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Vitamin a and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs

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Vitamin a and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1983 Vitamin A and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs Donald F. Samuel Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Samuel, Donald F., "Vitamin A and Carotene Supplementation on Feedlot Lambs" (1983). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4392. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4392 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEEDLOT LAMBS BY DONALD F. SAMUEL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Major in Animal Science South Dakota St�te University 1983 SOUTH DA:<OTA STAT""' Ui'IVERSITY LIBRARY. VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION OF FEEDLOT LAMBS This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. L-awrence IB/ Emb"ry uaL.e Thesis Adviser Richard M. Luther Date hesis Adviser T --- John R. Romans 'uate Head, Department of· Animal and Range Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended by the author to Dr . Lawrence B. Embry and to Dr . Richard M. Luther , Professors of Animal Science , for their guidance , encouragement , criticisms , patience and friend ship throughout the long period of time involved wi th the research and write-up of this thes is . Dr . Luther is also recognized for assistance in the collection and laboratory analys es of tissue samples. Special thanks to Dr . John R. Romans , Head of the Department of Animal and Range Sciences, and others of the staff at South Dakota State University for their encouragement and interest in this work . Special thanks also to Dr . William L. Tucker , Station Stat istician , for his assist�nce in the statistical analysis of the da ta . Thanks to the many animal science graduate students with whom - I have been acquainted for their advice and friendship . Ap precia tion is also extended to Marjorie Thorn for her expertise in the final typ ing of this thes is . DFS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE • 3 The Ro le of Vitamin � and Caro tene in Body Processes . 3 Ef fects of Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitamino sis A) . 4 Ef fects of Vitamin � Toxicity (Hypervi tamino sis A) .. 9 Me thods of Determining Vitamin· A Status and Re quirements . • . 10 Growth and Deficiency S ymptoms . 11 Blood and Liver Vitamin A Levels . 12 Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure 17 Factors Affecting the Utilization of Vi tamin A . 18 Vitamin A Precursors . 18 Ab so rption, Transport and Storage 18 Preintestinal Losses . 22 Protein and Urea . 23 Thyroxine, Thiourea and Thiouracil . 25 Ni trate and Ni trite 26 Other Factors 29 Supplemental Vi tamin A for Sheep . 31 Me thods of Supplementing Vitamin A and Carotene . 31 Reproduction . 35 Page Maintenance of Blood and Liver Vitamin A Levels . 38 Lamb Performance . 41 ME THODS OF PROCEDURE . • • • . 44 Trial 1: Vi tamin A Depletion Followed EY Supplementation • . • . 44 Depletion Period . 44 Supplementation Period . 47 Trial 2: Vitamin A S upplementation Without Previous Depletion . so RE SULTS AND DISCUSSION . • . 54 Trial 1: Vitamin A Depletion Followed £y S upplementation . • 54 Depletion Period . 54 Su pplementation Period . 59 Blood Vitamin A 64 Blood Carotenoids 66 Liver Vitamin A 67 Trial 2: Vitamin� Supplementation Wi thout Previous Depletion . 69 S UMMARY 74 LITERATURE CITED • 78 APPENDIX . 89 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. COMPOSITION OF THE DEHYDRATED ALFALFA MEAL SUBSTITUTE 48 2. INGREDIENT COMPOSITION OF DIETS , SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD FOLLOWING DEPLETION , TRIAL 1 ..... 49 3. INGREDIENT COMPOSI TION OF DIETS , SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD WITHOUT PREVIOUS DEPLETION , TRIAL 2 ... 52 4. FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE, BLOOD AND LIVER DATA DURING VITAMIN A DEPLETION OF LAMBS (TRIAL 1: JANUARY IS- DECEMBER 13, 1976; 333 DAYS) . 55 5. AV ERAGE WEIGHTS , FEED CONSUMPTION AND DAILY GAINS DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD FOLLOWING DEPLETION (TRIAL 1: DECEMBER 14, 1976 , TO MARCH 14, 1977 ; 91 DAYS) . 60 6. LEAST-SQUARES MEANS OF SUPPLEMENT SOURCE , LEVEL OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND DAYS OF SUPPLEMENTATION FOR BLOOD VITAMIN A, BLOOD CAROTENOIDS AND LIVER VITAMIN A FOR SHEEP FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A FOLLOWING DEPLETION , TRIAL 1 . 61 7. LEAST-SQUARES MEANS OF SOURCE X LEVEL INTERACTION FOR BLOOD VITAMIN A, BLOOD CAROTENOIDS AND LIVER VITAMIN A FOR SHEEP FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A FOLLOWING DEPLETION , TRIAL 1 . • . 62 8. LEAST-SQUARES MEANS OF DAY X LEVEL INTERACTION FOR BLOOD VITAMIN A AND BLOOD CAROTENOIDS FOR SHEEP FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A FOLLOWING DEPLETION , TRIAL 1 . • . 63 9. AVERAGE WEIGHTS , FEED CONSUMPTION AND DAILY GAINS OF LAMBS FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD WI THOUT PREVIOUS DEPLETION (TRIAL 2: FEBRUARY 10-MAY 19, 1976; 99 DAYS) . .- . 70 10. LEAST-SQUARES MEANS OF SUPPLEMENT SOURCE , LEVEL OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND SOURCE X LEVEL INTERACTION FOR BLOOD VITAMIN A, BLOOD CAROTENOIDS AND LIVER VITAMIN A FOR LAMB S FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A WITHOUT PREVIOUS DEPLETION , TRIAL 2 . 71 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Blood vitamin A concentration of 10 lamb s slaughtered at approxima tely 2-ino intervals during depletion pe riod of trial 1 . • . .. • . • . 56 2. Liver vitamin A concentration of 10 lambs slaughtered at approximately 2-mo interval s during depletion period of trial 1 • • • . • . • . • • . 57 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page 1. BLOOD AND LIVER DATA OF LAMBS FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A, SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD FOLLOWING DEPLETION (TRIAL 1: DECEMBER 14, 1976 , TO MARCH 14 , 1977; 91 DAYS) . ..... o o o • o 89 2. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR BLOOD VITAMIN A AND BLOOD CAROTENOIDS DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD FOLLOWING DEPLETION, TRIAL 1 . o • o o • o o ••• o • o o 90 3o ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR LIVER VITAMIN A DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD FOLLOWING DEPLETION , TRIAL 1 90 4. BLOOD AND LIVER DATA OF LAMBS FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF CAROTENE OR VITAMIN A DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD WITHOUT PREVIOUS DEPLETION (TRIAL 2: FEBRUARY 10- MAY 19, 1976 ; 99 DAYS) . o • o ••• o • • • • 91 5. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE F�R BLOOD VITAMIN A, BLOOD CAROTENOIDS AND LIVER VITAMIN A DURING SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD WITHOUT PREVIOUS DEPLETION, TRIAL 2 . o o o • o • 92 1 INTRODUCTION Af ter the discovery and identification of vi tamin A as an essential nutrient , the role of the vitamin and its precursor carotene in the nutrition of animals came under widespread study . Many experi­ ments have been designed in the past to examine the interrelationships concerning vitamin A and carotene in animal feeding . In view of the similarity of digestive systems between cattle and sheep , it wa s reasonable to assume that vi tamin A and carotene might func tion much the same in the two species . As numerous invest igators have demonstrated, there are many similarities in vitamin A me tabolism between cattle and sheep . However , there are also important differences and some conflicting reports . Generally , among the like ch aracteristics of vitamin A and carotene nutrition are source and me thod of administration, de ficiency and toxicity symptoms , metabolic functions of the vitamin and site of maj or storage of vitamin A in the body . Differences occur in the conversion of carotene to vi tamin A, storage of carotene in the body and length of time for deficiency symp toms to occur wh en consuming diets lo w in vitamin A or carot ene . An apparent greater efficiency in ut ilization of vitamin A and carotene by sheep as compared to cattle has no t be en fully exp lained. This di fference coupled wi th limited evidence as to the full ro le of vitamin A an d carotene in me tabolism leaves the story of vitamin A nutrition far from comp lete. 2 The experiments conducted and reported in this thesis were designed to study the. va lue of supplemental vi tamin A and carotene for feedlo t lambs. The diets used were balanced for known required nutrients except vi tamin A. Various levels of vi tamin A palmitate or carotene from dehydrated alfalfa meal formed the treatments . The level of vi tamin A or carotene intake was based on amount of feed consumed . The objectives of these experiments were to study the length of time involved in depleting vi tamin A reser ves of sheep consuming diets low in carotene and to pro vide information as to the effects of feeding supplemental vi tamin A or carotene to -either previously depleted or apparently normal sheep . Evalua tion criteria were blood and liver vi tamin A and caro tenoid leve�s cons idering sex differences and length of time involved in depleting and repleting liver vi tamin A stores . Blood and liver samples were collected periodically throughout the course of the experiment for evaluation of the vi tamin A status . 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ThP. Role � Vitamin A and Carotene in Body Processes Considerab le research has been conducted to study the role of vitamin A and carotene in animal feeding and biochemical systems . Several review articles have been published wh ich summarize much of this research (Hart, 1940 ; Mc Gillivray , 1960 ; Owen , 1965 ; Roels , 1967; Ullrey , 1972; Thompson, 1975) .
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