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Xxiv (1), 2015 : 24 – 33 R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1), 2015 : 24 – 33. Diversité exceptionnelle de la myrmécofaune du mont Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales) et découverte de Temnothorax gredosi espèce nouvelle pour la France La diversitat excepcional de formigues al Mont Coronat (Pirineus Orientals) i Temnothorax gredosi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) nova per a França The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) par Claude LEBAS 1,2 , Christophe GALKOWSKI 1,3 , Philippe WEGNEZ 1,4,5 , Xavier ESPADALER 6, Rumsaïs BLATRIX 1,7 Résumé. — Un inventaire des fourmis a été réalisé dans les réserves naturelles de Conat, Jujols et Nohèdes, situées sur les flancs du mont Coronat dans les Pyrénées-Orientales. Pour l’ensemble de ce territoire de 3 158 hectares, a été établie une liste de 94 espèces recensées dont Temnothorax gredosi (Espadaler & Collingwood, 1982), espèce ibérique, nouvelle pour la France. Resum. — S’ha dut a terme un inventari de formigues a les reserves naturals de Conat, Jujols i Nohèdes, situades als vessants de la muntanya Coronat, als Pirineus Orientals. Es presenta la llista de les 94 espècies de formigues registrades en aquesta zona de 3158 hectàrees. Entre aquestes espècies cal destacar Temnothorax gredosi (Espadaler i Collingwood, 1982), una espècie ibèrica, detectada a França per primera vegada. Abstract. — An inventory of ants has been conducted in the Conat, Jujols and Nohèdes Nature reserves, located on the slopes of mount Coronat, in the eastern Pyrenees. We present the list of the 94 ant species recorded in this 3 158 hectares area. Among these species, Temnothorax gredosi (Espadaler & Collingwood, 1982), an Iberian species, is reported from France for the first time. Le massif montagneux du Madres-Coronat est situé en zone méditerranéenne, à quelques dizaines de kilomètres de la côte, à cheval sur les départements des Pyrénées-Orientales et de l’Aude. Il est classé en site Natura 2000 et reconnu pour sa forte valeur patrimoniale en termes de biodiversité. Ceci tient probablement à deux facteurs principaux : 1 - une grande diversité d’habitats liée aux forts gradients environnementaux induits par sa localisation géographique sous influences à la fois méditerranéenne et atlantique et à ses caractéristiques topographiques entre 400 et 2 500 m d’altitude, 2 - l’origine paléo-biogéographique de ses peuplements en rapport avec sa localisation à l’extrême Est des Pyrénées, c’est-à-dire dans une zone d’influence ibérique marquée et qui a concentré alternativement les flux nord-sud et sud-nord au cours des cycles glaciaires. La muntanya Madres – Coronat es troba a poques desenes de quilòmetres de la costa, en zona mediterrània, i a cavall entre dos departaments francesos: Aude i Pirineus Orientals. Pertany a la xarxa Natura 2000. El valor patrimonial d’aquesta muntanya és ben reconegut en termes de biodiversitat. Això probablement és degut a dos factors (1) una gran diversitat d’hàbitats relacionats amb forts gradients ambientals a causa de la seva ubicació geogràfica (influències climàtiques atlàntiques i mediterrànies) i les característiques topogràfiques (altitud entre 400 m i 2500 m), (2) l’origen biogeogràfic de les seves poblacions, vinculat a la seva ubicació a l’extrem oriental dels Pirineus, una zona que té fortes influències ibèriques i que ha concentrat els fluxos Nord-Sud durant els cicles glacials del Pleistocè. The Madres-Coronat mountain is situated in the Mediterranean area, a few tens of kilometres from the coast, straddling the borders of two French departments: Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude. It is classified as a Natura 2000 site. The patrimonial value of this mountain is recognized in terms of biodiversity. This probably stems from two factors: (1) a great diversity of habitats related to strong environmental gradients due to its geographical location (Mediterranean and Atlantic climatic influences) and topographic characteristics (altitude ranges from 400 and 2 500 m asl), (2) the biogeographical origin of its populations, linked to its location at the extreme East of the Pyrenees, a region that has a strong Iberian influence and that has concentrated the North- South flows during the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. Nota - Seule la version française a été revue par la rédaction de R.A.R.E. 24 Entre juillet 2012 et aout 2013, un inventaire des fourmis a été conduit dans les réserves naturelles de Conat, Jujols et Nohèdes, toutes trois contiguës sur les flancs nord, est et sud du mont Coronat. Ce dernier constituant le versant sud de l’ensemble du massif Madres-Coronat, le territoire inventorié s’étend dans la zone sous influence méditerranéenne sur une surface cumulée de 3 158 hectares avec un gradient altitudinal étagé de 600 à 2459 m. L’effort d’échantillonnage a été concentré sur 101 placettes de 20 m de rayon réparties régulièrement sur l’ensemble du territoire. Sur chaque placette les nids de fourmis ont été recherchés à vue pendant un temps cumulé variant de 40 à 180 mn. En plus de ces placettes, une dizaine de zones supplémentaires ayant un intérêt particulier ont été inventoriées selon un protocole similaire. Enfin, l’échantillonnage a été complété par des observations isolées hors placette. Au total, l’inventaire du mont Coronat a abouti au géoréférencement de 2580 données, concernant 94 espèces de fourmis (tableau I), soit 68 % de la myrmécofaune des Pyrénées-Orientales, département de loin le plus riche de France métropolitaine et 44 % de celle de la France. Cette richesse spécifique exceptionnelle pour un si petit territoire témoigne de l’intérêt biologique du mont Coronat. Un premier inventaire des fourmis de la réserve de Nohèdes avait été mené en 2007 (GIRAUDET , 2008). Il portait plus particulièrement sur les fourmis présentes dans les zones colonisées par le Séneçon du Cap ( Senecio inaequidens ). Une vingtaine d’espèces avaient été recensées, parmi lesquelles figure Lasius neglectus , une fourmi envahissante. Elle aurait été trouvée à Nohèdes dans les landes à genêts purgatif à 1 500 m d’altitude or nos prospections dans cette zone ont révélé une densité importante de Lasius piliferus mais la présence de Lasius neglectus n’a pas été détectée malgré une pression d’échantillonnage incomparablement plus élevée. La présence de Lasius neglectus dans les réserves du mont Coronat paraît donc fortement douteuse, d’autant plus que les espèces du genre Lasius sont difficiles à identifier et que la confusion entre Lasius neglectus d’une part et Lasius piliferus ou Lasius alienus d’autre part est fréquente. De fait, lors de notre inventaire aucune fourmi envahissante n’a été trouvée. Entre juliol de 2012 i agost 2013 es va realitzar un inventari de les formigues a les tres reserves naturals a la muntanya Coronat: Conat, Jujols i Nohèdes. La muntanya Coronat és la porció meridional de la muntanya Madres - Coronat. Les tres reserves naturals són vessants contigües al Nord, Sud i Est de la muntanya Coronat i pertanyen al departament dels Pirineus Orientals. L’àrea d’estudi és la més influenciada pel clima mediterrani. L’àrea conjunta dels tres parcs naturals és de 3158 hectàrees, amb una altitud que va des 600 m a 2459 m d’altitud. Hom a centrat els esforços de mostreig en 101 estacions amb un radi de 20 m cadascuna, distribuïdes en una quadrícula que cobreix regularment tota l’àrea. A cada estació es van buscar nius de formigues, a vista, durant 40 a 180 minuts. A més d’aquelles estacions, es van explorar unes deu estacions més, d’especial interès, seguint el mateix protocol. L’inventari s’ha complementat amb observacions aïllades, fora de les estacions. En total s’han georeferenciat 2580 registres de formigues. Hi ha 94 espècies (Taula I), xifra que representa el 68% de la fauna de formigues del departament dels Pirineus Orientals (amb molt, el més ric de França metropolitana) i el 44% de la fauna de formigues de França. Aquesta alta riquesa d’espècies és excepcional per a una àrea petita i demostra de manera fefaent el valor biològic de la muntanya Coronat. Ja s’havia fet un primer inventari de les formigues de la reserva Nohèdes Natura al 2007 (Giraudet, 2008). S’havia focalitzat específicament en les zones colonitzades pel seneci del Cap ( Senecio inaequidens ). Es van documentar una mica més d’una vintena d’espècies, incloent Lasius neglectus , una espècie exòtica invasora, que es va detectar a 1500 m d’altitud, als pendents amb bàlec. També s’hi va detectar una densitat molt elevada de Lasius piliferus . Durant la nostra recerca al mont Coronat no vam trobar Lasius neglectus , tot i que que el mostreig va ser més intens. La presència de Lasius neglectus a les reserves Natura del mont Coronat sembla dubtosa, ja que les espècies de Lasius són difícils d’identificar i que Lasius neglectus es pot confondre fàcilment amb Lasius piliferus o Lasius alienus . Durant el nostre inventari no vam detectar cap espècie invasora. 25 Between July 2012 and August 2013 we conducted an inventory of the ants in the three Nature reserves on mount Coronat: Conat, Jujols and Nohèdes. Mount Coronat is the Southern part of the Madres-Coronat mountain. The three Nature reserves are contiguous and span on the Northern, Southern and Eastern slopes of mount Coronat. All three are situated in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales. The investigated area is thus the one of the Madres-Coronat mountain that is the most influenced by the Mediterranean climate. The cumulated area of the three Nature reserves is 3 158 hectares, with an altitude spanning from 600 to 2 459 m asl. We focused sampling effort on 101 stations with a 20-m radius each, distributed regularly on a square grid covering the entire area. On each station we searched for ant nests by sight for 40 to 180 min.
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