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Student-Workers in Shanghai During the 1974 Campaign to Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius

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Student-Workers in Shanghai During the 1974 Campaign to Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius “Masters of the Docks” or “Slaves to Work Quotas”? Student-Workers in Shanghai During the 1974 Campaign to Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius by Thomas Hoy Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department Of History Faculty of Arts Thomas Hoy 2016 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2016 Approval Name: Thomas Richard Hoy Degree: Master of Arts Title: “Masters of the Docks” or “Slaves to Work Quotas”? Student-Workers in Shanghai During the 1974 Campaign to Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius Examining Committee: Chair: Paul Garfinkel Associate Professor Jeremy Brown Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Elise Chenier Supervisor Professor Yiching Wu External Examiner Associate Professor Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto Date Defended/Approved: February 22, 2016 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract In early 1974, the aging Mao launched a campaign calling upon people to study China’s ancient history for lessons to help drive China’s modern revolution. Workplaces became the main locus of the confrontations and the Shanghai docks became a highly publicized site for the theatrical struggles that followed. But Mao had learned from his earlier mistakes and did not want politics to threaten production. When the two competing factions were told to reconcile, old-rebels who had been sidelined earlier were promised a fifty-fifty share of Party memberships. But the hundreds of thousands of student-workers in Shanghai were further sidelined. Once idealistic Red Guards, these young people had since become deeply disillusioned. As they were enrolled en masse to study modern Marxist interpretations of ancient Chinese texts their disillusionment only deepened and they turned their back on ideas of revolution to live very traditional lives. Keywords: China; Shanghai; Cultural Revolution; workers; youth; Confucius; Worker Theory Teams; Communist Youth League iv Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my father in remembrance of the many family dinners—and bad jokes—at Linda Mae’s Chinese restaurant in Calgary. v Acknowledgements I wish to thank all those people in Shanghai who were so generous in sharing their time and their memories. I also wish to thank the History Department at Simon Fraser University for awarding me the Graduate (International) Research Travel Award that helped make my trips to Shanghai possible. Last, and certainly not least, I wish to acknowledge the forbearance of my long suffering wife, Catherine, who does not hesitate to tell me that, growing up in Taiwan, she had enough of Chinese history and thinks my lifelong interest in such matters a little “weird.” vi Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Ethics Statement................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication ............................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................1 Historiography .....................................................................................................................6 The Historical Background ................................................................................................11 Chapter Outlines ................................................................................................................18 Sources ...............................................................................................................................22 The Events of 1974 ............................................................................................................24 Chapter 2. The Thrill is Gone ......................................................................................27 The Students Enter, Stage Left, Script in Hand .................................................................28 Don’t Forget to Grasp Production! ....................................................................................35 The Voice of the Voiceless ................................................................................................37 The Costs Add Up ..............................................................................................................41 Education is the Answer ....................................................................................................44 “How Can Some Long-Dead Guy Still Be Relevant Today?” ..........................................49 Chapter 3. Private Spaces, Private Lives ...................................................................55 Atomized Networks of the Disillusioned ...........................................................................56 Women: Holding Up Half of Heaven? ..............................................................................61 Sex in the City ....................................................................................................................65 Worlds of the Imagination .................................................................................................71 Chapter 4. Getting a Leg Up ........................................................................................78 The Early Years: On the Fast Track ..................................................................................80 Sharpening the Weapons of Young “Pen Warriors” ..........................................................82 1974: Ambitions Interrupted ..............................................................................................86 Re-Focusing Youthful Ambitions ......................................................................................94 Back to the Books ..............................................................................................................98 Uniting Theory and Practice ............................................................................................105 A Final Reckoning ...........................................................................................................110 vii Chapter 5. For a Few Dollars More ..........................................................................114 Practical Tweaks ..............................................................................................................115 Political Packaging ...........................................................................................................121 The Winds of Economism Stir .........................................................................................124 Ideology (and Technology) Carry the Day ......................................................................127 Chapter 6. Conclusions ..............................................................................................132 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................144 viii List of Acronyms BIT Bureau of Industry and Transport (Gongjiao zu) CCP Communist Party of China CYL Communist Youth League Dongde (undated, handwritten draft from late 1974) Gongren dongde quanju, zijue guanhao luxian [Workers Understand the Broad Situation: From (This) Self- Awareness (They) Are Able to Maintain the Correct Path], in SMA B 246-2- 1038. Gaoyang Gu Gan, Li Peifu, and Mao Bo’ke, eds. Gaoyang chunqiu: Shanghai gang Gaoyang gangwu gongsi lishi [Spring and Autumn in Gaoyang: History of the Gao Yang Harbour Affairs Company] (Dalian: Dalian haishi chubanshe, 1994). GJQK Shanghaishi geweihui gongjiaozu mishuzu. Gongjiao qingkuang [Situation Updates From the (Shanghai) Bureau of Industry and Commerce]. GLF Great Leap Forward GNB Gong nong bing, literally “workers peasants and soldiers,” a term normally used to designate young people from those classes who received priority in the assignment of jobs and education opportunities. KMT Kuomintang as written in the older, Wade-Giles Romanization, or Guomindang in the newer Romanization of Chinese characters used in the PRC. Sometimes also translated literally as Nationalist Party. LLDW Lilun duiwu (Worker Theory Team) LLDWCZ Shanghai shi zonggonghui xuanchuanzu, eds. Shanghai gongren lilun duiwu zai douzheng zhong chengzhang [Worker Theory Troops in Shanghai: Growing in the Midst of Struggle] (Shanghai: Shanghai remmin chubanshe, 1974). NPC National People’s Congress PLA People’s Liberation Army SFTU Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions SASS Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences SHGZ Zhang Yan, Wu Rongguan, Zhang Yunlong, Zhang Xuefang, and Mao Bo’ke, eds., Shanghai gangzhi [Shanghai Harbour Gazetteer] Shanghai: Shanghai shekeyuan chubanshe, 2001. ix SHSH Shanghai “wen’ge” shiliao zhengli bianji xiaozu, Shanghai “wenhua da geming” shihua: ding’gao songshen ben [Historical Narrative of the “Great Cultural Revolution” in Shanghai:
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