSTRACT Effect of gibberellic acid on marigold (Calendula Officinalis L.) was evaluated in a pot culture experiment. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design including 12 treatments and four replications was carried out. Main factor was foliar application stages (first, second and third) and -1 sub factor included different concentrations of GA3 (0, 50, 150 and 250 mg L ). Results showed that foliar application of GA3 had positive effect on photosynthetic pigments. Effect of different concentrations of GA3 on chlorophyll a was significant (p<0.01). Chlorophyll a content was enhanced by -1 -1 increase in GA3 concentration up to 250 mg L treatment of 250 mg L resulted in production of 7.78 µg/ -1 L chlorophyll a, the index which was to some extent dropped in other concentrations. Different concentrations of GA3 had significant effect on chlorophyll b (p<0.01). Chlorophyll b was increased by -1 increase in GA3 concentration up to 250 mg L . the highest rate of total chlorophyll content and total -1 µg/ -1 pigment in three times of application and one application of 250 mg L was 14.6 and 15.4 L respectively; whereas the lowest chlorophyll and pigment content was observed in one foliar application µg/L-1 of control treatment with mean value as 4.67 and 5.5 .
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin a and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1983 Vitamin A and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs Donald F. Samuel Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Samuel, Donald F., "Vitamin A and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs" (1983). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4392. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4392 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEEDLOT LAMBS BY DONALD F. SAMUEL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Major in Animal Science South Dakota St�te University 1983 SOUTH DA:<OTA STAT""' Ui'IVERSITY LIBRARY. VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEEDLOT LAMBS This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. L-awrence IB/ Emb"ry uaL.e Thesis Adviser Richard M. Luther Date hesis Adviser T --- John R. Romans 'uate Head, Department of· Animal and Range Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended by the author to Dr .
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals
    JARQ 45 (2), 163 – 171 (2011) http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals REVIEW Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals Akemi OHMIYA* National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8519, Japan) Abstract Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that are widely distributed in nature. In plants, car- otenoids play important roles in photosynthesis and furnishing flowers and fruits with distinct colors. While most plant leaves show similar carotenoid profiles, containing carotenoids essential for photo- synthesis, the carotenoid composition of flower petals varies from species to species. In this review, I present a list of carotenoid composition in the flower petals of various plants and discuss the possi- ble causes of qualitative diversity. Discipline: Horticulture Additional key words: flower color is a branch point in the pathway, leading to the synthesis Introduction of α-carotene and its derivatives with 1 ε- and 1 β-ring (β,ε-carotenoids) or β-carotene and its derivatives with Carotenoids are C40 isoprenoid pigments with or two β-rings (β,β-carotenoids) (Fig. 2). Subsequently, α- without epoxy, hydroxyl, and keto groups. More than and β-carotenes are modified by hydroxylation, epoxida- 700 naturally occurring carotenoids, widely distributed tion, or isomerization to form a variety of structures. The in plants, animals, and micro-organisms, have been iden- oxygenated derivatives of carotenes are called xan- tified4. Carotenoids are essential structural components thophylls. of the photosynthetic antenna and reaction center com- plexes36. Carotenoids protect against potentially harmful Carotenoid composition in flower petals photooxidative processes and furnish flowers and fruits with distinct colors (e.g., yellow, orange, and red) that at- Tables 1 and 2 show the carotenoids contained in tract pollinators and seed dispersers.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations on Carotenoids in Insects. Iv
    INVESTIGATIONS ON CAROTENOIDS IN INSECTS. IV. THE OCCURENCE OF PARTICULAR CAROTENOIDS IN APIS MELIFERA L. (APIDAE) B. Czeczuga To cite this version: B. Czeczuga. INVESTIGATIONS ON CAROTENOIDS IN INSECTS. IV. THE OCCURENCE OF PARTICULAR CAROTENOIDS IN APIS MELIFERA L. (APIDAE). Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 1981, 12 (2), pp.107-112. hal-00890538 HAL Id: hal-00890538 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00890538 Submitted on 1 Jan 1981 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INVESTIGATIONS ON CAROTENOIDS IN INSECTS. IV. THE OCCURENCE OF PARTICULAR CAROTENOIDS IN APIS MELIFERA L. (APIDAE) B. CZECZUGA Department of General Biology, Medical Academy, IS-2.30 Bialystok, Poland SUMMARY By means of columnar and thin-layer chromatography, the presence of carotenoids in Apis mellifera L. was studied. The investigations covered larvae of workers, drones, queens and adult workers, drones and queens. The investigations revealed the presence of the following carotenoids : a-, &beta;-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin, &beta;-cryptoxanthin, &beta;-carotene epoxide, isocryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein epoxide, flavoxanthin, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, aurochrome, astaxanthin, astaxantin ester, mutatochrome and neoxanthin. The analysis of the presence of carotenoids in Apis mellifera showed the most common carotenoids were canthaxanthin, &num;-cryptoxanthin, lutein epoxide ans astaxanthin (the pure and ester forms together).
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Carotenoid Analysis in Foods
    A GUIDE TO CAROTENOIDA GUIDE TO ANAL This publication is made possible by support from Opportunities for Micronutri- ent Interventions (OMNI) Research, a project of the Office of Health and Nutrition, Bureau of Global Programs, Field Support and Re- search, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under cooperative A GUIDE TO agreement HRN-5122-A-00-3046-00 with the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Research Foundation. CAROTENOID The information presented herein does YSIS IN FOODS not necessarily reflect the scientific recom- mendations or views of OMNI Research, ANALYSIS IN USAID, or ILSI. Additional copies of this and other OMNI Research publications are available FOODS free of charge to developing countries and for US$3.50 to developed countries. Copies can be ordered from OMNI Research at: RODRIGUEZ-AMAYA OMNI Research ILSI Human Nutrition Institute One Thomas Circle, NW Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA Email: [email protected] Internet: hni.ilsi.org/publications Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya, Ph.D. A GUIDE TO CAROTENOID ANALYSIS IN FOODS Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya, Ph.D. Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade Estadual de Campinas C.P. 6121, 13083-970 Campinas, SP., Brasil The use of trade names and commercial sources in this document is for purposes of identification only, and does not imply endorse- ment by ILSI. In addition, the views expressed herein are those of the individual authors and/or their organizations, and do not necessarily reflect those of ILSI. Other publications from OMNI Research are available through the ILSI Human Nutrition Institute website: http://hni.ilsi.org/ publications.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish
    De Piscium Colore Carotenoidibus The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish An Overview of Data from the Literature Composit et scripsit: Antonius H.M. Terpstra Philosophiae Doctor Universitate Vadensi Orando, Laborando et Cogitando Patefiet Verum Θαυμασια η αρχη τησ φιλοσοφιησ (Plato) The Netherlands, Anno Domini MMXV (2015) Page 1 of 10 De Piscium Colore Carotenoidibus - The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish Antonius H.M. Terpstra Ph.D. The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish Summary Xantophylles play an important role as an pigment in coloring fish. Xantophylles, such as astaxanthin, lutein etc. are oxy-carotenoids and are derived from the food. They can color both the skin and the flesh, but it depends on the fish species whether the skin or the flesh is colored. The pigments are located in the chromatophores which are highly branched dendrite like cells. Types of Carotenoids Carotenoids can be subdivided into: 1. Carotenes (oxygen-free carotenoids) such as lycopenes (in tomatoes) and α, β and γ carotenes (in carrots). Carotenes have a yellowish color but do not color the fish. 2. Xanthophylls or oxy-carotenoids (oxygen-containing carotenoids, xanthophylls means yellow leaves). These compounds have in contrast to carotenes one or more oxygen atoms. These compounds can color the fish, either the fillet or the skin and can also color egg yolks. Examples of xanthophylls are: Astaxanthin (in shrimps and trout, used to color trout and salmon fillet, trade names Carophyll pink by DSM or Lucanthin pink by BASF) Canthaxanthin (in cantharelle mushrooms, used to color eggs, trade name Carophyll red by DSM) Capsanthin (in red pepper, the capsicum) Zeaxanthin (in Zea Mais, red mais or corn, spirulina, alfalfa, grass meal) Lutein (luteus means yellow, in mais or corn, spirulina, alfalfa, grass meal) Apo ester (used to color eggs, Carophyll yellow, Food Orange 7 E 160f, the ethyl ester of β – apo – 8’- carotenic acid).
    [Show full text]
  • Bas Metabolism of Caroteaoida La Pierls Brassioae Is* (The Large White Butterfly) Ia Relation to Its Foodplant Prassica Oleracea Var -Ca.'Oitata L* (The Cabbage)*^
    Bas Metabolism of Caroteaoida la Pierls brassioae Is* (The large White Butterfly) ia relation to its foodplant Prassica oleracea var -ca.'oitata L* (The Cabbage)*^ A thesis siabmitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ia the TMlversity of London '1 ; ' . , - 11- y ii t by ' » Q G U j R . ' __#LJ John Stewart Edaonda Feltwell \ Eoyal Holloway College, ^ Cniversity of London 1973 ProQuest Number: 10096797 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10096797 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Pieris brassicae L * 9 underside K H. c. LfSRAHT A J i l U (u^crij of üÀ)XurU'S Uiseds luirtfuli in. mt jcurcUtv^, auoL licu^e, ail hunvu., a u d Ukelij m.e<xHS d^tr^y^lu^ ikâm, li/oalcL he alim éd ^ Ike pidlic h h& 0/ u ^ e fÀ ayid if^Apcviraui u/oré.:.. fL k^m/lMae cj ilie p^cpedtes^ earu^m ^, propo^aéùoLclm A ii^yfujrt oj^ Ute- lip r (uui c^ise^vcpicvi of -Htepe auinuiLs^ is a U£c6pfxy^ ^ p Iro leaxL as la jow£- yndliPcL of pnevadiAA^ Uiebr depredailcas.
    [Show full text]