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Native Americans and Southampton Southampton & Native American Heritage In reflecng on the migraon of the Mayflower Pilgrims and as part of Nave American Heritage Month we thought it would be fascinang to look at the long links between outhampton and Nave American heritage. 3 The Treasure 1 Early Days In 1.1. the ship Treasure docked in outhampton with a cargo of In fourteen hundred and ninety two, two hundredweight of tobacco Columbus sailed the Ocean blue and it is believed that one of the Within a very few years of Columbus arriving at a passengers was the woman land mass that would be named The Americas known as Pocahontas. To her small ships were se%ng sail for the eastern people she was known as seaboard of the connent from the port of Matoaka2 the daughter of the outhampton. Their aim was to reach the &shing chief Powhatan of grounds o' Newfoundland. From the early 1500s A8anoughkomouck. To the Newfoundland &sh or stock &sh found its way to English she was the Chrisan the local &sh market by t Michael,s church. woman Rebecca2 a princess2 daughter of an Emperor from the To give an e-ample of the scale of the industry in Statue of Christopher Columbus, land they called Virginia2 named 1.20 the Fisher a vessel of 10 tons and 02 crew Civic Centre, Southampton for Elizabeth I2 the Virgin ;ueen. returned2 from the cod banks o' Newfoundland with 10.2000 dried &sh3 5000 tons of wet &sh3 and 4 tons of &sh This young woman who2 oil. The return trip had taken 1. days. legend says2 saved the life of the Englishman The &shing fleets spent months not 5ust at sea but on land where2 John mith and who learning from the Nave Americans ways to dry and preserve &sh2 married the merchant they would dry out the stock &sh prior to bringing it back to and tobacco planter England where it was staple part of the country,s diet. John Rolfe2 made a great impact on her arrival in Beginning of Empire England. he was 2 presented at court and For nearly a hundred years a7er Columbus English sailors and became a celebrity. Her privateers did not try to set up se8lements and colonies like the real life story was even Pocahontas from a panish and Portuguese2 but more dramac as she contemporary engraving instead2 preferred to capture had also been captured ships and treasure en9route from outh and held for ransom by colonists America to Iberia. New goods such as deer2 in 1.10 when she was persuaded beaver2 o8er and seal skins arrived in to become a Chrisan. In 1.1A outhampton as well as e-oc animals like she was married at around the the porcupine displayed in 1515. However age of 17. Pocahontas died aged in 1510 the town &nanced ir Humphrey barely 20 and was buried at :ilbert,s voyage to Newfoundland2 and he is :ravesend leaving behind her credited with the claiming of North America baby son2 Thomas. for ;ueen Elizabeth I. :ilbert,s ship went down on his return Note the supporters of the coat of voyage to England but his licence to e-plore arms granted to Newfoundland in and create colonies passed to his half9 1638 showing two Nave mericans. brother ir Walter Raleigh who connued the drive to found se8lements. His enterprise was led by the cartographer and arst John White. When White returned to England from Roanoke in 15172 he travelled via outhampton in the company of a Nave American. The founding of Jamestown in 1.01 saw the e-pansion of trading Image by $ohn White opportunies and a new popular cargo arriving in outhampton2 tobacco. &The Trustees of the (rish Museum 4 The Iroquois Delegation As colonisaon progressed across the American connent it brought the colonists into contact with other tribes. In 1710 the Mayor of outhampton hosted a banEuet in the Audit House for the F Kings of the ,ve naons of the Iro-uois ,. In the town records the names of the delegaon are listed both in English and IroEuois. The IroEuois, names were wri8en down phonecally and di'er somewhat to how the names are wri8en today. Southampton City rchives Although the outhampton records show that there were &ve kings2 one had died on the voyage over to England2 the delegaon2 therefore2 is known as the four kings G three Mohawks and one Mohican. The men had travelled to England to seek Brish military support against the French in what is now North America and Canada. ;ueen Anne commissioned their portraits from John Verelst and these are the earliest known surviving oil Fportraits from life, of Nave Americans. The Fkings, were so popular that printmaker John imon created mezzonts of the painngs2 and poems and ballads were wri8en about them. The painngs hung at court for over a hundred years before being acEuired by the Petre family and &nally being purchased by the Canadian government in 1477. The portraits were displayed at the mithsonian Naonal Portrait :allery in 2004 with whose kind permission we reproduce their analysis of the imagery portrayed in the painngs. BCibrary and Archives CanadaDPortrait :allery of Canada Sa Ga Yeath Ho Nee Yeath Qua Pieth Tow Taw No Row King of the Maquas King of the lifedates unknown Generethgarich Naons lifedates Verelst,s depicon of unknown Haudenosaunee IIroEuois) symbolic skin Born in the area of markings2 elaborately present9day upstate demonstrated by New York2 Ho Nee Mohawk a :a Yeath Yeath Taw No Row ;ua Pieth Tow Ibapzed Ibapzed John) was Brant)2 is one of the best one of the records of eighteenth9 Haudenosaunee century Nave ta8ooing IIroEuois) known as the in e-istence. The ta8oos2 FFour Indian Lings., The visible on all four delegates2 were &rst stencilled on the display of symbolic skin markings2 disncve clothing2 skin and then pricked into the flesh with trade needles and beauful or uniEue items were all ways that Nave or li8le bones unl the blood flowed. While the precise diplomats demonstrated their values and status. signi&cance of the markings remains unclear2 There is much discussion among ethnographers Haudenosaunee men were ta8ooed to commemorate regarding the authencity of the items represented in their achievements in ba8le. these painngs. For e-ample2 Ho Nee Yeath Taw No The highly individualized depicon of these markings is Row is depicted holding a bow that would be too small an important aspect of the representaon to have been used by an adult. The depicon of a wolf characterisc of this commemorave portrait. a :a behind him represents his dodem2 or clan aMliaon. Yeath ;ua Pieth Tow was the grandfather of venerated Nodem animalsOwolf2 bear2 and turtleOincluded in Mohawk leader Thayendanegea IJoseph Brant)2 a each of the four portraits2 mark the delegates, captain in the Brish military during the American connecons to their community. Verelst2 most likely2 Revoluon. spoke with each of the men2 through their interpreter2 to understand the importance of such symbols. Etow Oh Koam Tee Yee Neen Ho King of the River Naon Ga Row (Mohican) Emperor of the ix lifedates unknown Naons c. 1680-1755 The four representaves Presented as Fkings, to of the Haudenosaunee the Royal Court in IIroEuois) alliance are Condon2 the four dressed in a style reserved Haudenosaunee for royalty. They are posed IIroEuois) carried the in a stance associated with authority of diplomats. those wielding power2 Mohawk leader their gaze directed at the Theyanoguin Ibapzed viewer. Mohican Etow Oh Hendrick) was given the Loam Ibapzed Nicholas) epithet FEmperor of the wears or holds items that i- Naons., While the refer to his status2 such as the carved wooden ball9 four Fkings, were represented both in European and headed club which iden&es him as a warrior. Haudenosaunee terms2 he is the only one almost fully The beauful thunderbirds ta8ooed across the side of depicted in English dress. He wears black because the his face make reference to an important spiritual Court was in mourning for the recent death of the support for a warrior. In many Nave cultures2 ;ueen,s consort. His dress consists of a sleeved thunderbirds are powerful sky spirits that can evoke waistcoat2 linen shirt2 breeches2 stockings2 and buckled the terrors and dangers of the natural world. The shoes2 helping viewers idenfy his status as FEmperor., dramacally draped red cloaks2 edged in gold2 may The wampum belt that he holds is a deeply signi&cant have been o'ered by a Condon costumer at the item that serves to commemorate the meeng and to ;ueen,s reEuest. In this way2 Verelst portrayed the represent an alliance that cannot be broken unless the ambassadors in a format familiar to European viewers belt is returned. Theyanoguin subseEuently became a that indicated their social posion both in European signi&cant military leader and ambassador a7er his and Haudenosaunee terms of reference. return to North America. 5 The Cherokee Ambassadors In 1700 chief A8akullaculla led a group of Cherokee leaders on an embassy to Britain and2 in 17.22 second delegaon came led by chief Ostenaco and Cunnshote Voyl. Nuring this visit the Cherokee delegaon visited outhampton to look at a brig which was being used for French prisoners of war and was moored near the harbour. The ne-t day they were guests at a two hour parade and &ring e-hibion by the Wiltshire milia designed to impress the men with Britain,s military might. The visit of Ostenaco was organised by the 5ournalist2 writer and cartographer Henry Timberlake2 who was sympathec to Ostenaco,s wish to meet with the Brish government to ask them to stand by the Painng of 0stenaco agreement to restrict colonists from encroaching on by Sir $oshua 1eynolds, Cherokee lands.
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