2017 WINTER Vol.10 No.4 Olympic Winter Games February 09~25

Vol.10 No.4 WINTER Vol.10 2017

겨울 WINTER 2017 Vol.10_No.4 ISSN 2005-0151 March 09~18,2018 February 09~25,2018 Paralympic Winter Games Olympic Winter Games On the Cover

winter

On the Cover

Nestled in a rich forest at the eastern foot of Mt. Odae- 2017 WINTER Vol.10 No.4 san in Pyeongchang, Woljeongsa is the lead temple for the fourth parish of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Approximately sixty monasteries and eight hermitages fall under its supervision. Founded in 643 during the Uni- fied Silla period by Master Jajang, Woljeongsa is home to a wide array of historic monuments including the nine-story stone pagoda in front of the main hall and the seated stone bodhisattva rendered in a pose of making offerings to the pagoda. Contents 02 03

04 10 16 22 26 32 38 44

Heritage Issues Today 04 Photo Essay 32 PyeongChang 2018 in the ‘Korean Alps’ Scenic Sites in Pyeongchang

World Heritage in Perspective 10 Korean Heritage on Display 38 Stone Comes Alive at the Korean Stone Art Museum Royal Tombs of Joseon and Other Asian Dynasties

Exploration of Korean Heritage 16 A Visit to Korean Heritage 44 Yangnim-dong, a Time Capsule of Early Modern Gwangju In Search for Historic Legacies of Korea Digital Heritage, a Rising Hope for Heritage Conservation Master Park Breathes New Life into Wood Cultural Heritage Administration Headlines 50 CHA News Heritage Issues Today 04 05

Pyeongchang, the host area for the 2018 Winter Olympics, in winter

From February 9–25, 2018, eyes around the world will be drawn to Pyeongchang, Korea PyeongChang 2018 in the for the 2018 Winter Olympics. About 60 percent of the total area of Pyeongchang is composed of mountainous areas rising as high as 700 meters above sea level. Brimming ‘Korean Alps’ with both natural and cultural resources, Pyeongchang offers a colorful array of things

Text by Yun Il-gu, Culture and Arts Division, Pyeongchang County to see and experience. The county hosts a number of seasonal festivals drawing upon Photos by Cultural Heritage Administration and Topicimages local nature and cultural specialties, and also serves as a hub for winter sports through its multiple ski resorts. Heritage Issues Today 06 07

Pyeongchang, a Historic Korean County Sangwonsa Temple and the Octagonal Nine- Human settlement in the Pyeongchang area began about 100,000 years ago in the story Pagoda of Woljeongsa Temple. Paleolithic era and continued through the following historic periods into the present.

The administrative status of the area was elevated to gun, or “county,” in the early years Situated on the slopes of Mt. Odaesan, of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), based on the fact that it was the hometown of the Woljeongsa Temple is a classic Pyeongchang wife of a fifth-generation ancestor of King Taejo, the dynastic founder of Joseon. With Buddhist monastery. The Buddhist temple the incorporation of neighboring Daehwa, Bongpyeong, and Jinbu townships in 1906, originated from the makeshift hermitage the county took on the form by which it is known today. of Master Jajang in 643. Upon his return from Tang China, Master Jajang believed Mt. Situated on Mt. Odaesan, Woljeongsa Temple is noted for its octag- Located in the middle of the eastern section of the Korean Peninsula, Pyeongchang onal nine-story stone pagoda and seated stone bodhisattva, respec- Odaesan to be a sacred residence of Manjusri tively designated National Treasure No. 48-1 and Treasure No. 139. belongs to the province of Gangwon-do. The area is surrounded by soaring mountains Bodhisattva (Bodhisattva of Great Wisdom) on three sides: the lofty Taebaek mountain range than runs the length of the peninsula and constructed a shelter in the hopes of gaining a personal to the east, Mt. Charyeong to the west, and Mt. Odaesan and Mt. Gyebangsan to the audience. north.

The original temple buildings were reduced to ashes The Pyeongchang administrative during the Korean War (1950–53), but were later reconstructed. area is 1,463 square kilometers, ranking The road leading up to the temple is lined with rich needle fir third among the nation’s county-level trees, offering a pleasant experience for visitors. A number of districts, and is populated by about highly valuable cultural properties are found inside the temple 43,000 residents. Endowed with superb The nine-story octagonal stone pago- compound. da in front of the main hall of Wol- natural conditions, Pyeongchang jeongsa Temple is a definitive example of early Goryeo stone pagodas. boasts thriving agriculture, forestry, and livestock industries. It is also rich Among these is the octagonal nine-story stone pagoda Alpensia Resort, one of the arenas for PyeongChang 2018 in cultural destinations and thematic (National Treasure No. 48-1) standing in front of the main hall, festivals, which combine with the pristine natural environment to attract tourists from Jeokgwangjeon (Hall of Great Peace and Light). It is a definitive around the country. The area’s long-established ski resorts, including the Alpensia example of the multi-sided, multi-story stone pagodas that were Resort, Yongpyong Resort, and Phoenix Pyeongchang, will provide an area for athletic in great vogue during the Goryeo era (918–1392). Estimated competition during the 2018 Winter Olympics. to have been erected in the early Goryeo period around A.D. 1,000, the pagoda rises 15.15 meters, showing a harmonious structural balance from top to bottom. When it was dissembled Cultural Treasures of Pyeongchang and reassembled for conservation purposes in October 1970, A stone bodhisattva sits in front of the nine-story stone pagoda in a po- Pyeongchang is home to a great number of valuable cultural legacies from the a cluster of Buddhist ceremonial treasures (Treasure No. 1375) sition of presenting devotional offerings. past. There are 15 nationally designated objects or sites, and an additional 37 that are were found inside the body stone of the first story and from the registered on Gangwon-do’s provincial list. Prominent examples are the Bronze Bell of roof stone of the fifth. Heritage Issues Today 08 09

In front of the pagoda is do Province city of Andong to Sangwonsa in 1469 during the early Joseon period. The a stone seated bodhisattva. heavenly beings rendered on its surface epitomize Silla aesthetics in the expression of The one on-site is a the voluminous clothes flying up towards heaven and their natural posture in playing reproduction, and the original musical instruments. (National Treasure No. 48- 2) is preserved within the compound in the temple’s Festivities in Pyeongchang museum. The bodhisattva Pyeongchang hums with happy occasions year-round. Winter is heated by Sangwonsa, an affiliate of the main temple at Woljeongsa, was established in 724 by assumes a seated position Master Jajang. with the left knee raised and the excitement of the Snow Festival and the right down, seemingly presenting offerings to the pagoda. Wearing a high-rising the Cherry Salmon Festival. The sweltering cylindrical crown, the eyes, nose, and mouth of the bodhisattva are relatively small weather of summer in the lowlands can be compared to the long and voluminous body. Gazing straight ahead, the face features a escaped while enjoying the International natural smile. This 1.8-meter-high stone bodhisattva is estimated to date from the early Music Festival, Summer Cool Festival, and 11th century. Odaesan Culture Festival. Autumn offers events featuring zinnia blossoms and a Rising 832 meters above sea level, Daegwallyeong Pass is located to the eastern end of the Yeongdong Expressway, which connects the eastern celebration of the renowned Korean novelist and western sections of the Gangwon region with the Taebaek Moun- About 10 kilometers away from Woljeongsa is an affiliate temple named tain Range running down the middle. Lee Hyo-seok. Held at Bongpyeong, a Sangwonsa. Sangwansa Temple is popularly associated with King Sejo (r. 1455–68), the township within Pyeongchang, the Lee Hyo- seventh monarch of Joseon. After ascending to the throne, King Sejo, who had been seok Culture Festival is inspired by the native’s plagued by ill health, ordered the reconstruction of the Sangwonsa buildings that had son’s novel When Buckwheat Flowers Bloom. been destroyed in a fire. He personally participated in the ceremony celebrating the During the time of the festival, long stretches completion of the reconstruction. of buckwheat flowers are in blossom, which evokes the well-known image of Bongpyeong Sangwonsa Temple is home to the presented by Lee Hyo-seok in his novel, country’s oldest bronze bell (National “Hillsides scattered with buckwheat blooms Lee Hyo-seok’s novel When Buckwheat Flowers Bloom is set in Bong- Treasure No. 36), dating all the way to like grains of salt scatted all around…” pyeong, which is currently organizing diverse autumn events drawing on the novel and the scenic local buckwheat fields. the Unified Silla period (668–935). It is a superb example of traditional Korean It is hoped that the 2018 Winter Olympics will serve as a chance to put these bells, embodying exceptional sculptural diverse charms of Pyeongchang on the global map. With all of its cultural and natural and casting skills. The bell is 1.67 meters attractions and well-established infrastructure, Pyeongchang is ready to embrace high and 91 centimeters wide. While its Fashioned in 725, the bronze The bronze bell at Sangwonsa people from around the world at the games, and has the potential to advance even original site is unknown, the bell was bell at Sangwonsa Temple is the is recognized for its superb aes- further. The grand sporting event early next year is expected to leave an unforgettable oldest in Korea. thetic expression of heavenly transferred from the Gyeongsangbuk- beings playing musical instru- memory among the international community. ments. World Heritage in Perspective 10 11

Joseon Royal Tombs, the Epitome of a Dynastic History Rooted in Confucianism as its fundamental governing philosophy, the Joseon Dynasty highly regarded three locations imbued with regal presence: the royal palace, where the king resided; the royal tomb, where the body of the king was interred; and the Jongmyo shrine, where his spirit tablet was finally ensconced. They served as a primary source of royal legitimacy and authority.

In particular, the royal tombs of Joseon were the embodiment of the strong belief in ancestor worship, which was praised as one of the most significant Confucian virtues and adopted as a critical element within the governing principles. The construction of a royal tomb proceeded according to a rigorous set of rules using the most accomplished artisans of the time. An Gwangneung Tomb of King Sejo (r. 1455–68), the seventh ruler of Joseon, and his wife Queen Jeonghui ad hoc government body called a dogam was established to oversee the construction process. The space of a royal tomb was arranged in accordance with Confucian protocols, but always taking into full account the pertinent natural setting and topography. This resulted in diversity in their spatial layouts, a distinct Uireung Tomb of King Gyeongjong (r. 1720–24), the 20th ruler of Joseon, and his wife Queen Seonui characteristic of the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty compared to counterparts in such Asian countries as China, Japan, and Vietnam Geonwolleung Tomb of King Taejo (r. 1392–98), the founder of Joseon where the imposed spatial arrangements remained constant.

Royal Tombs of Joseon and Other The royal tombs of Joseon are not simply the graves of sovereign rulers. They provide Hongneung Tomb of Queen Jeongseong, the wife of Jo- Asian Dynasties a narrative space that tells the stories of seon’s 21st ruler Yeongjo (r. 1724–76) individuals who led a special life as a king, and Text and photos by Hwang Jung-yon, Tangible Cultural Heritage Division, Cultural Heritage Administration also present the 500-year dynastic history from both social and political perspectives. World Heritage in Perspective 12 13

Here, the heritage values of the Joseon royal tombs as inscribed on the World In comparison with the Joseon royal tombs, the Heritage list in 2009 are explored in comparison with emperors’ tombs in the Xiaoling Mausoleum is larger in terms of the grave area, neighboring countries of China and Vietnam. the number of stone guardian figures, and their size. It also shows features that are typical of Chinese imperial tombs but not found in Joseon examples. The burial Imperial Tombs in China and Vietnam mound is unmarked, the ceremonial shrine has auxiliary Korea and other countries within the Chinese cultural buildings on either side, and a pavilion structure stands sphere, such as Japan and Vietnam, absorbed Chinese in front of the burial area. influences and integrated them into their respective

cosmologies and beliefs in the afterlife to develop As with China, Vietnam has a long imperial period proprietary practices for grave construction. In this Yongling Mausoleum from the Qing Dynasty within its history. Among the Vietnamese rulers, sense, it is an interesting exercise to investigate the royal the Nguyen Dynasty is noted for leaving the most tombs of the Joseon Dynasty in terms of their universal prominent imperial tombs. Heavily influenced by values that apply to all humanity, and also their unique Confucianism from China, the tombs of the Nguyen characteristics in parallel with emperors’ mausoleums in Dynasty share much in common with prototypes from Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Hong- China and Vietnam. wu Emperor Ming and Qing China. Hieu Tomb of Emperor Minh Mang (r. 1820– 41) from the Nguyen Dynasty In China, the emperors’ tombs from the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Five imperial tombs survive from the Nguyen Dynasties are the examples most closely associated with the Joseon royal tombs. The Dynasty. They are the Thien Tho Tomb of the dynasty’s Xiaoling Mausoleum from the Ming Dynasty, in particular, is worth a closer look since first ruler Emperor Gia Long (r. 1802–20), the Hieu Tomb it was applied as a reference when Emperor Gojong (r. 1863–1907) constructed the of Emperor Minh Mang (r. 1820–41), the Xuong Tomb first imperial tomb in Korea after the declaration of the Korean Empire (1897–1910). of Emperor Thieu Tri (r. 1841–47), the Khiem Tomb of The Xiaoling Mausoleum is the tomb of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming Emperor Tu Duc (r. 1847–83), and the Ung Tomb of Dynasty, and his wife Empress Ma. Xuong Tomb of Emperor Thieu Tri (r. 1841– Emperor Khai Dinh (r. 1916–25). The first four tombs 47) from the Nguyen Dynasty It is situated at the southern foot of embody traditional Vietnamese imperial tomb style, Purple Mountain in Nanjing, China. Its while the one built for Emperor Khai Dinh features a construction started in 1382, and was unique construction reflecting French influences. only completed about 30 years later in 1405 during the reign of his son the Yongle Emperor. The succeeding Ming An emperor’s tomb from the Nguyen Dynasty is rulers modeled their tombs after this composed of three areas, respectively for burying the Ung Tomb of Emperor Khai Dinh (r. 1916– 25) from the Nguyen Dynasty Stone animals at the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum one. body, enshrining a stele, and conducting ceremonial rites. A water channel runs around the front side of the tomb. In the burial area, both World Heritage in Perspective 14 15

a stone chamber and an earthen mound are featured; the presence of the burial mound on Joseon’s royal tomb system particularly demonstrates Chinese influences. that has been mainly focused on emperors’ tombs from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It can be argued that Joseon Royal Tombs and Chinese Emperors’ Mausoleums one of the key sources of influence Comparative analyses have been carried out between the Joseon and Chinese royal for the royal tombs of Joseon are the Layout of the Ming Xianling Mausoleum of Zhu Youyuan (left) and of Hongneung Tomb of Empress Myeongseong (right) burial structures. Imperial tombs in China vary in form and scale depending upon when Chinese imperial mausoleums built they were constructed and the potency of the occupant. Meanwhile, the protocols for for those who posthumously obtained the status of emperor. tomb construction were consistently applied throughout the Joseon period, maintaining similar forms and arrangement across the many examples. It can be deduced that while Another influence from China stems from the tombs built for imperial family Joseon culture was strongly influenced by China, it was not a passive consumer of members, vassals, or high-ranking court officials, to which the origins of the stone Chinese tomb styles, but reflected traditional practices into its adaptations. horses, sheep, and tigers that stand around the burial mounds of Joseon royal tombs can be traced. For example, the tomb of Ming imperial relative Qiu Cheng, located in Despite their unique characteristics, the vicinity of the Xiaoling Mausoleum, has stone representations of horses, sheep, and the royal tombs of the Joseon tigers, but in different positions from those found at Joseon royal tombs. Stone military Dynasty bear evidence of Ming and officials at the tomb of Qiu Cheng show stunning similarities with the Geonwolleung Qing influences. As stated earlier, Tomb of King Taejo (r. 1392–98), the founder Emperor Gojong applied the Ming of the Joseon Dynasty, in terms of their Xiaoling Mausoleum as a model for standing posture with hands folded in front the construction of Hongneung in the holding a sword, and the style of the armor Cheongnyangni area of Seoul, Korea’s and hamlet. It is inferred that the tomb of Hongneung Tomb of Emperor Gojong (r. 1863–1907), the 26th mon- first tomb with imperial status, where arch of Joseon Qiu Cheng, constructed about a century Empress Myeongseong was buried. before Geonwolleung, and other Chinese Hongneung’s ceremonial shrine, called a chimjeon (“sleeping quarters”), is rendered in a tombs for imperial relatives have strong straight-linear layout mirroring that of the Xiaoling Mausoleum. Its worship road is lined associations with the inspiration of royal Stone military official at the tomb of Qiu Cheng from the Ming with stone elephants and camels, which can also be found at the Xiaoling Mausoleum. tombs from the early Joseon period. Dynasty (left) and at Geonwolleung Tomb of King Taejo (right) However, Hongneung differs significantly from the Xiaoling Mausoleum with respect to its architectural layout and spatial composition. It exhibits more similarities with the Countries, particularly those geographically close, exchange influences while Xianling Mausoleum of Zhu Youyuan (1476–1519), posthumously promoted to imperial persistently preserving their unique traditions and developing creative new cultural status by his son the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Compared with other imperial elements. Tomb construction is a good example of cultural influences from the outside tombs, the Xianling Mausoleum is smaller not only in terms of the size of the grave area, sparking unique local adaptations. As a result of these cultural processes, China, Korea, but also in the number and variety of architectural elements and stone figures. This and Vietnam have come to share a cultural background while still exhibiting unique comparison contributes to refining the understanding of the origins of Chinese influence royal tomb cultures. Exploration of Korean Heritage 16 17

Cultural Cooperation in Archaeology The National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage has been undertaking In Search for Historic Legacies of archaeological research on overseas historic sites that suggest associations with Korean history. Staring in the early 2000s, the effort to track Korean traces beyond the Korean Korea Peninsula has been carried out through cultural cooperation with Russia, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. This collaborative research covers areas in Central Asia Text and photos by ‌Byeon Yeong-hwan, Archaeology Research Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage that are located along the Silk Road.

The 15 years of joint investigations has enjoyed marked success in uncovering material legacies pertinent to Korea from Uzbekistan to the Altai Mountains and Siberia.

Well-established Partnership with Russia Among the partners, Russia is the most long-standing. The partnership began in 2000 with a three-year joint research project on the Khabarovsk Suchu site along the lower reaches of the Amur River, and has continued into the present through investigations at different sites in Primorsky Krai, Russia. These include the Bulochka site (2003–05), Troitskoe site (2007), Dolgoe Ozero site (2008), Osinovoe Ozero (2009), Koksharovka site (2008–14), Sinelnikovo-1 site (2015–16), and Starorechenskoe site (2017). The archaeological remains brought to light through these projects cover an extensive historical span from the Neolithic era to the North and South States period, a historical phase starting from Silla’s subjugation of the rival kingdom Goguryeo in 668 to the fall of the northern state of Balhae in 926. Balhae emerged out of the northern stretches of the Goguryeo Kingdom about 30 years after it fell to Silla.

The Russian counterpart to the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage in these projects is the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), specifically the Archaeology and Ethnology Research Institute of its Siberian Branch and the History, Archaeology, and Ethnography Research Institute of its Far East Branch. The Bulochka site produced remains of settlements and objects that are related to the Korean tribal state Okjeo, which arose in the northeastern portion of the Korean Peninsula during the second century B.C. The Koksharovka site includes the archaeological remains of a Balhae

Pazyryk burials at the Zagastain Gol site in Mongolia Exploration of Korean Heritage 18 19

fortress, providing critical evidence for determining the territorial limits of this state. standing bilateral partnership, these research results are expected to help establish and The flatland walled enclosure runs as long as 1.6 kilometers, enclosing building sites disseminate a more comprehensive view of Korean history. on a scale matching those found in Balhae’s capital of Sanggyeongseong Fortress, as well as relics of heated floors and pottery reflecting the Goguryeo style. Featuring the remains of a defensive structure, the Sinelnikovo-1 site is located within the previous Contribution to the Understanding of Asian History Solbin-bu, one of the 15 administrative districts of Balhae. Archaeological research at In Mongolia, the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage has been carrying the site has improved the academic understanding of the techniques used in Balhae out research on historical sites in the area stretching from the Gobi Desert to the Altai wall construction and of the social process involved in the transformation of the Mountains from the perspective of primary occupants of this region from the Mohe to Balhae. At the Khabarovsk Suchu archaeology, ethnography, and human site were found associations between Neolithic culture at the lower reaches of the genetics since 2009. Projects conducted Amor River and flat-bottomed pottery culture in North East Asia. At the Troitskoe site, through 2015 have generated a 18 Mohe tombs were subjected to archaeological research and confirmed material distributional map of about 8,000 evidence of the culture of the Sumo Mohe, a subdivision of the Mohe that was under tombs (including Pazyryk burials) and the control of first Goguryeo and then Balhae. petroglyphs in the region. From 2016, excavation efforts began on Pazyryk tombs in the Altai Mountains. Since The archaeological research in Russia over the last 15 years has unearthed Zurumala Stupa near the Buddhist cave temple Karatepa in Uzbeki- Pazyryk burials share similarities with stan tangible evidence of the historical footprints of Koreans outside the Korean Peninsula stone mound tombs in Korea, the that could not have been tracked through documentary research. The fruit of long- efforts in Mongolia are likely to provide critical evidence testifying to the historical connections between the two countries. It is also expected to provide input into the processes of exchange that took place between nomadic and agricultural societies and the movements of ancient people, ultimately allowing a better understanding of the overall history of Asia.

The northern section of the Karatepa site A research site seen from a hill to the south of the Buddhist temple The Shiveet Khairkhan site in Mongolia Karatepa Exploration of Korean Heritage 20 21

The Katartobe tombs site in Kazakhstan, as seen from the south The center of Tomb No. 2-8 in the Katartobe tombs site

Links to Korea in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (GPR) and more traditional methods of excavation. The GPR investigation has brought In Uzbekistan, which served a cultural bridge across the Silk Road between the to light data on the form and construction method of tombs that could not have been West and East, Buddhist monasteries at Karatepa near Tezmir were the subject of ascertained through traditional methods, producing valuable information for future research from 2011–15, carried out in partnership with the Arts and Sciences Research conservation activities. Meanwhile, excavation research has confirmed that the main Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Constructed around the time when portion of the tombs where the body was interred is made of a wooden chamber over Buddhism was introduced into the region, the Karatepa monasteries are useful for a which an earthen mound was erected. This structure is similar to Korean stone mound comparative analysis of Buddhism as practiced in the Three Kingdoms period (57 B.C.– tombs, hinting that further research in this regard could reveal cultural associations and A.D. 668) in Korea. mutual exchanges between the two countries.

With regard to Kazakhstan, an agreement The National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage has discovered vestiges of the on bilateral cooperation was signed in 2014 Korean legacy beyond the limits of its current territory. What has been unearthed so far, with the Archaeology Institute of Kazakhstan, however, forms just a small aspect of the grand historical puzzle of ancient Korea. The followed in 2015 by the initiation of the study institute is continuing with its current collaborations and will develop more as part of of the Katartobe tombs site in a high grassy its efforts to piecing together a more integrated picture of Korean history. plain in southeast Kazakhstan. Research has been pursued through both non-intrusive * ‌This text has been extracted and revised from an article published in the Journal of Korean investigation using Ground Penetrating Radar The center of Tomb No. 4-14 in the Katartobe tombs site Archaeology in 2015. Exploration of Korean Heritage 22 23

efforts are underway around the globe geared at generating three-dimensional Digital Heritage, a Rising Hope for information on analogue heritage; establishing digital archives to facilitate the Heritage Conservation collection, categorization, and retrieval of information; and enhancing public access to the digitized information. Text and photos by Yu Dong-hwan, professor in cultural contents at Konkuk University

The field of digital heritage is a rapidly evolving one. It began with the collection of Reproduction of Analogue Heritage through Digital Technology three-dimensional data from a historical site or object in order to replicate its form, and One prominent example of the application of digital techniques for heritage has developed to allow reproducing the colors, textures, and even smells of an original conservation is the recreation of France’s Chauvet Cave, which is renowned for in virtual reality. containing some of the earliest and best-preserved cave paintings in the world. Sealed for tens of thousands of years, the Chauvet Cave suffered a rapid process of deterioration after its 1994 discovery, and it was immediately placed off-limits to the public. In April 2015, a replica of the cave made its public debut after years of strenuous Digitization of Heritage in a Hazardous World efforts. We are living in a world where the age-old legacies of the past are sometimes destroyed or an event erased within just a matter of days. One glaring recent example is the devastation of the ancient city of Palmyra by the so-called Islamic State. Armed Following its 1994 discovery, the Chauvet Cave was thoroughly surveyed and conflicts are just one of the many threats that pose risks to the precious heritage of measured. Information on its terrestrial features and artworks and the natural textures, humanity: cultural heritage is exposed to the ever-present risk of a wide range of colors, and temperatures was collected using 3D computer mapping, high-resolution human hazards, such as development and fires, and also natural disasters including scans, and photographs. The replica of the cave is celebrated not only as the world’s flooding and earthquakes. largest cave reproduction, but also for its uncanny resemblance to the original. The digitization of information on cultural heritage and its application for creating a replica, as seen in the case of the Chauvet Cave, suggests an alternative to the material Once inflicted, damage to cultural heritage becomes irreversible. If measures restoration of a heritage site, which can sometimes undermine its original form. It also are not taken to protect the cultural legacies of the past from these risks, we invite a contributes to the preservation of information for future conservation activities. situation in which they can be lost forever. This is why there are worldwide endeavors underway for the conservation of cultural heritage. One branch of these efforts focuses on the application of digital techniques to cultural heritage in order to produce a recreation of a heritage site or to collect three-dimensional information for future restorations.

The significance of digital heritage and its management was emphasized through the Vancouver Declaration adopted at the UNESCO meeting held under the theme “Memory of the World in the Digital Age: Digitization and Preservation” in September

2012 in Vancouver, Canada. In line with the recommendations urged in the declaration, A reproduction of the Chauvet Cave opened to the public in 2014 Exploration of Korean Heritage 24 25

Korea is no exception to this international trend toward more active use of digital heritage. The country has made persistent endeavors for the digitization of analogue materials, the establishment of digital archives, and the visualization of digital heritage. Today the opportunity to travel through time via virtual reality is being emerging. The wide range of digital heritage projects that were launched by various sectors of the government starting in the late 1990s has been systematically organized since 2003 under the Strategic Plan for the Digitization of Cultural Heritage. Ever since, information on diverse cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, has been digitized A three-dimensional reproduction of Emperor Khai Dinh, the 12th A visualization of Rome from the year A.D. 320 ruler of the Nguyen dynasty through 3D laser sans, X-rays, computed tomography, ultrasonography, industrial videoscopes, and motion capture. The digital Resurrection of Ancient Rome information accumulated through these efforts is being offered to the public on a There is another case in which digital techniques have been taken even further number of platforms, including Korea National Heritage Online (www.heritage.go.kr). for heritage conservation than with the Chauvet Cave. In the Rome Reborn project, an The information can be searched on demand and is also available for the purpose of international initiative to create a 3D digital model of ancient Rome led by Dr. Bernard repair or as a geographic information system (GIS). Korea is also cooperating actively Frischer from the University of Virginia, archaeologists, architects, and computer with other countries in the digitization of heritage outside of Korean territory, through scientists from countries including Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, projects such as the digital restoration of the Imperial City in Hue, Vietnam. and Russia are all contributing. The virtual reality model they are producing shows

Rome around the time of A.D. 320, when the ancient city housed over one million A dedicated space has been prepared in Sejong City, Korea for the experience people, and features around 7,000 significant buildings and the 20-kilometer Aurelius of digital heritage. The Digital Heritage Screen Center uses the three-dimensional Walls. The project has added details to the virtual version of Rome as they have released information collected so far to produce virtual reality environments. At the center, updated versions from the first in 2007 to the latest in 2012. They are gradually inching visitors can voyage through time in a virtual environment making available some of toward how Rome really would have looked in A.D. 320. the most definitive elements of Korea’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage.

Digital Heritage in Korea The field of digital heritage has been steadily advancing from the collection of three-dimensional information to its use in creating reproductions and on to producing virtual reality environments approaching a sensation of time travel. This development is still ongoing. A digital restoration of the Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Imperial City, in Hue, Vietnam Exploration of Korean Heritage 26 27

Sculpting wood holds a prominent place among Korea’s traditional crafts. Solid wood Master Park Breathes New Life with beautiful grain patterns are usually adopted, such as princess tree, pine, fir, ginkgo, and pagoda tree. Wooden sculpture has been designated on the national heritage list into Wood as National Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 108, and Park Chan-su is the recognized

Text and photos by the Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation master of the craft.

Wood Carving, the Epitome of Traditional Craft From prehistoric times, wood has been used to produce both two- and three- dimensional objects. Due to its perishable nature, prehistoric woodwork has not survived well to the present, but its existence can be deduced from pictorial images on prehistoric legacies made of stone or bronze. Many ancient artifacts such as the petroglyphs of the Bangudae terrace (National Treasure No. 285), a bronze ritual object carved with a farming scene (Treasure No. 1823), and a bronze mirror decorated with fine lines (National Treasure No. 141) bear images of wooden sculptures. The earliest examples of a wooden sculpture from Korea surviving today are the early Three Kingdoms period lacquered sheaths and other woodwork and some pieces of a musical instrument, respectively excavated from the Daho-ri tomb cluster and the Sinchang-dong site. With the introduction of

Buddhism onto the Korean Peninsula during Korean Lady and Grandfather; the Three Kingdoms era, Buddhist images 20 × 16 × 88 cm and 21 × 15 × 85 cm and objects began to be carved in wood. Into the Joseon Dynasty, wooden sculpture was applied in the rendering of diverse objects, both large and small, intended for commoners and nobles alike. This is evidenced by the inclusion of wood sculptors on the list of craftspeople supplying the Joseon court in Joseon’s constitution Gyeongguk daejeon (Grand Code of State Administration).

Park Chan-su, the nationally recognized master of wood sculpture Exploration of Korean Heritage 28 29

Among other items, Master Park Chan-su specializes in Buddhist images. Buddhism Tongdosa Temple from the Joseon Dynasty. It was the first physical recreation of a served as one of the foremost religious and governing ideologies on the Korean Goryeo-era beopsang seat, which survive only in records. In 1993 Park established the Peninsula, wielding great influence over the development of arts and crafts. The skilled Mok-A Museum (after his nickname Mok-a) in Yeoju, Gyeonggi-do Province, as part creation of Buddhist ritual decorations and Buddha statues provide eloquent testimony of the efforts to raise public awareness of carved woodworks and Buddhist sculpture. to the quality of Korean traditional crafts. When the crafting of wooden sculpture was entered onto the national heritage list as National Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 108 in 1996, Park Chan-su was recognized the first master of this heritage. A Life Dedicated to Wooden Sculpture Park Chan-su was born in 1948 to a poor family in Sancheong, Gyeongsangnam-do Province, but moved to the capital Seoul in the sixth grade. There he was admitted to Traditional Preservation and Creative Recreation the workshop of the wood sculptor Kim Seong- His life dedicated to wood sculpture can be explained in several stages. The 1960s su, and for one and a half years he learned was his entry and training phase. During this period, he honed his fundamental skills wood carving skills there while doing chores. In as a sculptor while experimenting with diverse materials such as wood, stone, bronze, middle school, Park’s talent caught the attention and plaster. In the 1970–80s, Park enhanced his understanding of wooden artifacts of the art teacher Lee Un-sik, and he came to and buildings both in terms of breadth and depth, and solidified his position as a experience a wider world of sculpture—working professional sculptor. While actively involved in creative activities, he did not ignore not only in wood but also in stone and bronze. academic pursuits for acquiring a theological basis for his profession. It was during In 1974 Park left for Japan to study Buddhist this period that Park learned from the Buddhist scholar Lee Gi-yeong about theories art. While there he came to take interest in on Buddhist art, and established his own creative vision and area of professional traditional artworks, and naturally developed an specialization. Since the 1990s, Master Park has been devoted to developing and eye for sculpture through comparative analyses disseminating creative interpretations of traditional art forms. His works representing between Korea and Japan. Back in Korea, Park a Buddhist boy attendant (dongjasang) and participated in repair and restoration efforts shamanistic guardian pillar (jangseung) are good In the Bosom of the Mother on traditional heritage, and in 1985 acquired examples in this regard. In these artworks he national recognition as a heritage repair engineer (No. 722 in the area of sculpture). offers a modern interpretation of traditional forms, demonstrating a positive case for the creative transmission of tradition. Park Chan-su made desperate efforts to sustain and transmit the traditional craft of wood sculpture. He visited numerous Buddhist temples, interviewed countless Buddhist monks, and referred to vast volumes of relevant documents. After all these Master Park carries out his work based on a endeavors, in 1989 he finally succeeded in rendering an accurate wooden Goryeo profound understanding of the intrinsic qualities beopsang, or preaching pulpit. This beopsang was submitted to the 1989 National Craft of wood. His exceptional knowledge of wood Championship and took home the top prize. Three full years and a great volume of is evidenced through his unique and careful documentary references and verbal testimonies were required for Park to complete application of different species of wood and parts this Buddhist item modeled on the octagonal seat enshrined at the main hall of of the tree. Master Park makes a careful selection Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva; 56 cm high Exploration of Korean Heritage 30 31

of the species of wood depending on the object to be 6) Surface rendering carved. Furthermore, he adopts, for example, the root Cloth pieces are draped on the sculpture to provide a suitable surface for the for the head of a Buddhist statue and pursues wood of subsequent lacquering process. The cloth pieces should be fixed with glue. different thicknesses for the various body parts. In this way he can reduce the chance that the finished wood 7) Lacquering and gilding sculpture will suffer from splitting, and also refine the Lacquer, the refined sap of the lacquer tree, not only enhances the durability of the aesthetic effect of a Buddhist sculpture as an object of sculpted Buddhist image but also serves as an adhesive to affix gold leaf or powder to a veneration. surface.

Creation Process for Buddhist Sculpture Manjusri Dongja and Samantabhadra Dongja; 8) Painting 1) Selection of a wood 26 × 17 × 53 cm and 26 × 17 × 53 cm The carved Buddhist image may be painted by applying a mixture of pigments and Once dried, wood from old trees becomes too glue. Camellia or castor oil is applied to the painted Buddhist statue to enhance color hard to be planed; but from young trees it remains viable even after being dried. expression and prevent discoloration.

2) Drying and refinement 9) Waxing The greatest disadvantage of wood as a material for sculpture is its tendency to Rather than painting or gilding, the carved Buddhist image may be immersed in split. To prevent such splits, wood is left to dry for two to three years after felling the boiled wax to bring the grain of the wood to life. tree, and only then refined into the desired forms.

3) Sketching The outline of a Buddhist image is drawn on the processed wood in a way that avoids the knots and aligns the wood grain with the intended sections of the statue.

4) Preliminary carving A wooden frame is created by joining wood pieces and then roughly cut into the overall structure of the intended image.

5) Carving Carving is performed on the wooden framework. The carving step can be subdivided into rough and detailed carving.

Crafting process for wooden sculptures Diverse woodworking implements Photo Essay 32 33

Scenic Sites in Pyeongchang

Text by the Cultural Heritage Adminstration Photos by ‌the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

This issue features photographs of beautiful vistas near Pyeongchang excerpted from the photo book Scenic Sites in Korea, published by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. They are presented in the spirit of delivering our strong wishes for the success of the 2018 Winter Olympics early next year in Pyeongchang.

* Natural sites of significant historical, artistic, and landscape values are nationally designated as Scenic Sites. The full photo book Scenic Sites in Korea will soon be available on the webpages of the Cultural Heritage Administration (www.cha.go.kr) and the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (www. nrich.or.kr).

Gongnyong Ridge on Mt. Seoraksan Photo Essay 34 35

Yongajangseong Ridge on Mt. Seoraksan

Jukseoru Pavilion near the Osipcheon River

A trail along Geomnyongso Spring Photo Essay 36 37

Ulsanbawi Rock on Mt. Seoraksan

Sibiseonnyeotang Potholes in Mt. Seoraksan

An oxbow in Cheongnyeongpo Stream Hajodae Rock Beach Korean Heritage on Display 38 39

Stones may seem lifeless. They neither speak nor move. However, they do visibly age Stone Comes Alive at the Korean and bear the traces of the passage of time. They also change their appearance—more crystalline after a rain and more brilliant at sunrise. The many charms of stone can be Stone Art Museum explored at the Korean Stone Art Museum in Seoul.

Text and photos by the Korean Stone Art Museum

The Story of the Museum’s Foundation The history of the Korean Stone Art Museum goes back to the late 1970s in the Insa-dong neighborhood of Seoul. A man in his 30s named Cheon Sin-il who already possessed an avid interest in old books and paintings stood in one of the neighborhood’s antiquities shops. Currently the Chair of the Korean Stone Art Museum, Mr. Cheon still vividly remembers the moment. “On that day I was browsing at an antique store I frequented. A Japanese dealer entered and started haggling over the price of a stone-art collection with the shop’s owner.” Strongly believing this precious heritage deserved to remain in the country of its creation, Mr. Cheon returned home with all 27 of the pieces of stone art included in the collection. He recounts the pleasantly mysterious sensation he derived from the stone objects: “They shine clearer after rain, and they present a different face under direct sunshine. The seemingly lifeless stone pieces offer up different images under raindrops or rays of sun.” This is how he first became mesmerized by stone art. His passion culminated in the establishment of a stone art museum in July 2000 in Yongin, an area neighboring the capital Seoul. In November 2015, he transferred the museum to central Seoul to allow easy access to the stone artifacts by a wider

public. It is currently known as the Korean Stone Beoksu is an original Korean word referring to a stone version of jangseung, or guardian pillars, which are Art Museum and located in Seongbuk-dong. commonly made from wood.

An Exhibition Space for Stone Artifacts in Seoul The stone artifacts on public view at the Korean Stone Art Museum are mostly from the Joseon Dynasty. Housed within a four-story building, the museum features

A panoramic view of the Korean Stone Art Museum Korean Heritage on Display 40 41

One of the exhibition halls at the museum is dedicated to 47 stone officials that were repatriated from Japan, along with other stone artifacts. Dongjasang, or stone child attendants, were grave guardians placed at tombs for royal family members or high-ranking officials from the 16th–18th centuries. five galleries. The first gallery displays muninseok, or stone figures representing Joseon Besides the three exhibition halls for stone objects, there are two more galleries literary officials. During the Joseon era, a pair of stone officials was placed in front of a respectively displaying dexterous and imaginative embroidery artifacts and for modern royal burial mound to serve as guardians of the king’s tomb. There are 47 officials on artworks that showcase their creators’ artistic consciousness. display out of 70 that Mr. Cheon repatriated from Japan in 2001. They had been part of the Korean heritage illicitly exported during the 1910–45 colonial period. The second gallery houses diverse stone representations of dongja, Open-air Space for Recreation and Healing or child attendants, which were placed at the tomb of a The visitation route at the museum naturally flows from the interior galleries to the person of exalted social class. As dongja are believed to exterior of the building. The open-air area outside, known as the Garden of Stones, is an serve as messengers for the gods, there is a section in extension of the exhibition space and features various thematic spaces for relaxation the gallery where visitors can write down their wishes and recreation. The Garden of Stones creates a magnificent landscape by combining and pray for their realization in front of the statues. the background of Mt. Baegaksan and a vista of central Seoul with the stone sculptures The third gallery is for beoksu, which refers to a stone scattered around. The stone objects in the garden take on additional artistic value version of the community guardian pillars known as when set against a colorful array of wildflowers. As many as 12,000 wildflowers were jangseung. Stone guardian pillars were placed at the planted last spring, striking a stunning aesthetic harmony with the stone artifacts. entrance of a village as a guardian to prevent evil spirits Small waterways and poetic phrases carved in stone add to the recreational ambience A rain-calling altar at the Korean Stone Art from penetrating the community. of the garden. Museum. The altar is carved on four sides with the image of dragon, an imaginary creature believed in the East to govern water. Korean Heritage on Display 42 43

Unchanging Passion for Stone The founder of the museum, Mr. Cheon, has a wish of his own. “I hope that by contemplating the stone artifacts delivering our ancestors’ wishes at the museum, contemporary Koreans can take a much-needed pause from their hectic lives and reflect on their own desires and purposes in life. I hope that it can provide a healing experience for them.” He also emphasizes the museum’s strong commitment to the effort to repatriate Korean artifacts, as well as to accelerating its work to develop experience programs, support academic

The museum accommodates a spacious garden overflowing with aesthetic stone artworks, allowing people to take advantage of a rare chance research, and offer exhibition opportunities to for pleasant relaxation and recreation in the city center. young artists. Stone generals, or muinseok, were placed at royal tombs alongside stone literary officials, and form a critical part of the collection of the Korean Stone Art Museum. This Among the several thematic spaces within the garden is the Space for the Five 190-centimeter-high stone general is equipped with a helmet and armor and holds a sword. Senses, located at the highest point of the museum and providing a bird’s eye view of Seoul. Visitors are encouraged to touch the stone sculptures there and enjoy sensory experiences. At the Road of Nonstop Victories, participants can make wishes while walking up a staircase. There is also an entertainment area especially recommended for those with children. Stone dongja assistant Visitor Information children are positioned there holding traditional Hours: Daily (except on Mondays) from 10:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. instruments and kitchen utensils or playing * From December–February, open from 10:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. traditional games. These stone figures performing * When a national holiday falls on a Monday, closed on Tuesday diverse actions stimulate the imagination of Guided tours: Three times per day at 11:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., and 3:00 p.m. visiting children. * From December–February, two times per day at 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Address: 66, 13 gil, Daesagwan-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul A granite Diamond Deva carving at the Korean Stone Art Museum. Given the difficulty of carv- Inquires: +82 2 986 1001 (tel), +82 2 986 3600 (fax) ing on granite, this Diamond Deva sculpture speaks volumes about the dexterity and skills of Webpage: www.koreanstoneartmuseum.com ancient Korean sculptors. A Visit To Korean Heritage 44 45

A walk around the Yangnim-dong neighborhood transports visitors back in time 100 Yangnim-dong, a Time Capsule of years. Buildings and monuments associated with the modernization process in the metropolitan city of Gwangju and the wider South Jeolla region are frozen in time here Early Modern Gwangju in the Yangnim area, preserving many interesting and touching stories that can still be

Text and photos by the Korea Tourism Organization loudly heard by contemporary Koreans.

Traces of Western Missionaries from a Century Ago A good place to start a promenade of the Yangnim neighborhood is Yangnim Church. As the first Christian church in the Gwangju area, Yangnim Church traces its origin to a small service observed in 1904 by the American Jesuit Eugene Bell (1868–1925). The current building for the Yangnim Church was constructed in 1954. Immediately in front is situated the Owen Memorial Hall (Tangible Heritage No. 26 on the Gwangju heritage list), constructed in 1914 to honor Clement Owen (1867– 1909), one of the first missionaries in Gwangju alongside Eugene Bell. The hall has two entrances originally intended for exclusive use by males and females to suit the Confucian standards that still dictated social mores at the time. The interior was built in a symmetrical form with a pulpit in the center. It stood at the forefront of modernization in the region by hosting a wide range of cultural events.

From the Owen Memorial Hall, The Owen Memorial Hall, an important structure in the development of an uphill walk leading to Honam Christianity and cultural modernization in Gwangju Theological University and Seminary passes the residences of Western missionaries who arrived here at the tip of the Asian continent during the Japanese colonial period. From these homes they practiced their religion by taking care of the poor, the ill, and others overlooked by society. The hill supporting their houses was developed as a space for social healing and education and is today known as the “Jerusalem of Gwangju” and “Missionaries’ Village.”

Yangnim Church, the first Christian church established in Gwangju, serves as a landmark on the walking tour of the Yangnim neighborhood. A Visit To Korean Heritage 46 47

Cradle of Women’s Education Under Colonial Rule On the way from Wilson’s house to the former Jennie Speer Memorial School for Girls (currently, Gwangju Speer Girls’ Middle and High School), visitors can find a horned holly tree (Monument No. 17 on the Gwangju heritage list) that was planted by early-modern missionaries. It is called horang gasi in Korean, meaning “thorns for the tiger,” derived from the story that tigers would use its saw-toothed leaves as a backscratcher. Its red fruit is believed to symbolize the blood Christ shed when nailed to the cross, so it is also known as the “Jesus Tree.”

In the former Jennie Speer

Memorial School for Girls, visitors can Speer Hall, formerly used as a dormitory for the Jennie Speer Me- The house of the American missionary Dr. R. M. Wilson surrounded by large trees morial School for Girls explore several nationally designated heritage buildings, such as Speer Hall Among these is the house of the American missionary Dr. R. M. Wilson (Monument (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 158), No. 15 on the Gwangju heritage list), the oldest structure in Gwangju built in a Western Curtis Memorial Hall (No. 159), and style. Dr. Wilson, who constructed the building, was a prominent leader for taking care Winsborough Hall (No. 370). The school of orphans, disabled children, and people served as a center for both missionary inflicted by leprosy. The house was first built activities and women’s education. Speer in 1905 and then expanded in 1921. The front Hall was constructed in 1911 using yard still holds water maple, pecan, and black donations sent from the United States Curtis Memorial Hall, a chapel built in commemoration of Eugene walnut trees that Wilson brought here from by an older sister in commemoration of Bell his hometown to assuage the homesickness the life of Jennie Speer, who died young. of Western missionaries working in the area. Winsborough Hall took its name from a A walkway at the rear of the house leads Mrs. Winsborough, the wife of one of the to the cemetery for foreign missionaries missionaries in the area, who donated where Wilson, Eugene Bell, and many other the funds for its construction. Curtis Jesuits are interred. Enclosed by forests, the Memorial Hall (named after a Mrs. Curtis, tranquility of the cemetery offers a chance the biggest donor for its construction) to reflect on the meaning of their religious was built in honor of Eugene Bell, the Winsborough Hall, currently used as space for teachers at Gwangju dedication and sacrifice. A memorial statue for the March 1 Independence Move- founder of the school. The school also Speer Girls’ Middle School ment of 1919 A Visit To Korean Heritage 48 49

provided a local stronghold for independence activists during the colonial period, which is why there stands a memorial statue for the March 1 Independence Movement of 1919.

Places for Retreat and Traditional Houses The poet Kim Hyeon-seung (1913–75), known for his poem “Prayer in Autumn,” wrote verses while

walking along this route from Yangnim Church up the The House of Lee Jang-woo features a beautiful garden and attractive The House of Choi Seung-hyo has preserved the attic that was hill of missionaries’ houses to the former Jennie Speer inner and outer quarters. used as a refuge for independence activists. Memorial School for Girls. Born in Pyongyang (in modern North Korea), he came to Gwangju when his father was appointed as the minister of Yangnim Church. It is known Gwangju during the early modern period. Built in 1899, Lee’s house was laid out in that Kim took advantage of the hill near the Honam the shape of the Korean letter giyeok (ㄱ), commonly applied in residences in Seoul, as A commemorative stele for the poet Kim Theological University for silent medication and creative opposed to the straight-line layout traditional in the southern parts of the country. This Hyeon-seung inside Honam Theological distinct layout was probably a way of advertising the owner’s financial means. Behind University and Seminary inspiration. the lofty gate with a raised roof are found a Japanese garden and gorgeous outer and inner quarters. The front gate is normally kept closed, but visitors can come inside Inside Honam Theological University is a stele inscribed with the lyrics of Kim’s through a small entrance to its left side. “Prayer in Autumn,” and close to the university is found a café where visitors can take a rest along the route and enjoy a panoramic view of the Yangnim neighborhood and Mt. Mudeungsan. There is another nearby café called Dahyeong Café, which takes its The House of Choi Seung-hyo was originally constructed in 1920 as a high-end name from the sobriquet of Kim Hyeon-seung. It is an unstaffed café where anyone can restaurant serving Japanese colonialists in an effort to mobilize funds for national enjoy a self-service drink while learning about the poet Dahyeong Kim Hyeon-seung. independence and provide cover for its use as a refuge for hunted independence Payments are voluntarily made into a box according to what the customer can afford. activists. The building was later purchased by Choi Seung-hyo, and his son Choi In- jun converted it into a cultural space exhibiting modern art. It is an ideal place to take a leisurely walk while appreciating the wonderful harmony struck by the mixture of Leaving the Dahyeong Café, it is easy traditional beauty and modern aesthetics. to spot two buildings executed in the traditional Korean style: the House of Lee Jang-woo and the House of Choi Seung- Those hoping to visit are encouraged to contact the Nam-gu District Office of hyo, respectively Folk Material No. 1 and Gwangju to make reservations for a guided tour of the Yangnim neighborhood. 2 on the Gwangju heritage list. The House of Lee Jang-woo is a classic example of

Dahyeong Café, an unstaffed café established in commemora- the residences of the richest citizens of tion of Dahyeong Kim Hyeon-seong Cultural Heritage Administration Headlines 50 51

CHA News

Three New Entries onto the Memory of the World Register UNESCO Intangible Heritage Committee Meets in Jeju

At the 13th session of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) of UNESCO’s Memory In cooperation with UNESCO and the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, the Cultural of the World program held in Paris from October 24–27, three nominations from Korea were Heritage Administration hosted the 12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for approved for entry onto the Memory of the World Register: the collection of royal seals, the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on Jeju Island from December 4–9. books, and edicts of the Joseon Dynasty; the archives of the National Debt Redemption With an opening ceremony scheduled for December 3, the UNESCO committee meeting in Movement; and documents on Korea’s diplomatic missions to Japan from the 17th–19th Jeju included the participation of around 1,000 people: delegates from the 24 committee centuries. member states and representatives of other countries, UNESCO secretariat staff, non- governmental organizations, and heritage experts.

The inscribed regal objects from Joseon were created for ceremonial purposes including holding investitures and conferring posthumous titles for the king and other Established under the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural members of the royal family. They are comprised of ceremonial seals bearing the name of Heritage, the committee is comprised of 24 members elected from the 175 signatory the recipient, ritual books fashioned by joining together jade or bamboo blocks, and royal states to the 2003 convention. edicts issued on five colors of silk. Along with their extensive 570 year-history of creation This annual session covers a across the dynastic era, they were highly regarded by the IAC meeting for manifesting the wide range of agenda items social, political, cultural, and artistic transformations taking place in Joseon society through for the implementation of the their forms and materials, as well as the featured types of calligraphy and content. convention, including inscriptions on the intangible heritage lists and use of the Intangible Cultural The archives on the National Debt Redemption Movement consist of 2,470 documents Heritage Fund. covering the full process of a nationwide campaign conducted by the Korean public from 1907–10 to help the government repay a huge debt to Japan. At the time, Japan and other imperialist countries around the globe adopted the strategy of imposing crippling debts This year’s committee session on their colonies as a way to expand their control. The IAC members evaluated the 1907 is the first such event held in movement as a pioneering debt redemption campaign that involved about 25 percent of Korea, and the fourth in Asia the entire population in repaying the national debt. Similar campaigns ensued in other following sessions in China, targets of the imperial powers, including in China, Mexico, and Vietnam, which positively Japan, and Indonesia. Korea impacted the decision on inscription. currently has 19 intangible heritage elements inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. There was no Korean file among the nominations to be evaluated by the committee in Jeju, and the nomination of Korean wrestling (ssireum) The documents on the diplomatic visits describe the 12 ambassadorial missions dispatched to Japan by the Joseon court from 1607–1811 at the request of Japan’s will be subject to examination at the 14th session to be held next year. Shogunate. At the meeting, they were praised as testimony to the peaceful relationship between the two countries, as well as to the universal value of mutual cultural respect. Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Cultural Heritage Administration, 189 Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Tel | 82-42-481-4735 Fax | 82-42-481-4759 http://english.cha.go.kr

Cultural Heritage Administration, 2017

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