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United Nations Security Council UNITED NATIONS SECURITY veto power. The veto power has been COUNCIL present in the Security Council since its creation and it works as a response to Author: Juan Pablo Prieto Abondano & assure that the arms race held by the Rebecca Abiantoun Saad different powers during the post-WWII agenda would not get out of control. It Time for opening speech: 90 seconds consists of a position that the five permanent members have during the voting procedure, thus meaning that if COMMITTEE INFORMATION: any of the five votes against certain resolution or working paper, it As one of the six principal organs of the automatically does not pass. On what United Nations, the Security Council was regards the role of the United Nations founded in 1945 to maintain international Security Council (UNSC), It submits peace and security using different resolutions that are legally binding for the mechanisms while cooperating alongside members of the UN. Additionally, this other bodies of the UN. The Security organ recommends the appointment to Council determines the existence of any the General Assembly of the new threat to international security and it calls Secretary-General and it is the only upon the parties to a dispute to settle it committee in the United Nations that has by peaceful means, thus recommending the permission to allow the use of force, methods of adjustment or terms of the intervention of UN Peacekeeping, as settlement to preserve international well as the power to sanction. peace. It is formed by 15 active members, each one with its respective vote, which is divided into permanent and non-permanent members. As established TOPIC A: THE QUESTION OF LETHAL by the UN Charter, the permanent AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS members include The United States of America, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, The French Republic, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and INTRODUCTION Northern Ireland, and the People’s Republic of China. The remaining ten Lethal autonomous weapons (LAW) are states have a membership of 2 years. weapon systems that can identify, select, Permanent and non-permanent states and engage a target without any human have an additional difference which is the control. These weapon systems can be divided into three types according to the damage may occur. Examples of this level of autonomy and the level of human include defensive weapon systems that control: are used to attack incoming missile attacks since they independently select a) Autonomous weapon system (also and attack targets according to their referred to as human ‘out of the loop’): pre-programming. Nevertheless, for these “A weapon system that, once activated, weapons, a human retains supervision of can select and engage targets without it and can override the system if further intervention by a human necessary. operator.” (US Department of Defense, 2012). These weapons reopen Critics of LAWS focus mainly on fully independently to a changing environment autonomous weapons, referring to them and decide how to fulfill its as “killer robots” and questioning their pre-programmed goals, with examples ability to respect human life and comply such as munitions that once launched, with international humanitarian law (IHL), they search for and attack their intended which is a set of rules that seek for targets (e.g. radar installations) over a humanitarian reasons to limit the effects specified area and without any additional of armed conflict. Others, like the U.S. human intervention. government, foresee the advantages of b) Semi-autonomous weapon system these weapons, arguing that LAWS’ (also referred to as human ‘in the loop’): automated targeting features might Refer to a weapon system that once it is augment states’ abilities to meet IHL activated, it is aimed at engaging requirements through increased accuracy individual targets or specific target groups and efficiency. As a result, the ethical, that have been previously designated by a political, and legal debate has been human operator. Examples include the around autonomy in the use of force and so-called “fire and forget” weapons, such the decision of LAWs to take a human life. as certain types of guided missiles, that deliver effects to human-identified HISTORICAL CONTEXT targets using autonomous functions. c) Supervised autonomous weapon The use of lethal autonomous weapons, system (also referred to as human ‘on the as well as artificial intelligence, have loop’): It is an autonomous weapon presented rapid advances over the years system that is designed to provide human as the demand increases for more operators with the ability to intervene in advanced technology machines. The rise engagements, including in the event of a of robotic warfare primarily takes place in weapon system failure, before any the 19th century, considering that events the coast of Cape Cod. A few years later, such as WWI were taking place and the the Talos missile system comes online, urge of developing military robots or using a homing device that automatically weapons became more necessary. After corrects for variations in altitude and WWI and WWII, the development and speed. implementation of these armaments were centered on strengthening military 1972: The U.S Air Force uses laser-guided support, with the tests and inventions of weapons to destroy the strategic Thanh countries such as The United States of Hoa Bridge in North Vietnam, marking for America. Although these devices the first time a “smart bomb” that contributed to most of the technological successfully destroys a major enemy advances of weapons, they also were the target. During the Vietnam War, the Air cause of several deaths during events like Force also deployed autonomous the Vietnam War. Eventually, society unmanned surveillance aircraft that fly in started to realize the potential danger of circular patterns and shoot film until their lethal autonomous weapons, which fuel runs out. shifted the perspective of this topic to an alarming situation that was later 1994: The U.S government awards addressed by several experts, scientists General Atomics a contract to build the and the United Nations as a threat to RQ-1 Predator drone, which will transmit humankind. Taking this overview into video footage in real-time over satellite account, there have been several events links, guided by ground-based controllers in the history of LAWS, but the following that can be thousands of miles away. are some key dates that are pertinent to Approximately a year later, the take into account: unmanned aerial surveillance vehicle was operating over Bosnia. By 2001, it had 1914: WWI brings a series of advances in been upgraded to carry Hellfire missiles. robotic warfare, including the U.S Kettering “Bug” (a gyroscope-guided 2006: South Korea announces plans to winged bomb) and the German FL-7 install Samsung Techwin SGR-A1 sentry wire-guided motorboat, loaded with robots along the Demilitarized Zone with pounds of explosives. North Korea. Armed with machine guns, they are capable of fully autonomous 1953: The USS Mississippi test-fires one of tracking and targeting but human the earliest computer-guided missiles, approval is required before the fire. launching a 1,180-pound RIM-2 Terrier off 2009: The U.S Air Force releases a planning document that charts a CAUSES long-term path to fully autonomous capability for aircraft, including the use of The causes of Lethal Autonomous force. Weapons Systems emerge primarily from the support of the implementation and 2012: Discussion about autonomous development of them, specifically when weapons arises in the United Nations talking about the military and political Human Rights Council. fields. Taking this into account, three main factors that can be discussed are 2013: The Northrop Grumman X-47B military support, moral justifications unmanned combat air vehicle lands regarding the application of LAWS, and successfully on the deck of the USS the skills of Artificial Intelligence that George H.W. Bush, becoming the first differ from human capacities. unmanned autonomous vehicle to land on an aircraft carrier. Military support: The implementation and ​ development of Autonomous weapon 2014: First informal meeting in the United systems emerged primarily from military Nations about autonomous lethal support, considering that LAWs act as a weapons in Geneva. force multiplier; meaning that fewer warfighters are needed for a given 2015: Open letter of more than 3.000 mission and the efficacy of each scientists and experts in AI with a warning warfighter is greater. Moreover, against “killer robots”. advocates credit autonomous weapon systems with expanding the battlefield, 2017: Letter of more than 116 technology allowing combat to reach into areas that businesses, claiming to the UN the were previously inaccessible and they can prohibition of lethal autonomous also reduce casualties by removing weapons. human warfighters from dangerous missions. Additional motivations for the increased demand for LAWS over the 2018: The European Parliament claims years include the argument that robots the start of negotiations to prohibit Lethal are better suited than humans for Autonomous Weapon Systems. “dangerous” and “dirty” missions, including examples such as bomb disposal and operating in areas with high radioactivity. Hence, those who call for that it has received, considering the belief the increased implementation and that by enhancing these systems, it will be development of autonomous weapon feasible in the future to remove humans systems generally point
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