Negotiating a Sea of White
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Negotiating a Sea of White Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda 6512704 Supervisor: Dr Rebekah Ahrendt Second reader: Prof Dr Naomi André Department of Media and Culture Studies Research Master in Musicology Thesis August 2020 Negotiating a Sea of White: Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda RMA Musicology, Utrecht University Abstract The police murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery in 2020 sparked large- scale protests and drew worldwide attention to the Black Lives Matter movement. Subsequently, conversations on racism and police violence arose globally. Opera houses, such as the Dutch National Opera (DNO), also discussed racism and promised to diversify. On social media, DNO acknowledges its responsibility to change as a predominantly white organisation. This statement raises the question of how DNO has dealt with their whiteness and measures regarding diversity and inclusion so far. Therefore, in this thesis, I examine how the diversity and inclusion efforts of DNO between 2017 and 2021 reflect upon the organisation's whiteness. First, I position DNO within the contexts of whiteness concerning opera, the Dutch arts sector and Dutch society. The subsequent chapters address diversity and inclusion within the programme, public, personnel, partners and positioning (5 Ps) as the areas in which DNO aims to diversify. The analysis of DNO's 5 Ps reveals how whiteness inhibits the organisation's diversity and inclusion aims. Within the programme, the overwhelming whiteness of the composers, writers, conductors and directors supports whiteness as a mechanism of exclusion through stereotypical casting and whitewashing. The chapter on public indicates that the convergence of both age and diversity within DNO's aims and projects enforces whiteness by centring a young white audience. Personnel analysis shows the workings of whiteness as an orientation, gender advancement at the expense of people of colour, and tokenism. DNO's partners mirror the whiteness of surrounding networks and the Netherlands, as most collaborators struggle with whiteness. Lastly, DNO's positioning strategy reinscribes systemic whiteness. Ultimately, this thesis contributes to the discourse on whiteness and institutional racism within the realm of opera and Dutch society at large and stresses the critical reflection on the role of diversity and inclusion strategies within these contexts. 2 Negotiating a Sea of White: Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda RMA Musicology, Utrecht University Acknowledgements I want to take this opportunity to thank some of the people who have been of immense importance both in the process of writing this thesis as in my academic and personal journey that led up to this moment. First and foremost, I want to thank my classmates Eline, Ian, Lisa, Marjolein, Sonja, Valerie and Zora for their welcoming enthusiasm, openness and ambition which enabled me to push my boundaries within a supportive community, for all the animated conversations, safe spaces for discussion and fun times during the past two years. I feel privileged to have been able to study with you. A special thanks goes out to the 'thesis focus group' for the tireless encouragement, peer feedback and mental support during the process of writing this thesis in a lockdown situation. I want to express my gratitude to Dr Rebekah Ahrendt for her enthusiastic guidance in the past two years, her thesis supervision and for pushing me to dig deeper into the places where academia and 'the real world' meet. A special thanks to Prof Dr Naomi André for inspiring me, leading the way on the topic of race and opera, and for so generously accepting to be my second reader. I want to thank my partner for always pushing me to be critical and reflective of my practice and for keeping me standing until the very end. My parents for providing me with the space to keep on working during the pandemic. My brothers for their support and the sometimes much welcome distraction. Many thanks to Dr Olga Panteleeva for inspiring me to take this path, for creating the most activating seminars and being the first to teach me how to deal with race as a white person. My gratitude goes out to all of the other instructors of the Musicology research master's programme at Utrecht University for sharing their knowledge as well as their flexibility, personal approach and understanding during these challenging two years. 3 Negotiating a Sea of White: Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda RMA Musicology, Utrecht University Lastly, I would like to express a final word of gratitude to all the activists, antiracists, scholars and artists of colour that have inspired my thinking and I am greatly indebted to in writing this thesis. 4 Negotiating a Sea of White: Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda RMA Musicology, Utrecht University Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 Terminology .............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Chapters and Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 20 Positioning Myself ................................................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 1: Contextualising Whiteness: Opera, the Public Arts Sector and the Netherlands ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 International Opera Developments .................................................................................................................. 26 Dutch Racism and Whiteness ............................................................................................................................. 31 The Dutch Arts Sector and its Funding ........................................................................................................... 35 Dutch National Opera and Diversity ................................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2: The Power of the Programme ................................................................................. 45 Talking about the Programme ........................................................................................................................... 46 Numerical Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 47 Stereotypical Casting ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Whitewashing ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 3: Who is the Public? .................................................................................................... 59 Potential Target Groups, Motivation, Projects and Measurements...................................................... 59 Opening Up: Talking About Audience Diversity .......................................................................................... 62 5 Negotiating a Sea of White: Whiteness and Diversity in Dutch Opera Practices Liselotte Podda RMA Musicology, Utrecht University Young Versus Diverse: The Programme ......................................................................................................... 64 Young Versus Diverse: Education and Youth Organisations ................................................................... 67 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 4: A Personnel Reflection of Society........................................................................... 72 Average Workforce Diversity .............................................................................................................................