Algemeen Ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo Algemeen ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo Datum 17 december 2019 Pagina 1 van 104 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2019 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (DAF/CAB) Pagina 2 van 104 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2019 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ............................................................................. 6 1.1 Ontwikkelingen ...............................................................................................6 1.1.1 Uitvoering Kaderakkoord Addis Abeba .............................................................. 28 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 30 1.2.1 Kivu’s........................................................................................................... 31 1.2.2 Noord-Kivu ................................................................................................... 31 1.2.3 Zuid-Kivu ..................................................................................................... 41 1.2.4 Tshopo en Maniema ....................................................................................... 44 1.2.5 Haut- en Bas-Uélé ......................................................................................... 45 1.2.6 Ituri ............................................................................................................. 45 1.2.7 Tanganyika ................................................................................................... 47 1.2.8 Haut-Katanga ............................................................................................... 47 1.2.9 Kasaï-provincies ............................................................................................ 48 1.2.10 Mai-Ndombe ................................................................................................. 49 1.2.11 Sankuru en Kwilu .......................................................................................... 49 1.2.12 Gewapende groeperingen ............................................................................... 50 2 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ..................................................... 62 2.1 Identificatieplicht en identificerende documenten ............................................... 62 2.2 Nationaliteit .................................................................................................. 64 3 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 67 3.1 Positie van specifieke groepen ......................................................................... 67 3.1.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen/politieke activisten ................................................. 67 3.1.2 Etnische minderheden .................................................................................... 68 3.1.3 Religieuze minderheden ................................................................................. 70 3.1.4 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 70 3.1.5 LHBT ............................................................................................................ 74 3.1.6 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................... 75 3.1.7 Dienstplichtweigeraars en deserteurs ............................................................... 78 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 78 3.2.1 Nationaal ...................................................................................................... 78 3.2.2 Aangifte misdrijf ............................................................................................ 81 3.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 82 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................. 84 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ............................................................ 85 3.3.3 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................... 88 3.3.4 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 88 3.3.5 Arrestaties, bewaring en detentie .................................................................... 89 3.3.6 Mishandeling en foltering ................................................................................ 92 3.3.7 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ....................................................................... 92 3.3.8 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden ........................................................ 92 4 Ontheemden en vluchtelingen ................................................................... 93 4.1 Ontheemden ................................................................................................. 93 4.1.1 Opvang in de regio ........................................................................................ 94 4.2 Opvang binnenlandse ontheemden .................................................................. 94 Pagina 3 van 104 4.3 Wettelijke bepalingen vreemdelingen ............................................................... 95 5 Terugkeer .................................................................................................. 97 5.1 Gedwongen terugkeer .................................................................................... 97 6 Mensenhandel ........................................................................................... 98 6.1 Opvangmogelijkheden slachtoffers ................................................................... 98 6.2 Getuigenbeschermingsprogramma ................................................................... 98 7 Bijlage(n) .................................................................................................. 99 7.1 Literatuurlijst ................................................................................................ 99 7.2 Afkortingen ................................................................................................. 102 Lijst van gebruikte afkortingen ................................................................................. 102 7.3 Kaart Provincies .......................................................................................... 104 Pagina 4 van 104 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2019 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in de Democratische Republiek Congo (DRC) beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit de DRC en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Congolese asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in de DRC (laatstelijk december 2018). Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van december 2018 tot en met november 2019. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties (VN) en niet-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s), vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in het buitenland aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. Tevens heeft in augustus/september 2019 een fact finding missie plaatsgevonden naar de DRC. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen, waaronder lokale kranten en radiostations – zoals het door de VN beschermde en aangestuurde Radio Okapi1 - die in de regel goed geïnformeerd zijn. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk een wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek- en veiligheidsgebied. In hoofdstuk twee wordt informatie verstrekt over identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in de DRC geschetst. Daarbij wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. Daarnaast komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele mensenrechten. In hoofdstuk vier komen de opvang van vluchtelingen en binnenlands ontheemden aan de orde. De hoofdstukken vijf en zes gaan kort in op terugkeer en mensenhandel. 1 De studio’s van Radio Okapi bevinden zich op de afgesloten terreinen van de VN (Monusco), waar de medewerkers goed beschermd zijn. Zie verder https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/radio-okapi. Pagina 5 van 104 1 Politieke ontwikkelingen Inleiding Nadat de presidentsverkiezingen in de DRC verschillende malen werden uitgesteld - Joseph Kabila had volgens de grondwet al op 19 december 2016 moeten aftreden - zouden deze dan toch volgens de Commission électorale nationale indépendante (CENI) op 23 december 2018 plaatsvinden.2 Kabila’s belangrijkste potentiële tegenstanders,
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