AppendlxA Terms and Units of Itfeasure · The International System of Units'(SI}
The International System of Units, abbreviated SI, as defmed in International Standard ISO 1000, is described in this appendix. International Standard ISO 1000 was approved by International Organization of Standards (ISO) Member Bodies from 30 countries including the United States. The SI consists of the following: 1. Seven base units 2. AlI the derived units 3. Two supplementary units 4. The series of approved prefixes for multiples and submultiples of units. The units which apply to optical safety, their defmitions, their symbols, and the for• mation of multiple and submultiple units are presented in this appendix. Informa• tion related to style, use, and format is also provided.
A.l TIlE TIlREE CLASSES OF UNITS IN TIlE SI
The units of the International System of Units are divided into three classes: 1. Base units 2. Derived units 3. Supplementary units. Scientifically and technical1y this classification is partially arbitrary. The 10th General Conference of Weights and Measures (1954) adopted as base units ofthe SI the units of the quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity which by convention are regarded as dimensional1y independent. Associated with these quantities are seven well-defmed units. This action was taken in the interest of achieving the advantages of having a single, practical, internationally accepted system for trade, education, science, and technology. The derived units are the units of quantities that can be formed by combining base quantities and other derived quantities according to the rules of algebra. The units of these derived quantities are such that no numerical factors (factors of pro• portionality) are introduced into the fundamental equations defming these quan• tities. Thus the SI-composed of seven base units, a growing number of derived
929 930 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE A-l. SI Base and Supplementary Units
Quantity Name Symbol
SI base units: length meter m mass* kilogram kg time second s electric current ampere A thermodynamic temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole moI luminous intensity candela cd
SI supplementary units: plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr ., "Weight" is the commonly used term for "mass. "
units, and the supplementary units forms a coherent system of units. A coherent system of units is one in which alI derived units can be expressed as products of ratios of the base units (and, in the SI, the supplementary units) without the intro• duction of numerical factors. Examples of derived quantities are speed, energy, and irradiance. Two other units were adopted by the Il th General Conference of Weights and Measures (1960) as supplementary units primarily because it was not agreed that the two units were either base units or derived units. The quantities involved are plane angle and solid angle, and they may be regarded as base units or as derived units.
A.2 BASE UNITS OF THE SI
The SI is constructed from seven base units for independent quantities plus two supplementary units for plane angle and solid angle, listed in A-l. Units for alI other quantities are derived from these nine units. In Table A-2 are listed many SI derived units with special names which were derived from the base and supplementary units in a coherent manner, which means, in brief, that they are expressed as products and ratios of the nine base and supplementary units without numerical factors.
A.3 SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
At present, there are only two units, both purely geometrical, in the SI which are classified as supplementary. They are presented before derived units because they may be used in derived units. Thus, for practical purposes these supplementary units Terms and Units 931
TABLEA-2. SI Derived Units with Special Names SI Unit Quantity Expression Name Symbol in terms of other units Area square meter m2 m2 Volume cubic meter m3 m3 Frequency hertz Hz S-l Force newton N kg·m/s2 Pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m 2 Energy, work, quantity ofheat joule J N·m Power, radiant flux watt W J/s Quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb C A·s Electric potential, potential difference, voIt V W/A electromotive force Capacitance farad F C/V Electric resistance ohm n VIA Conductance siemens S A/V Magnetic flux weber Wb V·s Magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m 2 Inductance henry H Wb/A Luminous flux lumen lm cd ·sr Illuminance lux Ix lm/m2 Celsiust degree °c K temperature Celsius Activity (of a radionuclide)t becquerel Bq S-l Absorbed dose, specific energy imparted, gray Gy J/kg kerma, absorbed dose indext Wave number 1 permeter Iim Iim Density, mass density kilogram per kgfm3 kgfm3 cubic meter Luminance candela per cd/m2 cd/m 2 square meter Optical flux density, irradiance watt per W/m 2 W/m 2 square meter Energy density joule per cubic J/m 3 J/m 3 meter Radiant intensity watt per W/sr W/sr steradian Radiance watt per square W/(m 2 ·sr) W/(m2 ·sr) meter steradian t In addition to the thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins (see Table A-l), use is also made of Celsius temperature (symbol t) defined by the equation:
t = T - Te where Te 273.15 K by definition. The unit "degree Celsius" is equal to the unit "kelvin, " but "degree Celsius" is a special name in place of "kelvin" for expressing Celsius temperature. A tem• perature interval or a Celsius temperature difference can be expressed in degrees, Celsius as well as in kelvins. 932 Sliney and Wolbarsht
TABLE A-3. SI Units Used with the SI
Expression Expression Quantity Name Symbol in terms of In terms of other units SIunits Time minute min 60s Time hour h 60min 3600 s Time day d 24h 86400 s Plane ang1e degree o (1T/180) rad Plane ang1e minute (1/60t (1T/I0 800) rad Plane ang1e second " (1/60)' (1T /648 000) rad
The radian and steradian are defined in International Standard ISO 1000 as follows: 1. radian. The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off an the circumference an arc equal in length ta the radius. 2. steradian. The steradian is the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal ta that of a square with sides of length equal ta the radius of the sphere. O The use of degree (symbol ) and its decimal submultiples is permissible when use of the radian is not convenient. Solid angle always should be expressed in steradians.
TABLEA-4. SI PreflXes
Multiplication Factors PrefIX SISymbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 peta P 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T 1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G 1 000 000 = 106 mega M 1 000 = 103 kilo k 100 = 102 hecto* h 10= 101 deka* da 0.1 10-1 deci* d 0.01 10-2 centi* c 0.001 10-3 milli m 10'-6 0.000 001 micro J.l 0.000 000 001 10-9 nano n 0.000 000 000 001 10-12 pica p 0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18 atto a
* To be avoided where possible. Terms and Units 933
Table A-5. elE Radiometric and Photometric Tenns in Four Languages.
Symbol English French Gernum Russian
Qe Radiant energy energie rayonnante Strahlungsmenge JHepI'HH HJrry'leHHH
Ee Irradiance eclairement Bestrahlungsst'ărke JHepr eT H'IeCKaH {mergetique OCBemeHHOCTb Re Radiant Exposure exposition Bestrahlung JHepreTH'leCKaH energetique JKCII03HUHH Le Radiance luminance Strahldichte JHepreTH'leCKaH energetique HpKOCTb le Radiant Intensity intensite energetique Strahlstiirke JHepreTH'leCKaH CHlIa CBeTa Qv Quantity of Ught quantite de lumiere Uchtmenge CBeTOBOH IIOTOK Ev lliuminance eclairement lumineuse Beleuchtungssiărke OCBemeHHOCTb Hv Ught Exposure exposition lumineuse Belichtung JKCII03HUHH Lv Luminance luminancelumineuse Leuchtdichte HpKOCTb Iv Luminous intensite lumineuse Uchtstiirke CHlIa CBeTa Intensity 934 Sliney and Wolbarsht BASE UNITS DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES kilogram ----- ..Y IJIkg) pIICII MASS --~Gy ABSORBEO OOSE PRESSURE. t STRESS meter ENERGV. WORK. b...... lt::'\ (li,) h• .., ampere kelvin ElECTROMDTlVE rdq,;;' FORCE ICelsius THE RMOOVNAMIC TEMPERATURE I °c I candela CELSIUS 1 ------.... I I 1 TEMPERATURE I MAGNETIC 15 IL t->C____ qK- 273. .J1 FLUX FLUX 1 DENSITV I I I radian r:::-1 I L...:!.J m2 ____ J PLANE ANGlE steradian LUMINDUS FLUX IUUMINANCE SOLID ANGlE SOLID LlNES INDICATE MULTlPLlCATION BROKEN LlNES DIVISION L-..______'-- ____--'-- ___ -._---.--______--1 Figure A-l. Relationships of SI Units with Names. Diagram courtesy National Bureau of Standards. Terms and Units 935 A.4 CONYERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS A.4.1 Usefui Physicai Constants Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s BoItzmann constant k 1.381 X 10-23 J/K Charge of an electron e 1.602 X 10-19 A·s Impedance of free space Zo =.;;;re;; = 376.7 n Maximum spectral Iuminous efficacy Km = 6831m/W Permeability of free space Ilo 1.257 X 10-6 Y's/A'm) Permittivity of free space Eo = 8.854 X 10-12 A'S(Y'm) P1anck constant h = 6.626 X 10-34 J·s lst Radiation constant CI = 2rrhc2 = 3.741832 X 1O-16W/m2 2nd Radiation constant C2 = hc/k = 0.014388 m·K Stefan-BoItzmann constant a = 5.67032 X 10-8 W'm2 ·K4 Ye10city of Iight in vacuum c = 2.998 X 10 8 m/s A.4.2 Usefu1 Mathematical Constants rr = 3.14159 rr 2 = 9.86960 v-; = 1.77245 l/rr = 0.31839 l/V 2rr = 0.39894 1/2rr = 0.15915 e 2.71828 e2 = 7.38905 ve = 1.64872 l/e = 0.36787 l/ve = 0.60653 10ge 10 = 2.30258 loglo e = 0.43429 A.4.3 Usefu1 Conversion Factors Jou1e (1) 10 7 ergs = 0.239 cal E1ectron voIt (e Y) 1.602 X 10-12 ergs 1.602 X 10-19 J Dyne 1 cm'g/s2 Erg = 1 dyne cm Watt (W) = 10 7 erg/s l Newton (N) 1 mkg/s2 = 10 5 dyne = 1 W's/m Ca10rie (cal) =4.1868J Torr = 133.32Pa Pascal (Pa) = 0.0075 tOIT 936 Sliney and Wolbarsht 1000 0.001 3.0 1000 3.0 0.13 794 6~1 0.002 3.2 2.8 029 501 398 0.003 3.4 2.6 0.41 316 251 0.004 3.6 2.4 0,55 200 158 '1.006 3.8 2.2 0.67 126 100 0.01 2.0 100 2.0 0.82 63 0.016 2.2 1.8 0.96 50 40 0.025 2.4 1.6 1.12 32 25 0.040 2.6 1.4 1.25 20 16 0.063 2.8 1.2 1.38 13 10 0.1 1.0 10 1.0 1.52 7.9 6.3 0.16 T.2 0.8 1.64 5.0 4:0 0.25 T.4 0.6 1.78 3.2 2.5 0.40 1.6 1 0.4 1.93 2.0 1.6 0.63 T.8 0.2 2.04 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.20 0.79 0.63 1.6 0.2 T.8 2.34 0.50 0.40 2.5 0.4 1.6 2.47 0.32 0.25 4.0 0.6 T.4 2.60 020 0.16 6.3 0.8 1.2 2.73 0.13 0.1 10 1.0 0.1 1.0 2.86 79 0.063 16 1.2 2.8 2.97 50 0.04 25 1.4 2.6 3.11 32 0.025 40 1.6 2.4 3.24 20 0.016 63 1.8 2.2 3.36 13 0.01 100 2.0 0.01 2.0 3.52 79 0.0063 158 2,2 3.8 3.67 50 0.0040 251 2.4 3.8 3.81 32 0.0025 398 2.8 3.4 3.94 20 0.0016 631 2,8 3.2 4.09 13 0.001 1000 3.0 0.001 3.0 ANTILOG E LOGE S LOG S D (eras/eri) lIE gemm.:75 fOII 0.6 Figure A.2 Film Density versus Exposure Nomograph for Photographic Radiometry. A horizon· talline Iinks the exposure (E in ergs/cm2 ) to the fIlm sensitivity (S) and the actual density (D) of a fIlm with a gamma of 0.75. This nomograph uses the USA convention for a sensitivity of 1 requiring an exposure of 1 erg/cm2 • This makes S equal to 1/E numerica1ly. The Ieft coIumn (ANTILOG) is an expansion ofthe sensitivity (S). Terms and Units 937 TABLE A-6. Unitless Radiometric Defmitions UNITLESS RADIOMETRIC DEFINITIONS Quantity Symbol Defming Equation Unit (*) absorbed Absorptance • a a= (numeric) (*) incident (*) reflected Reflectance p (numeric) p = (*) incident (*) transmitted Transmittance T T = (numeric) (*) incident (*) specimen Emissivity € € = (numeric) (*) blackbody at same temperature as specimen where (*) represents the appropriate quantity Q, <1>, M, E, 1, or L. • Radiant absorptance should not be confused with absorption coefficient. TABLE A-7. Radiometric Conversion Factors Radiant Exposure (exposure dose) Multiply -+ To Obtain By erg/cm2 joule/cm2 W sec/cm2 iJ.Wsec/cm2 .j. \, erg/cm2 1 10-7 10.7 0.1 joule/cm2 107 1 1 106 Wsec/cm2 107 1 1 106 iJ.Wsec/cm 2 10 10-6 10-6 1 Irradiance (exposure dose rate) Multiply -+ 2 To Obtain By erg/cm2 o sec joule/cm o sec W/cm2 iJ.W/cm2 .j. \, erg/cm2 • sec 1 10-7 10-7 0.1 joule/cm2 • sec 107 1 1 106 W/cm2 107 1 1 106 iJ.W/cm2 10 10-6 10-6 1 938 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE A-8. Lwninance Conversion Factors Multiply Luminanee in -+ Footlambert Nit Millilambert Candela/in 2 To Obtain Luminanee By in \ .j. \, Footlambert (ftL) 1 0.2919 0.929 452 Nit (ed/m2 ) 3.426 1 3.183 1,550 Millilambert (mL) 1.076 0.3142 1 487 Candela/in 2 0.00221 0.000645 0.00205 1 Candela/ft2 0.3183 0.0929 0.2957 144 Stilb (ed/em2 ) 0.00034 0.0001 0.00032 0.155 Lambert 0.000108 0.000314 0.001 0.487 Multiply Luminance in -+ Candela/ft2 Stilb Lambert Apostilb To Obtain Luminanee By (BlondeI) in \ .j. \, Footlambert (ftL) 3.142 2,919 929 0.0929 Nit (ed/m2 ) 10.76 10,000 3,183 0.318 Millilambert (mL) 3.382 3,142 1,000 0.1 Candela/in2 0.00694 6.45 2.05 0.0002 Candela/ft2 1 929 295.7 0.0296 Stilb (ed/cm2 ) 0.00108 1 0.318 0.000032 Lambert 0.00338 3.442 1 0.0001 TABLE A-9. lllumination Conversion Factors Multiply Number of-+ To Obtain By Footeandles Lux Phot Mil1iphot Numberof \ (fted) (1x) (lm/em2 ) (mlm/em2 ) .j. \, Footeand1es (fted) 1 0.0929 929 0.929 Lux(1x) 10.76 1 10,000 10 Phot (lm/em2 ) 0.00108 0.0001 1 0.001 Mil1iphot (mlm/em2 ) 1.076 0.1 1,000 1 Terms and Units 939 TABLE A-lO. Energy of a Quantum of Optica1 Radiation A. Energy of quantum ~m erg J eV 0.2 9.35 . 10-12 9.35 . 10-19 5.85 . 100 0.3 6.23 . 10-12 6.23.10-19 3.90.100 0.4 4.69 . 10-12. 4.69.10-19 2.92· 100 0.5 3.74 . 10- 12 3.74.10-19 2.34· 100 0.6 3.12.10-12 3.12 . 10-19 1.95 . 100 0.7 2.67 . 10-12 2.67 . 10-19 1.67· 100 0.8 2.34 . 10-12 2.34.10-19 1.46· 100 0.9 2.08 . 10-12 2.08 . 10-19 1.30· 100 1 1.87 . 10-12 1.87 . 10-19 1.17· 100 2 9.35 .10-13 9.35 .10-20 5.85 . 10-1 3 6.23 . 10-13 6.23· 10-20 3.90· 10-1 4 4.69 . 10-13 4.69· 10-20 2.92 . 10-1 5 3.74 . 10-13 3.74.10-20 2.34· 10-1 6 3.12· 10-13 3.12.10-20 1.95 . 10-1 7 2.67 . 10-13 2.67· 10-20 1.67 . 10-1 8 2.34.10.13 2.34.10-20 1.46· 10-1 9 2.08 . 10-13 2.08.10.20 1.30· 10-1 10 1.87 . 10-13 1.87 . 10-2 o 1.17.10-1 11 1.70 . 10-13 1.70 . 10-20 1.06· 10-1 12 1.56 . 10-13 1.56 . 10-2 o 9.85 . 10-2 13 1.44 . 10-13 1.44.10-20 9.00.10-2 14 1.33 . 10-13 1.33 . 10-2 o 8.35 . 10-2 Note. 1 eV = 1.59 . 10-12 erg = 1.59.10-19 J; 1 J =6.29.10 20 eV. 940 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE A-Il. Conversion Factors for Units of Length* Multiply Nwnber of -+ Nano- Micro- Milli- Centi- Meters Kilo- Inches Feet meters meters meters meters meters To Obtain By (nm) (.um) (mm) (cm) (m) (km) (in) (ft) Nwnber of \ .j. \, Nanometers (nm) 103 106 107 109 1012 2.540 3.048 x 107 x 108 Micrometers (Mffi) 10-3 103 104 106 109 2.540 3.048 x 104 x 105 Millimeters (mm) 10-6 10-3 10 103 106 2.540 3.048 xlO x 102 Centimeters (cm) 10-7 10-4 10-1 102 105 2.540 3.048 x 10 Meters (m) 10-9 10-(; 10-3 10-2 103 2.540 3.048 x 10-2 x 10-1 Kilometers (km) 10-12 10-9 10-(; 10-5 10-3 3.048 3.048 x 10-5 x 10-4 Inches (in) 3.937 3.937 3.937 3.937 3.937 3.937 12 x 10-8 x 10-5 X 10-2 X 10-1 xlO X 104 Feet (ft) 3.281 3.281 3.281 3.281 3.281 3.281 8.333 x 10-9 x 10-6 X 10-3 X 10-2 X 103 X 10-2 *Obsolete Units of Length: 1 Angstrom (Â) 0.1 nm 1 millimicron (mtL) = 1 nm 1 micron (tL) 1 Mffi To form a multiple of, for example, the metre, such that a unit 1000 times larger than the metre is formed, the prefix kilo is added forming kilometre (symbol krn). The unit kilometre is 103 or 1000 times as large as the metre. The unit which is smaller than the second by a factor of 109 is the nanosecond (symbol ns), Le., the nanosecond = 109 second. REFERENCES 1. NBS 330, The International System of Units (SI), Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, AprilI972. 2. International Organization for Standardization, SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and Certain Other Units, International Standard ISO 1000, ISO, Swit• zerland,1973. 3. American National Standards Institute, Measuring Systems and Standards Organizations, ANSI, NY n.d. 4. A. G. Chertove, Units of Measurement of Physical Quantities, translated by Scripta Technica, Inc., revised by Herbert J. Eagle, Hayden Book Company, lnc., NY, 1964. Terms and Units 941 5. American National Standards Institute, American Society for Testing and Materials, Standards for Metric Practice, ASTM E 380, ANSI NY, January 1976. 6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The International System of Units: Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, by E. A. Mechtly, rev. ed., NASA Office of Technology Utilization, Scientific and Technical Information Division, Washington, DC, 1969. 7. Commission International de l'Ec1airage (International Commission on lllumination), 1970, International Lighting Vocabu!ary, Publication CIE No. 17 (E-l.1) Paris. A.4.4 Speed 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hr 1 mile/min = 88 ft/sec = 60 miles/hr A.4.5 Temperature Conversion Formulas TC= TK- 273.16 = ~ (Tp- 32) TK= TC + 273.16 = ~ (T P + 459.69) Tp= ~TC + 32 = ~TK .!" 459.69 A.4.6 Optica! Units Wave number 1)(l/cm)"" 104 /"A(J.fffi) Prequency v(Hz) "" 3 x 1014 /"A(J.fffi) Photon Energy &(J)"" 1.987 X 10-19 /"A(Jlm) Photon Energy &(eV)"" 1.24/"A(J.fffi) 942 Sliney and Wolbarsht ENERGY FREQUENCY "ENERGY" WAVELENGTH (eV) (Hz) 10 14 (cm- I) 10 4 (nm) 6 15 5 200 5 4 8 w 3 .....J a... ~ 0.6 0.5 2000 Figure A-3. Photon Energy Nomograph. Based on Photoneties Associates, Ine., Laser Foeus, August, 1976. Terms and Units 943 TABLE A-12. Time Multiply ~ To Obtain By yr day hr min SEC .J, '\, 1 year 1 365.2 8.7'66 x 103 5.259 X 105 3.156 X 107 1 day 2.738 x 10-3 1 24 1440 8.640 x 104 1 hour 1.141 x 10-4 4.167 X 10-2 1 60 3600 1 minute 1.901 x 10-6 6.944 X 10-4 1.667 X 10-2 1 60 1 SECOND 3.169 x 10-8 1.157 x 10-5 2.778 X 10-4 1.667 X 10-2 1 1 year = 365.24219879 days TABLE A-13. Signs and Symbols Greek Alphabet (Capital and Lower Case) Capital Lower Case Greek Name A a Alpha B (3 Beta r 'Y Gamma ~ {) Delta E € Epsilon Z ţ Zeta H 17 Eta e (j Theta 1 Iota K Kappa A ""- Lambda M Il Mu N v Nu Xi O o Omicron fi 7r Pi P p Rho ~ a Sigma T T Tau T u Upsilon Phi X Chi 1lJ Psi n w Omega 944 Sliney and Wolbarsht A.5 MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS a Diameter of emergent laser beam (cm). Diameter of the pupil of the eye (varies from approximately 0.2 to 0.7 cm). Umiting object size of extended object (cm). Diameter of the exit pupil of an optical system (cm). Diameter oflaser beam at range r (cm). Diameter of objective of an optical system (cm). e = Base of naturallogarithms. E,H Radiant exposure (H) or irradiance (E) at range r, measured in J • cin-2 for pulsed laser and W • cm-2 for CW lasers. = Emergent beam radiant exposure (Ho) or irradiance (Eo) at zero range (units as for E, H). f = Effective focallength of eye (1.7 cm). F Pulse repetition frequency (pRF, S-l or Hz). G Ratio of retinal irradiance or radiant exposure received by optica1ly aided eye to that received by unaided eyes. L Radiance of an extended source [W/(cm2 sr)]. Integrated radiance of an extended source [J/(cm2 sr)]. Magnifying power of an optical system. Q Total radiant energy output of a pulsed laser, measured in J. r Range from the laser to the viewer or to a diffuse target (cm). Range from the laser target to the viewer (cm). Maximum range from the laser target to the viewer where extended source threshold limit value applies (cm). R = Radius of curvature of a specular surface (cm). S Scan rate of a scanning laser (number of scans across eye per second). T Total exposure duration (in seconds) of a train of pulses. Integrated "on·time" of a train of pulses. Tmax C1assification duration, Le., a maximum duration of daily exposure inherent in the design of the laser device or maximum permissible exposure duration. Terms and Units 945 Duration of single pulse( s). a Viewing angle subtended by an extended source (in radians). amin Minimum angle subtended by a source for which extended sources Threshold Limit Value applies (radians). Il '" Atnospheric attenuation coefficient (cm-1 ) at a particular wavelength. Emergent beam divergence measured in radians. <1> Total radiant power (or radiant flux) output of a CW laser, or average radiant power of a repetitively pulsed laser, measured in watts. PA Spectral reflectance of a diffuse object at wavelength A. T Transmittance of a fllter. es Maximum angular sweep of a scanning beam (rad). ev Viewing angle. A.6 NOMENCLATURE FOR RADIATION DOSIMETRY The flow of energy or partides from the source to another location is speci• fied in photochemistry and photobiology as either partide streams (electrons, neu• trons, photons, etc.), or wave trains (electromagnetic radiation). Severa! different dosimetric schemes have evolved for each of these different specifications. However, for simplicity, if for no other reason, a simple dosimetric nomendature should be available which is compatible with these other schemes. At the 1974 International Congress of Radiation, a working group proposed a set of terms as given in Table A-14. It should be noted that only parti des (or wave trains) perpendicular to the area a are described. Therefore, "flosan" is not equivalent to the conventional "dose" except when the radiation comes from a singIe direction. "Dose" is rather the 4n steradian integral of "steric partide flosan". An equivalent analysis holds for the energy units. 946 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE A-14. Proposed Radiation Quantities Quantities ~ Radiant Number energy of partides Distributed Q N with respect to [J] [dimensionless] .j. time [s] energy flux particle flux p= dQ A = dN dt dt area'" [m2 ] energy fluence particle fluence dQ dN '11 =- 'Y =- da da volume [m3 ] volumic energy volumic number of partides dQ dN u= - n= _ dt dt areaand time* energy flosan particle flosan [m2 • s] d2 Q d2 N r=-- 1/1 = da dt dadt solid angle and steric energy sterie partide time [sr • s] flux flux d2 Q d2 N 1= -- dt dU dtdU area* solid angle energy partide and time radianee radiance [m2 • sr • s] d3 Q d 3 N L= dt da dU dt da du *The area da in this table is always taken perpendicular to the direction of propa• gation of an elementary radiation beam. Note: Bracketed symbols represent abbreviations of units (in the International System, or SI) which should be used to express the corresponding quantity or variable: [J], jOules; [s], seconds; [m], meter; [sr], steradian. The energy f1uence for example, would be expressed in joules per square meter [J • m""2 ] ; the particle flux in reciprocal seconds [S-l ] , etc. AppendixB The Human Eye B.l THE STANDARD EYE The optical constants of a "standard" eye - originally proposed by Gullstrand are presented in Figure B·1. The figure was adapted from a similar drawing in the US Department of Defense's Military Standardization Handbook No. 141, "Optical Design," 1962. The "standard" eye concept is used principally by the designers of optical instruments, but some of the "constants" may occasionally be useful as representative values for ocular hazard evaluation. B.2 SPECTRAL WEIGHTING PROGRAM FOR EYE HAZARD COMPUTATIONS W. J. Marshall, D. H. Sliney, and others at the US Army Environmental Hy• giene Agency have developed a computer program to calculate weighted sums of the spectral irradiance or spectral radiance of a lamp or other broad-band source. As ex• plained in Chapters 10, 14 and 22, the hazard analysis of such an optical source requires the weighted sum of several spectroradiometric parameters to estimate total retin al irradiance and biologically-weighted corneal and skin irradiance. Since it is just as easy to calculate the weighted sums of ten or twenty functions as it would be to calculate the weighted sum against SA and BA' a variety of other functions are also calculated. These other functions relate to earlier hazard functions and to func• tions used in scotopic, photopic and color vision studies. The functions are: SA -- Ultraviolet Irradiance According to ACGIH Action Spectra (1973) UA- Ultraviolet Irradiance According to CIE Action Spectra (1932) AA- Ultraviolet Irradiance According to ANSI Action Spectra (Z136.l) T - Transmission of the Ocular Media x EA (Data of Ham) T A - Transmission of the Ocular Media x Absorption of Retina x EA RA - Reciprocal of ANSI MPE Weighting Factor used in ACGIH TLV VA - Photopic Spectral Luminous Efficiency VA' - Scotopic Spectral Luminous Efficiency BA - Blue Light Hazard Function 947 948 Sliney and Wolbarsht XA. - Spectral Tristimulus value (red) IA. - Spectral Tristimulus value (green) ZA. - Spectral Tristimulua value (blue) p 445 - Dartnall Nomogram Absorption Coefficient for Blue P535 - Dartnall Nomogram Absorption Coefficient for Green P575 - Dartnall Nomobram Absorption Coefficient for Red These functions are Iisted in Table B-l. The primary functions of importance are SA.' T . A, l/CA, VA. and BA.. The photopic response of the eye VA. is ofvalue to check the spectral irradiance measurements and to extrapolate any of the weighted sums to points in space where illuminance or luminance values were taken, but where spec• troradiometric measurements were not taken. Computations of total irradiance and radiance are also made by the program. Figure B-2 provides a representation of the sequence of data cards. Figures B-3, B-4 and B-5 show flow diagrams of the computer program to aid any reader in designing his own computer program to achieve similar computations. Finally, Figure B-6 shows a cover data sheet developed by W. J. Marshall which illustrates the. type of information necessary to record in order to complete the hazard analysis. TABLE B-l. Relations Between Distances or Areas on the Retina and External Angle or Solid Angle External Angle or Distance Of Area Solid Angle on the Retina 1 radian - 16.683 rnrn 0.05994 radian - 1 nun 1 degree - 0.2912 nun 3.434 degrees - 1 mm 1 minute - 4.853/J. 0.2061 minute - 1 /J. 1 steradian - 278.3 nun 2 0.003593 steradian - 1 mm2 l square degree - 0.08478 mm2 11.80 square degrees - 1 nun2 1 square minute - 23.55 p.2 0.04246 square minute - 1 /J.2 Human Eye 949 FI --- ~ISUA~ :,~--r;" A"~- ---- , --r ANTERIOR FOCAl '_ANalE CI - eOlo 70 .---LENGTH fi - 17.13 CO.'\ AIR n • 1.000 POSTERIOR SURFACE ' OF CORNEA rl2 10 13 -+;--1-----1 I I J 24.7e 221~OCA' LENGTH f2 ------~---- ______l NASAL SIOE TEIilPORAL SIDE Figure B-l. Optica1 Constants For A "Standard Right Eye." Adapted from "Optica1 Design," MIL-HDBK-141, US Defense Department, 5 October 1962. 950 Sliney and Wolbarsht ( __ 'FIN PLOT CARO _ HESSAGE CARO _ SOURCE DA TA EVENT & SOLI O ANGLE General Functio" ~~ HEADER I,NCLUOE I F REQUI REO HEADER & FT2 'L ~~ HEA~ER & FT P ./ 575 P535 P445 Z LAIIBDA ./ Y LAHBDA BIDDE CK r DATA ./ X LAMBDA USE B LAHBDA ,iAOD LH$LHOSWP.DATA ( BID DECK t--Y (FiRST 9 FUNCTIONS) ( CALI BRATI ON TIO HEADER CARO J ~~ I - ~ / DISTANCE FACTOR CARO CALCULATION CONTROL CARO TWO DESCRIPTION CARDS V RUNSTREAM OECK ----~ Figure B-2. Symbolic representation of spectral weighting program runstream. Human Eye 951 READ PRDJECT DES CR I PTI ON CARO I (I)A6) CARO 2 (12A6) Figure 8-3. General flowchart of SWP200 version of the spectral weighting program. 952 Sliney and Wolbarsht Y" GENERATE CALIB• RATIOII TABLE \MERE ALL VALUES • 1.0 Figure B-4. Expanded flowchart for computing calibration factors. Human Eye 953 ye, EVENT= NEXT? STORE"'4? >-'y_e'____ --j STORE=4? >--'-y.:.e'=-___----4 EVENT", yes BLACK BB?>--'----~ '---,_..J ye, STORE-4? >----=-<:;. ERRQR? STOP Figure B-5. Expanded flowchart for reading source data. ce TABLE B-2 Spectral Weighting Functions for Eye Hazard Computations U1 .j>o. A SA VA VA v' TA T' ApeA llCA RA A SA VA vA v' TA T .ApeA llCA RA nm A nm A 200 3.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 266 8.6-01 2.3-01 0.0 0:0 --o:o---1l':'v--o:o----t:(f- 201 3.3-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 267 8.8-01 2.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 202 4.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 268 9.4-01 1.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 203 4.4-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 269 9.7-01 1.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 204 5.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 270 1.0 1.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 205 5.3-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 271 1.0 1.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 206 5.9-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 272 1.0 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 207 6.3-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 273 9.7-01 1.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 208 6.8-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 274 9.7-01 9.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 209 7.1-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 275 9.5-01 7.4-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 210 7.5-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 276 9.4-01 6.8-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 211 8.1-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 277 9.2-01 6.4-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 212 8.6-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 278 9.1-01 6.2-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 213 9.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 279 9.1-01 6.1-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 214 9.2-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 280 9.0-01 6.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 215 9.7-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 281 8.8-01 6.1-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 216 1.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 282 8.6-01 6.2-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 217 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 283 8.4-01 6.6-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 218 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 284 8.2-01 7.6-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 219 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 285 8.1-01 9.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 220 1.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 286 7.8-01 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 221 1.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 287 7.5-01 1.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 222 1.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 288 7.1-01 1.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 223 1.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 289 7.0-01 2.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 224 1.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 290 6.5-01 3.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 225 1.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 291 6.3-01 4.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 226 1.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 292 5.9-01 6.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 227 1.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 293 5.7-01 8.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 228 1.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 294 5.4-01 9.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 229 1.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 295 5.0-01 9.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 230 1.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 296 4.7-01 9.9-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 231 1.9-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 297 4.3-01 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ~ 232 2.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 298 3.8-01 9.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ::J 233 2.1-01 CD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 299 3.3-01 9.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 -< 234 2.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 300 3.0-01 8.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ., ::J 235 2.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 301 2.7-01 7.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 a. 236 2.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 302 2.0-01 6.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 237 2.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 303 1.1-01 5.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5-01 ~ 238 2.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 304 7.6-02 4.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0-01 5' ~ 239 2.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 305 6.0-02 3.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0-01 CI) ...:r ::z:: c: 3 '"::J m -< CI) TABLE B-2 Spectral Weighting Functions for Eye Hazard Computations (page 2) V' V' A SA UA VA A TA T . Ape A l/C A RA A SA UA VA A TA T· ApeA l/CA RA nm nm 240 2.7-01 5.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 306 5.0-02 3.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9{)1 241 2.9-01 5.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 307 3.3-02 2.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2-01 242 3.0-01 5.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 308 2.5-02 2.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5-02 243 3.2-01 5.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 309 1.9-02 1.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8-02 244 3.3-01 5.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 310 1.3-02 1.1-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0-02 245 3.5-01 5.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 311 1.0-02 8.2-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9-02 246 3.6-01 5.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 312 7.5-03 5.8-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2-02 247 3.8-01 5.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 313 6.0-03 5.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0-03 248 3.9-01 5.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 314 4.3-03 2.9-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0-03 249 4.1-01 5.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 315 3.0-03 1.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0-03 250 4.3-01 5.7-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 316 0.0 9.1-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 251 4.4-01 5.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 317 0.0 8.0-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 252 4.5-01 5.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 318 0.0 6.8-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 253 4.7-01 5.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 319 0.0 5.6-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 254 5.0-01 5.4-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 320 0.0 5.0-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 255 5.2-01 5.3-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 321 0.0 4.2-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 256 5.5-01 5.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 322 0.0 3.6-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 257 5.8-01 5.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 325 0.0 3.0-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 258 6.0-01 4.8-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .1.0 330 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 259 6.3-01 4.5-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 335 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 260 6.5-01 4.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 340 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 261 6.8-01 4.0-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 345 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 262 7.1-01 3.6-01 4>.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 350 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 263 7.5-01 3.2-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 355 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 264 7.9-01 2.9-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 360 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 265 8.1-01 2.6-01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 365 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 See B.2 for explanation of headings. ce (J"1 (J"1 TABLE B-2 Spectral Weighting Functions for Eye Hazard Computations (page 3) 370 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 375 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 380 0.0 0.0 4.0-05 5.9-04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4-03 6.5-03 385 0.0 0.0 6.8-05 1.0-03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2-03 1.0-04 1.0-02 390 0.0 0.0 1.2-04 2.2-03 1.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2-03 1.0-04 2.0-02 395 0.0 0.0 1.9-04 4.0-03 5.0-02 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6-03 2.0-04 3.6-02 400 0.0 0.0 4.0-04 9.3-03 8.0-02 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0-01 1.4-02 4.0-04 5.8-02 405 0.0 0.0 5.8-04 1.8-02 1.1-01 1.0-02 2.0 0.0 2.0-01 2.3-02 6.0-04 1.1-01 410 0.0 0.0 1.2-03 3.5-02 2.2-01 5.0-02 4.0 0.0 4.0-01 4.4-02 1.2-03 2.1-01 415 0.0 0.0 2.0-03 6.0-02 2.8-01 8.4-02 8.0 0.0 8.0-01 7.8-02 2.2-03 3.7-01 420 0.0 0.0 4.0-03 9.7-02 3.3-01 2.0-01 9.0 0.0 9.0-01 1.3-01 4.0-03 6.5-01 425 0.0 0.0 6.5-03 1.5-01 3.8-01 2.5-01 9.5 0.0 9.5-01 2.1-01 7.3-03 1.0 430 0.0 0.0 1.2-02 2.0-01 4.2-01 3.0-01 9.8 0.0 9.8-01 2.8-01 1.2-02 1.4 435 0.0 0.0 1.7-02 2.7-01 4.6-01 3.7-01 1.0+01 0.0 1.0 3.3-01 1.7-02 1.6 440 0.0 0.0 2.3-02 3.5-01 5.0-01 4.5-01 1.0+01 0.0 1.0 3.5-01 2.3-02 1.7 445 0.0 0.0 3.0-02 4.0-01 5.7-01 5.2-01 9.7 0.0 9.7-01 3.5-01 3.0-02 1.8 450 0.0 0.0 3.8-02 4.5-01 6.3-01 5.8-01 9.4 0.0 9.4-01 3.4-01 3.8-02 1.8 455 0.0 0.0 5.0-02 5.0-01 6.5-01 6.0-01 9.0 0.0 9.0-01 3.2-01 4.8-02 1.7 460 0.0 0.0 6.0-02 5.7-01 6.8-01 6.2-01 8.0 0.0 8.0-01 2.9-01 6.0-02 1.7 465 0.0 0.0 7.2-02 6.4-01 6.9-01 6.4-01 7.0 0.0 7.0-01 2.5-01 7.4-02 1.5 470 0.0 0.0 9.1-02 6.8-01 7.1-01 6.5-01 6.2 0.0 6.2-01 2.0-01 9.1-02 1.3 475 0.0 0.0 1.1-01 7.3-01 7.2-01 5.5-01 5.5 0.0 5.5-01 1.4-01 1.1-01 1.0 480 0.0 0.0 1.4-01 7.9-01 7.4-01 6.7-01 4.5 0.0 4.5-01 9.6702 1.4-01 8.1-01 485 0.0 0.0 1.6-01 8.5-01 7.6-01 6.8-01 4.0 0.0 4.0-01 5.8-02 1.7-01 5.2-01 490 0.0 0.0 2.1-01 9.0-01 7.7-01 6.9-01 2.2 0.0 2.2-01 3.2-02 2.1-01 4.6-01 495 0.0 0.0 3.5-01 9.5-01 7.9-01 7.0-01 1.6 0.0 1.6-01 1.5-02 2.6-01 3.5-01 500 0,0 0.0 3.2-01 9.8-01 8.1-01 7.1-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-01 4.9-03 3.2-01 2.7-01 505 0.0 0.0 4.0-01 1.0 8.2-01 7.2-01 1.0 0.0 7.9-02 2.4-03 4.1-01 2.1-01 510 0.0 0.0 5.0-01 1.0 8.4-01 7.2-01 1.0 0.0 6.3-02 9.3-03 5.0-01 1.6-01 515 0.0 0.0 6.2-01 9.8-01 8.6-01 7.2-01 1.0 0.0 5.0-02 2.9-02 6.1-01 1.1-01 520 0.0 0.0 7.1-01 9.4-01 8.7-01 7.3-01 1.0 0.0 4.0-02 6.3-02 7.1-01 7.8-02 ~ 525 0.0 0.0 8.0-01 9.0-01 8.8-01 7.3-01 1.0 0.0 3.2-02 1.1-01 7.9-01 5.7-02 :;' 530 0.0 0.0 8.6-01 8.1-01 8.9-01 7.3-01 1.0 0.0 2.5-02 1.7-01 8.6-01 4.2-02 (D '< 535 0.0 0.0 9.2-01 7.5-01 8.9-01 7.4-01 1.0 0.0 2.0-02 2.3-01 9.1-01 3.0-02 ... 540 0.0 0.0 9.5-01 6.5-01 9.0-01 7.4-01 ~ 1.0 0.0 1.6-02 2.9-01 9.5-01 2.0-02 Q. 545 0.0 0.0 9.8-01 5.6-01 9.1-01 7.4-01 1.0 0.0 1.3-02 3.6-01 9.8-01 1.3-02 550 0.0 0.0 9.9-01 4.8-01 9.2-01 7.5-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-02 4.3-01 9.9-01 8.7-03 :::Eo 555 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.9-01 9.2-01 7.5-01 1.0 0.0 7.9-03 5.1-01 1.0 5.7-03 ...6' 560 0.0 0.0 9.9-01 3.3-01 9.3-01 7.5-01 1.0 0.0 6.3-03 5.9-01 9.9-01 3.9-03 570 0.0 0.0 9.5'{)1 2.1-01 9.4'{) 1 7.6'{)1 1.0 0.0 4.0.{)3 7.6'{)1 9.5'{)1 2.1'{)3 575 0.0 0.0 9.1'{)1 1.7'{)1 9.4'{) 1 7.5'{)1 1.0 0.0 3.2-03 8.4-01 9.1-01 1.8'{)3 580 0.0 0.0 8.7'{)1 1.2'{)1 9.5'{)1 7.5'{)1 1.0 0.0 2.5'{)3 9.2-01 8.7-01 1. 7'{)3 585 0.0 0.0 8.Hl 1.0.{)1 9.5'{)1 7.4-01 1.0 0.0 2.0'{)3 9.8-01 8.2'{) 1 1.4-03 590 0.0 0.0 7.6'{)1 6.5-02 9.5'{)1 7.4-01 1.0 0.0 1.6-03 1.0 7.6'{)1 1.1'{)3 595 0.0 0.0 7.1'{)1 5.3'{)2 9.6'{)1 7.3'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.3-03 1.1 7.0-01 1.0-03 600 0.0 0.0 6.3'{)1 3.3'{)2 9.6'{) 1 7.3-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 1.1 6.3-01 8.0-04 605 0.0 0.0 5.8'{)1 2.3'{)2 9.6'{)1 7.2'{) 1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 1.0 5.7'{)1 6.0.{)4 610 0.0 0.0 5.0'{)1 1.6'{)2 9.6'{)1 7.2'{) 1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 1.0 5.0-01 3.0-04 615 0.0 0.0 4.5'{)1 1.1'{)2 9.6'{)1 7.1-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 9.4'{)1 4.4'{)1 2.0-04 620 0.0 0.0 3.6'{)1 7.4'{)3 9.6'{)1 7.0'{) 1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 8.5'{)1 3.8-01 2.0-04 625 0.0 0.0 3.2'{) 1 4.3'{)3 9.6'{)1 6.9'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 7.5-01 3.2-01 1.0.{)4 630 0.0 0.0 2.7'{)1 3.3-03 9.6'{)1 6.8'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 6.4-01 2.7-01 635 0.0 0.0 2.H} 2.1'{)3 9.6'{)1 6.7'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 5.4'{)1 2.2'{)} 640 0.0 0.0 1.8'{)1 1.5'{)3 9.6-01 6.6'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 4.5'{)1 1.8'{)1 645 0.0 0.0 1.3'{)1 9.0.{)4 9.6-01 6.5-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 3.6-01 1.4'{)1 650 0.0 0.0 1.1'{)1 6.8.{)4 9.6'{)1 6.5'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 2.8-01 1.1'{)1 655 0.0 0.0 7.5'{)2 4.5.{)4 9.6'{)1 6.3-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 2.2'{) 1 8.2'{) 2 660 0.0 0.0 6.H2 3.1.{)4 9.6'{) 1 6.2'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 1.6-01 6.1'{)2 665 0.0 0.0 4.4'{)2 2.2.{)4 9.6'{)1 6.1-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 1.2'{)1 4.5'{)2 670 0.0 0.0 3.2'{)2 1.5.{)4 9.6'{)1 6.0-01 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)1 9.7-02 3.2-02 675 0.0 0.0 2.2'{)2 1.1.{)4 9.6'{)1 5.9'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 6.4-02 2.3'{)2 680 0.0 0.0 1.7'{)1 7.1'{)5 9.6'{) 1 5.9'{) 1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 4.7'{)2 1. 7'{)2 685 0.0 0.0 1.1'{)2 5.3'{)5 9 .6'{) 1 5 .8'{) 1 1.0 0.0 1.0.{)3 3.3'{) 1 1.2'{)2 690 0.0 0.0 8.2'{)3 3.5'{)5 9.6'{)1 5.7'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 2.3'{)2 8.2-03 695 0.0 0.0 5.9'{)3 2.5'{)5 9.6-01 5.6'{)1 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 1.6'{)2 5.7'{)3 700 0.0 0.0 4.H3 1.8'{)5 9.6'{)1 5.5-01 1.0 0.0 1.0-03 1.1-02 4.H3 705 0.0 0.0 3.0'{)3 1.3-05 9.6'{)1 5.4'{)1 9.8-01 0.0 1.0-03 8.1'{)2 2.9'{)3 See B.2 for explanation of headings. ce U1 ..... 958 Sliney and Wolbarsht LASER MICROWAVE OIVISION SPECTRAL WEIGHTING PROGRAM COVER SHEET ~. Requestor's Name: ______ !. Source Oescrlptlon(OESCRP): ______ (free format, two punched ca rds) O. Calculatlon Control Card: Box Number: 1. Number of Fllters to be Processed(NUMFIL) -- Enter Number (max 15 2). 2. Number of Columns for Fiiter l(NOCOFl). 3. Number of Columns for Filter 2(NOCOF2). 4. Number of Columns for Filter 3(NOCOF3). 5. Form of Callbration Deck(CALOAT): a. Regular -- Enter "1". b. None Required -- Enter "2". c. Uncomputed -- Enter "O"(zero). 6-7. Specific Biological Function to be listed Spectrallv(GENWEI). Enter Code: a. None -- 00 f. T·A -- OS k. XA 10 p. Ps7s -- 15 b. SA 06 l. YA 11 q. FTl 16 m. ZA 12 r. FT2 17 s. FT3 or e Tl 04 i I!l. ---Q9 o. PS3s- 14 FT1*FT2 -- 18 8. GeneraJ F~-;'~tion lfsed(G'ENFUNj? -- "1" is Ves, zero or blank is no. 9. GENWEI Piotted(FLPLOT)? -- "1" is Ves, zero or blank is no. 10. Input Deck to be Stored on File(STORE): a. None O(zero) b. Fi lter one -- 1 d. Fi lter three -- 3 f. Callbration -- 5 c. Fi lter two -- 2 e. Event -- 4 g. St. Lamp -- 6 11. Spectral I rradiance Interpolated(lOS)? -- "1" is Ves, zero or blank ls no. E. Distance Factor Card -- Enter Correction Factors for Callbration Dl~tance(DFU and OFV), Bandpass of measuring instruments(BANPAS), and Separating Waveiengths(BWAVl and BWAV2). Default Values as Listed Below are used if Card Is not filled In. Source Descrlptlon Instrument Readlngs Calculatlon Control Card - Sol I d Angle Calibration Deck - End Cards Heade r Ca rds Distance Factor Card G. Number of Deck to be Stored: Deck Number ______ Figure 8-6. Caver sheet used for spectral weighting program. Human Eye 959 B.3 TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE EYE The absorption of the various parts ofthe eye have been discussed in 4.5.2.2. The spectral transmission of the rabbit and human eyes were shown in Figure 4-9 down to 1.4 pm. Figure B-7 shows measurements which extend down to 1.9 pm. 100~------~ Icre 10"10 l(j~~--~~~~~~~--~~ .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 WAVELENGTH -JLm Figure B-7. Specual transmittance through human eye. Between 0.3 and 1.3 ţ.Iffi, the curve is based on measurement of human ocular tissue. Beyond 1.3 ţ.Iffi, the transmittance is that of a 2.2 cm.layer of pure H2 0 (adapted from D. J. Lund, G. H. Bresnick, M. B. Landers,III, JD. Powell, J. E. Chester, and E. Carver. Ocular Hazards of the Q-Switched Erbium Laser. Invest. Ophthal. 9(6), 463470,1970). AppendixC Laser Wave/engths and Characteristics TABLE Col. Laser Wavelengths by Wavelength Wavelength Active Medium Wavelength Active Medium (nm) (nm) 172 Xenon 495.6 Xenon 173.6 Ruby (quad) 496.5 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 193 Argon·fluoride excimer 497.5 Helium selenium 231.4 Ruby (trip) 499.5 Helium selenium 235.8 Neon, ionized, Ne3 + 500 Cadmium sulphide 248 Krypton-fluoride excimer 501.5 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 266 Neodymium (quad) 501.7 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 330 Zinc sulphide 506.8 Helium selenium 325 Helium cadmium vifor 514.5 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 332.4 Neon, ionized, Ne 2 517.5 Helium selenium 337.1 Argon ·nitrogen 520.8 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 337.1 Nitrogen, molecular 522.7 Helium selenium 350 Xenon-fluoride excimer 525.3 Helium selenium 354.7 Neodymium (trip) 530 Neodymium, Nd/KDP 357.7 Argon nitrogen 530.5 Helium selenium 380.4 Argon nitrogen 530.9 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 441.6 Helium cadmium vapor 532 Neodymium, dobuled 457.7 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 539.5 Xenon 457.9 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 540.1 Neon, ionized, Ne 2 + 460.4 Helium selenium 552.3 Helium selenium 461.9 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 568.2 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 463.4 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 595.6 Xenon 464.8 Helium selenium 605.6 Helium selenium 465.8 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 610 Europium, Eu3 + 468 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 632.8 Helium-neon 472.7 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 644.4 Helium selenium 476.2 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 647.1 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 476.5 Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 649 Helium selenium 482.5 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 676.4 Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 484.5 Helium selenium 687.1 Krypton, ionized, Kr 2 + 484.6 Krypton, ionized, Kr 2 + 690 Cadmium selenide 488 Argon, ionized, Ar 2 + 692.9 Chromium 961 962 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE C-l. Laser Wavelengths by Wavelength (continued) Wavelength (nm) Active Medium Wave1ength (nm) Active Medium 693.4 Chromium 2000·5000 Xenon 694.3 to 1000 Ruby 2046 Holmium 696.9 Samarium 2061 Xenon, atomic 708.2 Samarium 2360 Dysprosium 800 Cadmium telluride 2407 Uranium (SrF2 ) 844.5 Argon-oxygen 2510 Uranium (CaF2 ) 850 Er/y·U fluoride 2556 Uranium (BaF2 ) 850 Gallium arsenide 2600·3300 (15lines) HF 850 Gallium arsenide (77°K) 2613 Uranium (CaF2 ) 850 Gallium aluminum arsenide 3200 Indium arsenide 900 Indium phosphide 3390 Helium·neon 905 Gallium arsenide 3392 Helium·neon 1037 Neodymium (SrF 2 ) 3500 Helium·xenon 1046.1 Neodymium (CaF2 ) 3773 HCl 1046.8 Praseodymium (CaW04 ) 38004200 (251ines) DF 1047 Praseodymium (SrMo04 ) 4300 Lead sulphide 1060 Neodymium (BaF2 ) 4800·8000 (50·70 lines) CO 1060 Neodymium (glass) 5300 Indium antimonide 1064 Neodymium 6500 Lead telluride 1064.3 Neodymium (CrMo04 ) 7182.1 Cesium vapor 1064.5 Neodymium: YAG 8500 Lead selenide 1064.6 Neodymium (CaW04 , pu1sed) 9000·12000 (100 lines) N2 0 1065 Neodymium (CaW04 , CW) 10 ,000·20 ,000 HF 1123 Neodymium 10,600 CO2 1152.3 Helium·neon 27,900 Watervapor 1153 Helium·neon 27,970 Watervapor 1315 lodine (alkyl iodide) 33,700 Hydrocyanic acid, HCN 1318 Neodymium 47,700 Water vapor 1370 Neodymium 78,460 Water vapor 1454 Helium·carbon dioxide 95,800 Helium 1600 Gallium antimonide 118,000 Watervapor 1612 Erbium (CaW04 ) 118,400 Water vapor 1617 Erbium (CaF 2 ) 216.300 Helium 1910 Thulium(SrF2 ) 311,000 HCN 1911 Thulium (CaW04 ) 337,000 HCN Laser Characteristics 963 TABLE C-2. LASER WAVELENGTHS BY MEDIUM Part 1 - Chemical Lasers Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation CO 50·70 lines from 4800 to 8000 CW HF 15lines from 2600 to 3300; CW 10,000 to 22,000 DF 25 lines from 3800 to 4200 CW H-CN 311,000 and 337,000 pulsed H2 0 (vapor) 27,970; 47,700; 78,460; 118,400 pulsed N2 0 100 lines from 9000 to 12,000 LiNb03 550 to 3500 HCl 3773 Part 2 - Crystal (Solid-State) Lasers Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Chromium, Cr 3 + (Ah 0 3 ) 692.9 pulsed (77°K) 693.4 CW Dysprosium, Dy?+ (CaF2 ) 2360 pulsed, CW Erbium, Er3 + (CaW04 ) 1612 pulsed (CaF2 ) 1617 pulsed Er/y-Li fluoride 850 pulsed Europium, Eu3 + 610 pulsed Holmium, glass 1950 pulsed Holmium, H0 3 + (CaW0 2 ) 2046 pulsed Neodymium, Nd 3 + 1064,1123,1318,1370 pulsed (quad) 266.0 pulsed (trip) 354.7 pulsed (doubled) 532.0 pulsed (SrF2 ) 1037.0 pulsed (CaF2 ) 1046.1 pulsed Neodymium, glass 1060.0 pulsed (BaF2 ) 1060.0 pulsed (CrMo04 ) 1064.3 pulsed Neodymium: YAG 1064.5 pulsed, CW (CaW04 ) 1064.6 pulsed 1065.0 CW Nd/KOP 530.0 pulsed, CW Praseodymium, Pr3 + (CaW04 ) 1046.8 pulsed (SrMo04 ) 1047.0 pulsed 964 Sliney and Wolbarsht Part 2 - Crystal (Solid-State) Lasers (continued) Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Ruby (Ah 0 3 Cr3 +) 694.3 to 1100 pulsed " (quad) 173.6 " (trip) 231.4 Samarium, Sm2 + (SrF2 ) 696.9 pulsed (CaF 2 ) 708.2 pulsed ThuHum, Tm3+ (SrF2 ) 1910.0 pulsed (CaW04 ) 1911.0 pu1sed Uranium, U3 + (SrF 2 ) 2407 pulsed (CaF 2 ) 2510,2613 pulsed,CW (BaF 2 ) 2556 pulsed Part 3 - Dye Lasers Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Organic dyes 560-640 CW argon laser excitation Organic dyes 360-650 Pulsed N2 excitation Part 4 - Gas Lasers Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Argon, ionized, Ar2 + 457.9; 465.8; 472.7; 476.5; 488.0, CW 496.5,501.5,501.7,514.5 Argon-krypton, Ar/Kr see Ar and Kr Hnes Argon-nitrogen, AriN. 337.1,357.7,380.4 Argon-oxygen, Ar/02 844.5 CW, pu1sed Cesium vapor, Cs 7182.1 CW Carbon-dioxide, C02 N2 He 10,600 (10.6 ţ.I111) CW, pulsed HeHum, He 95,800; 216,300 (95.8, 216.3 ţ.I111) CW HeHum cadmium vapor, HeCd 325.0,441.6 CW Helium carbon dioxide, HeC02 1454.0 CW, pulsed HeHum neon, HeNe 632.8,1152.3,1153.0,3390.0,3392.0 CW Laser Characteristics 965 Part 4 - Gas Lasers (continued) Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Helium selenide, HeSe 460.4,464.8,484.5,497.5,499.5, CW 506.8,517.5,522.7,525.3,530.5, 552.3,605.6,644.4,649.0 Helium·xenon, HeXe 3500 (3.5 J.I.IIl) CW Hydrocyanic acid, HCN 33,700 (33.5 J.I.IIl) CW Iodine (alkyl iodide) 1315.0 CW Krypton, ionized, Kr2 + 457.7,461.9,463.4,468.0,476.2, CW 482.5,484.6,520.8,530.9,568.2, 647.1,676.4,687.1 Neon, ionized, Ne3 + 235.8 pulsed Neon, ionized, Ne2 + 332.4,540.1 pulsed Nitrogen, molecular, N2 337.1 pulsed Water vapor 27,900; 118,600 (27.9; 118.6 J.I.IIl) pulsed Xenon,Xe 172.0,495.6,539.5,595.6; CW, pulsed 2000-5000 (2-5 J.I.IIl) Xenon, atomic, Xe 2061.0 pulsed Part 5 - Semiconductor Lasers Active Medium Wavelength (nm) Typical Operation Cadmium selenide, CdSe 690 Cadmium sulphide, CdS 500 Cadmium telluride, CdTe 800 Gallium antimonide, GaSb 1600 pulsed Gallium arsenide, GaAs 850,905 pulsed Gallium arsenide, GaAs (77°K) 850 pulsed Gallium aluminum arsenide, GaAlAs 850 pulsed Indium antimonide, InSb 5300 Indium arsenide, InAs 3200 Indium phosphide, InP 900 Lead selenide, PbSe 8500 Lead sulphide, PbS 4300 Lead telluride, PbTe 6500 Zinc sulphide, ZnS 330 AppendixD List of Capital Letter Abbreviations AC - Alternating Current ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH TLV Book - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values AEHA - Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (USA) AEL - Acceptable Exposure Limits ANSI - American National Standards Institute ASL - Above Sea Level AWS - American Welding Society BG - Black Globe Temperature BL - BlackIight Lamp (UV-A) BRH - Bureau of Radiological Health (USA) BSI - British Standards Institute CAI - Computer Assisted Instruction CBS - Columbia Broadcasting System CCTV - Closed Circuit Television CIE - Commission Internationle d'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumina• tion) 967 968 Sliney and Wolbarsht CRC - Chemi cal Rubber Company CRT - Cathode Ray Tube CW - Continuous Wave DB - Dry Bulb Temperature DC - Direct Current DF - Deuterium Fluoride DIN - Deutsche Institut fur Normung (German Standards Institute) DMSO - Dimethylsulfoxide DNA - Desoxyribose Nucleic Acid DoD - Department of Defense (USA) DT - Delayed Tanning EC - Electrically Conductive Coating EDs o dose - Effective Dose Level for 50% of Exposed Population EG & G - Egerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. EIS - Environmental Impact Statements (USA) EL - Exposure Limit (WHO) EM - Electron Microscope EPA - Environmental Protection Agency (USA) ERDA - Energy Resources Development Agency (Now Department of Energy, USA) ERG - Electroretinogram FAA - Federal Aviation Administration (USA) FDA - Food and Drug Administration (USA) FO - Fiber Optic Capital Abbreviations 969 FOV - Field ofView (Acceptable Angle) FS - Fluorescent Sunlight GMA W - Gas Metal Arc Welding (Metal Ion Gas) GTAW - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Tungsten Ion Gas) GTE Sylvania - General Telephone and Electronics, Corp. H-D - Hurter-Driffield (Photographic Film Exposure Density Wave) HEW - Department of Health, Education and Welfare (USA) HF - Hydrogen Fluoride HID - High Intensity Discharge Mercury Fluorescent Lamp IBM - International Business Machine, Corp. IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission IEC - TC 76 - International Electrotechnical Commission - Technical Committee 76 on Laser Safety IES - Illuminating Engineers Society I.P.D. - Immediate Pigment Darkening IR-A - Near Infrared (760-1400 nm) IR-B - Middle IR (1.4-3.0 pm) IR-C - Far IR (3.0-1,000 pm) IRPA - Internationale Radiation Protection Association ISO - International Standards Organization ITT - International Telephone and Telegraph, Inc. LED - Light Emitting Diode LIA - Laser Industries Association LIDAR - Light Detection and Ranging 970 Sliney and Wolbarsht LRF - Laser Range Finder LRSF - Laser Range Safety Fan LRSO - Laser Range Safety Officer LSO - Laser Safety Officer MED - Minimal Erythemal Dose MIL spec. - Military Specification (USA) MPE - Maximum Permissible Exposure MRD - Minimum Reactive Dose MSA - Mine Safety Appliance MTF - Modulation Transfer Function NA - Numerical Aperture NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Agency (USA) NBS - National Bureau of Standards (USA) NEI - National Eye Institute (USA), or Noise Equivalent Irradiance NEP - Noise Equivalent Power NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (USA) NOHD - Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance NRC - National Research Council (USA) OD - Optical Density OJT - On the J ob Training OR - Operating Room (Surgical) OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA) PABA - Para-Amino-Benzoic-Acid Capital Abbreviations 971 PCB - Polychlorinated Biphenyls PLZT Filter - Polarized Light Zero Transmission Filter POS - Point of Sale PPM - Parts per Million, or Pulse Position Modulation P.R.F. - Pulse Repetition Frequency PRM - Pulse Rate Modulation PWM - Pulse Width Modulation RCA - Radio Corporation of America R & D - Research and Development R.F. - Radio Frequency RFI - Radio Frequency Interference RPE - Retinal Pigmented Epithelium SHG - Second Harmonic Generation SI - System Internationale SOP - Standard Operating Procedure SRI - Stanford Research Institute T.C. 76 - See IEC - TC 76 TEA Laser - Tranverse Ecitation Atmospheric Laser TEM - Transverse Electromagnetic Wave TLV - Threshold Limit Value TOTP - Total ON Time Pul se UL - Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. USAEHA - See AEHA 972 Sliney and Wolbarsht USAF - United States Air Force (USA) USBRH - See BRH USDHEW - See HEW UV - Ultraviolet UV-A - Near UV (315400 nm) UV-B - Far UV (280-315 nm) UV-C - Extreme UV 000-280 nm) VDU - Visual Display Unit VER - Visual Evoked Response VIS - Visible Radiation Range WB - Wet Bulb Temperature WBGT Index - Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index WHO - World Health Organization AppendiJCE Hazard C/assification of Some Representative, Pre-19 76 Lasers Initially we ambitiously planned to list most of the lasers made prior to August 1976, the date when BRH Regulations required manufacturers to include the hazard classification on the labeI. The delayed completion of this text made such a list much less important. We give, therefore, a greatly abbreviated list con• taining only the more commonly encountered lasers whose hazard classification is not given on their labels. A far more complete listing is available in the NIOSH Technical Information Laser Hazard Classification Guide [ HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-1831 from which this information has been extracted. 973 CD MANUFACfURER/ HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DlVER- BEAM OUfPUf PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPUCATION/ """~ MODEL CLASS LENGrH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS ACTIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (Wcm' orJcm') AMERICAN omCAL IV 1060 0.400 I.S0 CIRC 0.100 J 1.00 P/M 0.040 ". 2S9 mJ cm' RESEARCH '" OEM AO-SQ NEODYMIUM GLASS AMERICAN OPTICAL IV 1060 0.600 I.S0 CIRC \.SO 4.00 P/M 0.030 ". 3.89 J cm' RESEARCH '" OEM AO-l1Q 2.S0 NEODYMIUM GLASS ~ tIl AMERICAN OPrICAL IIIb 632.8 0.200 0.300 CIRC 2.00 mW TEMoo N/A S.18 mWcm' EDUCATION t!1 3100 ::c HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ~ AMERICAN OPrICAL IV 1060 IS.O SOOO J 12.0 P/H 3.00 m. 13.0 ltJ cm' RESEARCH '" OEM N sooo NEODYMIUM GLASS > ~>-1 APOLLO LASERS IV 1060 3.18 1.00 CIRC S.OO GWPEAK 0.2S0 P/M IS.Ona 31.4 J an' RESEARCH '" OEM 26200 2S.0 NEODYMIUM GLASS e~ tIlt!1 AVCO EVERETT IIIb 337.1 0.320 2.00 RECT 100 kWPEAK 2.00 ro 3.00 na 184"Jcm" RESEARCH '" OEM tIl~ C-9S0-A S.IO 30.0 100 mWAVER 200P/S 61.3mJ cm' NITROGEN (N.) 306"Jcm' 9- BAUSCH '" LOMB IIIb 632.8 O.OIS 7.00 CIRC 3.00 mW TEMoo N/A 7.78mWcm' EDUCATION 8 41 -17 -03 -OS 6 HEUUM NEON (HeNe) Z BENDIX IIIb 632.8 0.200 0.400 CIRC 1.50 mW TEMoo N/A 3.89 mW cm" RESEARCH '" OEM TL-I § HELIUM NEON (HeNe) 6 t!1 CARSONLABS IV 476.S 0.140 1.00 CIRC I.OOWTEMOO N/A 2.S9Wcm' RESEARCH '" OEM ~ 202 ro :::1 ARGON/KRYPrON (Ar/Kr) 676.4 ID '< CI> IV 26S.0 0.300 1.00 CIRC 1.00 kW PEAK S.OO P/S 28.2kWcm' SCIENTIFIC INSTR. :::1 CHROMATIX el. CMX - 4 UV omON ro l.00kW AVER 30.0 PROVlSIONAL .oSilA- DYE 3S0.0 CLASSIFICATION ~ i...... '"::r ::c II> N II> MANUFACTURER/ HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DlVER- BEAM OUl'PUT PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPLICATION/ a. MODEL CLASS ("") LENGTH METER GENCE SRAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT EXPOSURE ooMMENfS ii) ACfWE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (Wan'" orJan"') '" '"~ ooHERENf RADIATION IIIb ENCL 632.8 (.1) CIRC 1.20mW AVER 3.11 mWan'" RESEARCH '" OEM c;" ooHERENf EVE SCANN 154 CLASSIAS ...II> HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ENCWSED O· PROVISIONAL .aSHA- ~ :::1 CLASSIFICATION r.f.l ~ ooHERENf RADIATION N 351.1 0.140 0.500 CIRC 8.00WTEMOO 1.02 kW cm'" RESEARCH '" OEM ~ CR-8 ro N/A ARGON (Ar) 528.7 >-== N ooHf!RENf RADIATION N 351.1 0.140 0.500 CIRC 1.S0WAVER 149 W an'" RESEARCH '" OEM >- CR-12 ro 0.160 0.600 CIRC 12.0 1.\9 kW cm-' PROVISIONAL .QSHA- ARGON (Ar) 528.7 CLASSIFICATION ~ ("') ooHERENf RADIATION IV \0600 0.220 CIRC 50.0 W AVER lOOP/S 0.500~.26.2 J cm"' RESEAP,CH '" OEM 42 ~~ CARBON DlOXIDE (00,) r.f.l>- r.f.lt:l:' ooHERENf RADIATION IV 457.9 0.140 0.800 CIRC 2.00 W TEMOO 5.18Wcm"' RESEARCH '" OEM =tjt"" 52A 488.0 N/A ....~ ARGON (Ar) 514.5 ~~ ~ ooHERENf RADIATION N 488.0 0.150 0.600 CIRC 6.00 W TEMOO 15.6W cm"J RESEARCH '" OEM .... 53 514.5 1.00 N/A 2.59 ARGON/KRYPTON (Ar/Kr) 647.1 ~ ARGON OR KRYPTON 468.0 O ooHERENf RADIATION IIIb 457.9 0.078 0.900 CIRC 500 mWAVER 1.30 W an"' RESEARCH '" OEM ....c.:: 54A ro PROVISIONAL .aSHA O ARGON (Ar) 514.4 CLASSIFICATION ~ 5.18mWcm"' RESEARCH It OEM n ooHERENf RADIATION IIIb 632.8 0.050 1.20 CIRC 2.00 mW TEMoo -O CR -084 N/A HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ;+-= --- ooHERENf RADIATION 525.0 1.00 RESEARCH It OEM CR490 ro INSUFFICIENf RHODAMINE 6G 700.0 INFORMATION ooHERENf RADIATION N 514.5 0.140 0.800 CIRC I.00W 2.59 W cm"J MEDICAL 800 488.0 N/A ARGON (Ar) ce ...... (J'1 co -.j MANUFACfURERI HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DIVER- BEAM OUTPUT PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCEI APPLICATIONI O) MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADlANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS ACfIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (W cm" orI cm") COHERENT RADIATION IIIb 632.8 0.700 CIRC l.90mWMAX 4.92mWcm" RESEARCH .l OEM GRADOMAT I/II/IIII N/A FOCUSED - 1.60 M AT HeN. ANDIV 91M CONTROL LASER IV 454.0 0.600 4.00WTEM!i'l 10.4 W cm" RESEARCH .l OEM ~ 904 TO 5.00WMUL N/A 13.0 CIl ArorKr 647.1 trl ~ CW RADIATION. INC. 1I1b 632.8 10.0 mW TEMOO 25.9mWcm" RESEARCH .l OEM =: LS-IO N/A > HELIUM NEON (HeNe) N > EALING IIIb 632.8 0.150 5.00 CIRC 1.50 mW TEMoo 3.89 mW cm" EDUCATION ~ 25 -7568 N/A O HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ('j EDMUNDSCIENTlFIC II 632.8 0.100 2.00 CIRC .300 mW MULTI 778",Wcm" RESEARCH .l OEM 79005 ~~ N/A CIlt"'" HELIUM NEON (HeN.) 9trl EOCOMCORP. IIIb 361.1 0.110 400mW 50.8 Wcm" MAT. PROCESSING ('j t;rJ 65R TO N/A THE'WRITEPART'OF ~- UV RANGE NO MEDIUM 363.8 LASERITE 6SR 8 GENERAL PHOTONlCS IV 1064 0.071 1.00 CIRC SOOmWTEM I.30W cm" RESEARCH.l OEM Z TWO-12A 1500mWMU~N/A 3.89 NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) § O GENERAL PHOTONICS IV 532.0 0.071 1.00 CIRC 2S.0 mWTEMoo 64.8 W cm" RESEARCH .l OEM -trl TWO-22 PROVISIONAL .aSHA- _ n ND YAG DOUBLED CLASSIFICATION O GTE SYLV ANIA IV 1064 0.200 3.00 CIRC 2S.9Wcm" RESEARCH .l OEM ;t-= ~ 10.0 W TEM-W ::i' 612 200WMUL N/A SI8 (1) NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd Y AG) - -< ::J'" GTE SYLVANlA IV 10600 0.400 4.00 CIRC 3.00WTEM OO 47.6Wcm" RESEARCH .l OEM Q. 941 -S N/A CARBON DIOXIDE (CO,) ~ c;: ., '"CI> ...:::T :J: CI> N CI> MANUFACJ'URER/ HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DIVER- BEAM OUI'PUI' PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPUCATION/ a. (") MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE wlDm RADIANT EXPOSURE ooMMENTS ii) ACI'JVE MEDIUM (OSIlA) (NM) (Wcm"'2 Jcm"'2) cn (CM) (MRAD) or cn ~ HOLOBEAM INC. IV 10600 0.300 3S.0 CIRC 100W 2.82kWcm"'2 RESEARCH el OEM i;f 2S0-2A .... N/A o· NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) ::J ti)~ HOLOBEAM INC. IV S30.0 0.141 2.00 CIRC 3.0kWPEAK o.soo TO 0.100 p8 1.94 mJ cm"'2 RESEARCH el OEM 2S6 -QG 0.2oomJ 24000 P/S 0.2S0 SI8pJ cm"'2 ~ ND - YAG OOUBLED == HOLOBEAM INC. IV 1064 0.400 3.00 CIRC 100mJ 20.0 TO 12.0 os 2S9mJcm"'2 MAT. PROCESS!NG ~ Soo-Q 8.00MGPEAK SO.OP/S 249 > NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) :::tI O HOLOBEAM !NC. IIIb ENCL 1064 0.283 2.00 CIRC 3.ookWPEAK O.SOO TO IS.Op8 194mJcm"'2 MAT. PROCESSING (j 910 SERIES 24.0kHz 2S.0 CLASSIAS ND - YAG Q SWITCHED ENCLOSED ~>-3 ti) tl)t:I:I> HOLOBEAM !NC. IV 9OS.0 1.00 8.00 W AVER 6O.0P/S 80.0 na 346mJcm..2 ooMMUNlCATOR LAZA-COM 300 :;;&; GA-AS -~~ HONEYWELL IV 10600 0.600 CIRC 20.0 W TEMoo 141 Wcm"1 ooMMUNlCATOR >-3 9000 N/A CARBON DIOXIDE (00,) -~ HUGHES A1RCRAFf IIIb 632.8 0.130 0.100 CIRC 10.OmW 2S.9mWcm"1 RESEARCH el OEM O 303S -H N/A c::: HELIUM NEON (HeNe) O -tr! INTERNAT. LASER. SYS IV 1064 (.1) S.OO 1.00MWPEAK 20.0P/S 20.0ns SI.8 mJ cm"' RESEARCH el OEM () NC -10/80 0.020 J PROVISIONAL .QSIIA- O NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) CLASSIFICATION ;+= INTERNAT. LASER. SYS IV 1064 O.SOO O.ISO J 10.OP/S 17.0ns 389 mJ cm"'2 RESEARCH el OEM -- NT-looP NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) JARRELLASH IV 1060 0.005 CIRC 1.00 J \.SO p8 2.59 J cm"' RESEARCH el OEM MARK II MICROPROBE PROVISIONAL - OSHA- ND CLASSIFICATION ce ...... co ..... 00 MANUFACfURER/ HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DlVER- BEAM OUTPUT PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPLlCATION/ MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS ACTIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (W cm"' or J cm"') JODON IIlb 632.8 0.130 1.00 CIRC 15.0 mW TEMoo 38.9mW cm"' RESEARCH" OEM HN-IO N/A HELiUM NEON (HeNe) t; tIl JODON IIIb 632.8 0.200 0.700 CIRC 50.0 mW AVER 3.17 W cm"' RESEARCH" OEM trl HN -50 611.8 N/A ~ HELiUM NEON (HeNe) il:: KORAD N 1064 (.1) 0.500W AVER 800TO 25.0 ns 1.30 J cm"' MAT. PROCESSING N> KRT - MICROMACHINING 1200 P/S PROVISIONAL - OSHA- > NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) CLASSIFICATION ~ O KORAD IV 694.3 0.800 10.0 CIRC 0.750 J MULTI I.00P/M 20.0 ns 1.94 J cm'" SCIENTIFIC INSTR. <î KIQP 20.0JTEMOO 51.8 RUBY E~ KORAD N 694.3 4.00J MULTI I.00P/M 30.0 ns 10.4 J cm'" HOLOGRAPHY tIlt"" KlOOOQH 200 mJTEMOO 518 mI cm"' 9trl RUBY <îtrl >,!... LASER DIODE LABS IIlb 905.0 (.1) 8.00 l.00kWPEAK I.00TO 90.0 ns 233,.J cm"' RESEARCH '" OEM >-3 LSA -410 5.00kHz PROVISIONAL - OSHA- O GA-AS CLASSIFICATION -Z LASER ENERGY INC IIlb 337.1 0.317 2.00 CIRC 10.0,.J 4.00TO 253,.W cm"' RESEARCH" OEM g N300 1.00 kWPEAK 100 P/S PROVISIONAL - OSHA- NITROGEN (N, ) CLASSIFICATION O -trl LEXEL IIlb 457.9 0.090 1.50 CIRC 200 mWTEMoo 518mWcm'" RESEARCH '" OEM (") 75 -A TO N/A -O ARGON (Ar) 582.7 ;+-= !:!1 :::l CI) LEXEL IV 486.0 0.013 0.600 CIRC 5.00 W TEMOO 13.0W cm"' RESEARCH '" OEM - -< 96 TO 0.018 1.50 CIRC N/A :::l'" ION LASER ARGON 514.5 Q, :E L1CONIX IIlb 441.6 0.083 0.680 CIRC 40.0 mW TEMOO 5.08Wcm"' RESEARCH '" OEM O 405 325.0 15.0 N/A 1.90 a= ... HELiUM CADMIUM (HeCd) cn'" :::l" r+ J: '"N PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCEI APPLICATIONI -. MANUFACTURERI HAZARD WAVE- DlA- DlVER- BEAM OUTPUT PULSE '"C. RADiANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE wmrn (") ACTIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (W cm"' or I cm"') ii> CI) CI) LUMONICS IV 10600 3_81 2.10 CIRC 32.5 MWPEAK 1.00 P/S RESEARCH & OEM ~ TEA- 103 9.75 I 1.71 W crn"' PROVISJONAL -OSHA- ~i" ... CO, -N, -He CLASSIFICATION o' ~ :::l METROLOGIC I11b 632.8 0.100 1.50 CIRC 1.00 mW 2.59 mW crn"' RESEARCH & OEM Vl ML-61O N/A t"r! HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ~ METROLOGIC I11b 632.8 0.100 1.00 CIRC 1.50 mW TEMOO 3.89 mW crn"' RESEARCH & OEM s: ML-680 N/A N HELIUM NEON (HeNe) > ~ METROLOGIC IlIb 632.8 0.100 0.800 CIRC 3.00 mW TEMOO 7.78 mW cm"' RESEARCH & OEM 1:1 ML-920 N/A (") HELIUM NEON (HeNe) ~>-3 MOLECfRON IV 360.0 0.030 1.50 CIRC 7.00kWPEAK 10.0 P/S 5.00 ns 4.44 mI cm"' RESEARCH & OEM Vl~ SPECTROSCAN 10 35.01'J 120 Vlt"'" DYE 740.0 ~: OPTICS TECHNOLOGY I11b 632.8 0.100 1.00 CIRC 3.00 mW TEMOO 7.78 mW crn"' HOLOGRAPHY >,!.. 170 N/A >-3 HELIUM NEON (HeNe) -~ ORIELCORP. IlIb 632.8 1.00 1.00 mW TEMOO 2.59 mW cm"' RESEARCH & OEM 6620 N/A § HELIUM NEON (HeNe) 1:1 PERKIN ELMER IIIb 632.8 0.200 0.400 CIRC l.00mW 2.59 mW cm"' RESEARCH & OEM -t"r! 75 N/A ';:) HELIUM NEON (HeNe) O =..... PHASE-R IV 220.0 1.00 3.00 CIRC 1.00 MWPEAK 0.100 P/S 0.4001'8 1.02 J cm"' RESEARCH & OEM DL- 1000 TO 0.500 J 1.27 DYE 950.0 PHOTON SOURCES IV 10600 4.24 1.00 CIRC 250WAVER 50.0 P/S 1O.01's 706 .nJ crn"' RESEARCH & OEM 140 100 NO i.ONGER MANU- CARBON DlOXIDE (CO, ) FACTURED MANUFAcruRER/ HAZARD WAVE- DlA- DlVER- BEAM OUfPlIT PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPLICATION/ MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS ACTIVE MEDIUM (OS HA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (W cm'" or] crn"') QUANTRONIX IV 1064 0.500 5.00 CIRC 9.00 W TEM.pp 23.3 W crn""' RESEARCH & OEM 114-2 100 W MUL N/A 259 NEODYMIUM YAG (Nd YAG) 'lls: RCA IIIb 905.0 (.1) 1O.0WPEAK 5.00kHz 0.200,... 5.18,..] crn""' RESEARCH & OEM 125 ~ 40862 PROVISIONAL .QSHA- GAAS SINGLE DIODE CLASSIFICATION =:: >N RCA IV 905.0 (.1) 125 2.00 kW PEAK 1000 P/S 0.200,..s 1.04 m] crn'" RESEARCH & OEM > TA· 7763 ::o GAAS SINGLE DIODE O ("') RCA IIIb 855.0 (.1) 125 3.00 W PEAK S.OOkHz 0.100,..2 778 nJ crn"2 RESEARCH & OEM TA-7867 PROVISIONAL .QSHA- S:,., GAALAS CLASSIFICATION Vl~ Vlt"'" SANTA BARBARA RC 904.0 5.00 2.00WPEAK 100ns 518 nJ crn"2 COMMUNICATOR 9~ 32005 - TRANSMITTER ("')~ GA-AS >,!...,., SPEerRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 3.00 mW MULTI 7.78 mW crn""' RESEARCH & OEM O 122 N/A -Z HELIUM NEON (HeNe) § SPEerRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 0.900 1.30 CIRC 7.00 mW TEMOO 18.1 mWcrn""' RESEARCH & OEM 123 N/A O HELIUM NEON (HeNe) -~ --(") SPEerRA PHYSICS IIIb 3390 0.110 1.00 CIRC 15.0mW 1.90 W crn"2 RESEARCH & OEM O 124 30.0 mW MAX N/A 3.81 =r*" ~ HELIUM NEON (HeNe) '-' :::l CI) -< SPEerRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 0.700 7.00 CIRC 50.0 mW TEM 259mW crn'" OO RESEARCH & OEM :::l 125A 3391 N/A '"Q. HELIUM NEON (HeNe) 1152 ::E O 0= SPEerRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 0.140 0.700 CIRC 2.00mWTE~ 5.18 mW crn"2 RESEARCH & OEM 130 0.100mW'T 00 N/A 259,..W crn""' ;;:'" ::r HELIUM NEON (HeNe) r+ :I: II> N MANUFAcruRER, HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DIVER- BEAM OUTPUT PULSE PULSB BEAM IRRADIANCB' APPUCATION' II> MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GBNCB SHAPE POWER/ENBRGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT BXPOSURE ooMMENTS Ci (') ACTIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (Wcm'" orJcm"') i» ti SPBcrRA PHYSICS IUb 632.8 0.100 5.00 CIRC 3.50 mW MULTI 9.07 mW cm'" RESEARCH '" OBM :::;; n" 132M 6.00 mW MAX N'A 15.6 II> HELiUM NEON (HeNe) ... o" ::1 SPBcrRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 0.090 1.00 CIRC 2.00 mW TBMoo 5.18 mW cm'" RESEARCH '" OBM tIl>= 133 4.00 mW MAX N'A 10.4 t"f1 HEUUM NEON (HeNe) ~ SPBcrRA PHYSICS IIIb 632.8 0.070 1.20 CIRC 1.80 mW TBMOO 4.67mWcm'" RESEARCH '" OBM ==> 133P 4.00mWMAX N'A 10.4 N HEUUM NEON (HeNe) > SPBcrRA PHYSICS IIIb 488.0 0.160 0.700 CIRC 250 mW MULTI 648mWcm'" RESEARCH '" OBM ~ 141 ro N'A C":l ARGON (Ar) 514.5 >=~ tIl~ SPBcrRA PHYSICS IV 457.0 0.500 2.00WTBMOO 5.18Wcm'" RESBARCH '" OBM tIlt'" 165-00 TO 6.00WMAX N'A 15.6 ARGON (Ar) 514.5 S]t"f1 C":l1{!1 SPBcrRA PHYSICS IIIb 351.1 0.160 0.600 CIRC 140mWTBMOO 13.9Wcm'" RESBARCH '" OBM 170-00 ro N'A ~- ARGON (Ar) 363.8 -~ SPBcrRA PHYSICS lIIb 441.6 0.150 0.500 CIRC 50.0mWTBMOO 5.64Wcm'" RESBARCH '" OBM 185 ro 120 mW MAX N'A 13.5 § HELIUM CADMIUM (HeCd) 325.0 1:::' -t"f1 SPBcrRA PHYSICS I11b 632.8 1.20 mW TBMoo 3.11 mWcm'" LEVELING'ALIGNMENT .-. 833 TUNNBL LASER 2.20 5.70 (') N'A O HEUUM NEON (HeNe) ....::s .:.... SPBcrRA PHYSICS I11b 632.8 0.660 CIRC 2.50mW 6.48mWcm'" LEVELING'ALIGNMBNT 944 LASER LEVEL SL 3.00 mW MAX N'A 7.78 HENB SYLVANIA IV 10600 0.500 5.00 CIRC 3.00 W TBMOO 30.SWcm'" RESBARCH '" OBM 941 P"'S N'A CARBON DIOXIDE (00.) !B.... ~ N ~ MANUFACTURER/ HAZARD WAVE- DIA- DlVER- BEAM OUTPUT PULSE PULSE BEAM IRRADIANCE/ APPUCATION/ rIl MODEL CLASS LENGTH METER GENCE SHAPE POWER/ENERGY REP-RATE WIDTH RADIANT EXPOSURE COMMENTS ACTIVE MEDIUM (OSHA) (NM) (CM) (MRAD) (W cm.. 'orJ cm") ~ SYLVANIA IV 10600 0.600 5.00 CIRC S.OOWTEMOO 3S.3Wcm" RESEARCH.t. OEM == 948 10.OWMULTI N/A 70.S ~ CARBON DIOXIDE (CO.) > ~ TACIUSTO IV 10600 0.600 3.00 CIRC 15.0 MW PEAK 0.200TO 30.0ns S.29 J cm" RESEARCH.t. OEM O TAC II-M2ISA 2.00J 2.00P/A SO.O 14.1 n CARBON DIOXIDE (CO.) ~~ TRICE V DEVEWPM. II 632.8 0.200 1.00 RECT 3.S0mW 1.03 mWcm" LEVELING/ALIGNMENT rIlt"'" PLAN.()..LITJi MOD.A 17.0 6280 N/A HELIUM NEON (HeNe) 9~ UNITED AIRCRAFr IV 10600 3.00 1.00 kW TEMOO 127 kW cm" RESEARCH .t. OEM ~~ J80 2.00kWPEAK N/A ::l CARBON DlOXIDE (CO. ) ~ UNIVERSITY LABS IIIb 632.8 0.210 0.600 CIRC 10.0 mW TEMOO 2S.9mWcm" RESEARCH.t. OEM O 270 N/A HELIUM NEON (HeNe) e O XEROX IIENCL 632.8 0.320 CIRC 0.8S0mW 2.20 mW cm" -~ INT. ALARMS + COM. 200 N/A CLASSIAS (') He - Ne TELECOPIER ENCLOSED -O ::s ~ ~ :;' - <'" :lII> C. ~ c= ..II> :JIII r+ AppendilCF Copy Afachine Characteristics TABLEF-l SUMMARY OF RADIOMETRIC PARAMETERS REPRESENTATIVE PRINTING AND GRAPHIC ARTS MACHINES Xerox 7000 Xerox Type 23" long 1.3 (avg) 0.005 250 5.4 Rubber Matte (Console) 122P209; 1" dia Shield ~Wfs~r~O/35 Fluorescent Xerox 4000" Xerox Type 21" long 3-4 0,01 250 1.4 RubberMatte (Console) 122P316(l ea) 1.5" dia Shield Fluorescent Xerox 3600-1 Xerox Type 18"long 1.3 (avg) 0.005·0.01 250 5.1 RubberMatte (Cansole) 122P99*;GEType 1" dia 2.7 (max) Shield FI8T8/MG/XE Fluorescent, 12 ea Xerox 720 Xerox Type 18" long 0.01 250 RubberMatte (Console) I 22P289 (2 ea) 1" dia Shield Xerox 660-1 Xerox Type 13" Ion, 0.01 250 Metal Cabinet (desk copier) 122P2890r 0.62" dia with Siot for 122P211 (2 ea) Paper Fluorescent GE Type FPI3/T5/GI6 Xerox 2400 CF.P Xerox Type 18"long 0,01 250 NA Shielded by Computer Forms 122P118; FI8T8/MG/XE .. dia Metal Cabinet Printer GE Type FI8T8/MG-XE Fluorescent SCM Corp III GE Type 0.5" dia 750 10 75 10 RubberMatte (desk copier) Q275T4/CL82 Shield (2 ea) Tungslen Filament (300 W) AB Dick 483-4600/ AB Dick Type 11·1/2"long 1000 12 80 10 Metal Cover 625 34442, Tun.. te .. (desi< copier) Filament 115 V, 600 W Nu-Arc Carbon Arct open 14,000 120 115 2.4 Shielded by Platemaker IlS V, 17A arc Metal Cabinet Model FT·32 2kW (Con.ole) Aiso used in Xerox Model 2400 Copying Machine Ultraviolet radiation hazard !. The Xerox 4500 has the same characteristics as the Xerox 4000 983 984 Sliney and Wolbarsht 400 500 600 700 800 WAVELENGTH (nm) Figure F-I. Corneal Spectral Irradiance from Xerox Type 3600 Copier at Typical Viewing Height laeL-;-~--::~~~-~_...J 400 500 600 700 800 WAVELENGTH (nm) Figure F-2. Corneal Spectral lrradiance from Xerox Type 7000 Copier at Typical Viewing Height. Copy Machine Characteristics 985 I~ 400 500 600 700 eoo 900 1000 1100 WAVELENGTH (nm) Figure F-3. Corneal Spectral Irradiance from Xerox Type 9200 Copier at Typical Viewing Height 0.64 9 I O X 0.56 Ec NE 0.48 .2..... IL!~ 040• U «Z ~ 0.32 o:: ..J ~ 0.24 1- M o.. CI) 0.lioo'-----500...... ---60....0------o WAVELENGTH nm Figure F4. Corneal Spectral Irradiance from Kodak Ektraprint 100 Copier at Typical Viewing Height. 986 Sliney and Wolbarsht TABLE F-2 LAMP RADIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR XEROX 3100 W... le ....h Spectral Radiance Oce. Med. Ret. Absorp. Blue Haz. Factor Blue Radiance Lum. Eff. Photopic X LX TX 'AX LX'TX'AX RX LX' RX YX LX ·yX (om) (W· crn-2 . sr- I . om-I) (W' cm-2 . sr- I . om-I) (ed' cm-2 . nm- I/680) 400 0.56 0.0 O 0.10 0.056 4 x 104 4 405- 268 om 2.7 0.20 54 0.16 410 0.46 0.05 0.Q2 0.40 0.18 i:~ ~ :8-3 415 0.38 0.084 0.03 0.80 0.31 0.002 420 0.36 0.2 0.07 0.90 0.32 0.004 425 0.36 0.25 0.09 0.95 0.34 0.0065 430 0.53 0.30 0.16 0.98 0.52 0.012 435- 572 0.37 212 1.0 572 0.017 9.72 440 0.87 0.45 0.39 1.0 0.87 0.023 0.Q2 445 1.02 0.71 0.72 0.97 0.99 0.030 0.03 450 1.35 0.58 0.78 0.94 1.27 0.038 0.05 455 1.33 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.19 0.050 0.03 460 1.30 0.62 0.81 0.80 1.04 0.060 0.08 465 2.22 0.64 1.42 0.70 1.55 0.072 0.16 470 5.41 0.65 3.51 0.62 3.35 0.091 0.49 475 12.3 0.66 8.15 0.55 6.79 0.J05 1.29 480 30.0 0.67 20.1 0.45 13.5 0.139 4.17 485 65.3 0.68 44.4 0.40 26.1 0.162 10.6 490 139 0.69 96.1 0.22 30.6 0.208 28.9 495 240 0.70 168 0.16 38.4 0.250 60.0 500 354 0.71 251 0.10 35.4 0.323 114 505 436 0.72 314 0.079 34.4 0.400 174 510 442 0.72 318 0.063 27.8 0.503 222 515 402 0.72 282 0.050 20.1 0.620 249 520 333 0.73 243 0.040 13.3 0.710 236 525 261 0.73 190 0.032 8.34 0.800 209 530 195 0.73 142 0.025 4.87 0.862 168 535 139 0.73 102 0.020 2.78 0.925 129 540 JOI 0.73 73.7 0.016 1.62 0.954 96 545- 424 0.74 314 0.013 5.5 0.980 416 550 47.2 0.74 34.9 omo 0.47 0.995 46.8 555 32.8 0.75 24.6 0.008 0.26 1.0 32.8 560 22.4 0.75 16.8 0.006 0.13 0.995 22.2 565 15.0 0.75 11.2 0.005 0.075 0.97 14.5 570 10.4 0.76 7.87 0.004 0.041 0.95 9.8 575 7.40 0.76 5.62 0.0032 0.024 0.91 6.7 580- 95.4 0.74 70.6 0.0025 0.238 0.87 83.0 585 4.03 0.74 2.98 0.0020 0.008 0.81 3.3 590 3.39 0.73 2.48 0.0016 0.005 0.76 2.6 595 2.83 0.73 2.06 0.0013 0.004 0.71 2.0 600 2.93 0.73 2.14 0.001 0.003 0.63 1.85 605 2.32 0.72 1.67 0.001 0.002 0.58 1.34 610 0.8 0.72 0.59 0.001 <0.001 0.50 0.41 615 - 1005 <0.4 1010 .18 0.095 0.02 o 1015 6.9 0.095 0.66 o 1020 13.6 0.095 1.29 o 1025 21.3 0.097 2.07 o 1030 28.8 0.10 2.8 1035 16.5 0.10 1.65 1040 4.2 0.10 4.2 1045 - 1125 1130 5.6 0.13 0.73 1135 9.7 0.12 1.17 1140 7.5 0.12 0.90 Summations 4680.74 2988.95 908.746 2356.4 Mult. by 5, 23403.7 14944.75 4543.82 11782 - Emission lines of Mercury Data Summary' L s 23.4 mW' cm-2 . sr-1; L(T' A) = 14.9 mW' cm-2 . ,,-1; L(blue) =4.5 mW' crn-2 . sr- I ; Lv =680(.0178_2> Retinal Burn Hazard Factor R = 14.9/23.4 = 0.64 _ -2 -1 =8.01 ed' cm Luminous efficacy ofradiation: K = 8.01 cd . cm 2 10.0234 W' cm . sr = 342 lmfW AppendixG G/ossary of Terms Used in Welding and Biology accommodation - the ability of the eye to adjust focus for various distances aphakia - having no lens in the eye, e.g., after cataract removal aqueous humor - fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye base metal (material) - the metal (material) to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut - see also substrate blepharitis - inflammation of the eyelids blepharospasm - spasm of eyelid muscles blind spot - normal defect in visual field due to position at which optic nerve enters the eye cataract - an opacity (cloudiness) of the lens incipient - any cataract in its early stages, or one which has sectors of opacity with clear spaces intervening congenital- one which originates before birth senile - a hard opacity of the lens occurring in the aged chorioretinitis - inflammation of the choroid and retina choroid - vascular layer adjacent to the retina - its function is to nourish the retina coalescence - the growing together or growth into one body of the materials being welded 987 988 Sliney and Wolbarsht cone, retinal - specialized visual ceH in the retina; the cones are responsible for sharp• ness of vision and color vision conjunctiva - the delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eyebaH constricted arc (plasma arc welding and cutting) - a plasma arc column that is shaped by a constricting nozzle oritice constricting nozzle (plasma arc welding and cutting) - a water cooled copper nozzle surrounding the electrode and containing the constricting oritice constricting oritice (plasma arc welding and cutting) - the hole in the constricting nozzle through which the arc passes contact tube - a device which transfers current to a continuous electrode CO2 welding - see preferred term gas metal arc welding direct current electrode negative - the arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc - see also straight polarity direct current electrode positive - the arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the work is the negative pole and the electrode is the positive pole of the welding arc - see also reverse polarity direct current reverse polarity (DCRP) - see reverse polarity and direct current elec• trode positive direct current straight polarity (DCSP) - see straight polarity and direct current elec• trode negative electrode - arc welding electrode - a component of the welding circuit through which current is conducted between the electrode holder and the arc - see arc welding bare electrode - a tiUer metal electrode consisting of a single metal or aUoy that has been produced into a wire, strip, or bar form and that has had no coating or covering applied to it other than that which was incidental to its manufacture or preservation covered electrode - a composite filIer metal electrode consisting of a core of a bare electrode or metal cored electrode to which a covering sufficient to provide a slag layer on the weld metal has been applied - the covering may cont ain Glossary 989 materials providing such functions asshielding from the atmosphere, deoxida• tion, and arc stabilization and can serve as a source of metallic additions to the weld flux cored electrode - a composite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing ingredients to provide such functions as shielding atmosphere, deoxidation, arc stabilization and slag formation - al• loying materials may be included in the core - external shielding may or may not be used metal cored electrode - a composite fiUer metal electrode consisting of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing alloying ingredients - minor amounts of ingredients providing such functions as arc stabilization and fluxing of oxides may be included - external shielding gas may or may not be used tungsten electrode - a non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding or cutting, made principally of tungsten electrode extension (gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding) - the length of unmelted electrode extending beyond the end of the contact tube during welding electrode holder - a device used for mechanically holding the electrode while con• ducting current to it electrode lead - the electric al conductor between the source of arc welding current and the electrode holder electrode setback (plasma arc welding and cutting) - the distance the electrode is re• cessed behind the constricting orifice measured from the outer face of the nozzle emmetropia - a state of perfect vision etiology - the cause of a disease flash blindness - temporary visual disturbance resulting from viewing an intense light source flux cored arc welding (FCA W) - an arc welding pr-ocess which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (con• sumable) electrode and the work - shielding is provided by a flux contained with• in the tubular electrode - additional shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture - see flux cored electrode flux cored electrode - see electrode 990 Sliney and Wolbarsht fovea - a depression or pit in the center of the macula; it is the area of cIearest vision fundus - the interior surface of a hollow organ, as the retina of the eye fusion - the melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate), or of base metal only, which results in coalescence - see depth of fusion fusion welding - any welding process or method which used fusion to complete the weld gas metal arc welding (GMA W) - an arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consu• mable) electrode and the work - shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture - some methods of this process are called MIG or CO2 welding gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) - an arc welding process which produces coale• scence of metals by heating them with an arc between a tungsten (nonconsu• mable) electrode and the work - shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture - pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used (this process has sometimes been called TIG welding) ground connection - an electric al connection of the welding machine frame to the earth for safety - see also work connection and work lead ground lead - see preferred term work load gun - arc welding gun - in semiautomatic, machine, and automatic welding, a mani• pulating device to transfer current and guide the electrode into the arc - it may include provisions for shielding and arc initiation heat-affected zone - that portion of the base metal which has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering, or cutting inert gas - a gas which does not normally combine chemically with the base metal or filler metal - see also protective atmosphere inert- gas metal arc welding - see preferred term gas metal arc welding inert-gas tungsten arc welding - see preferred term gas tungsten arc welding infrared radiation - electromagnetic energy with wavelengths from 770 nm to 12000 nanometers iritis - inflammation of the iris Glossary 991 irradiance - (E) - radiant flux (radiant power) per unit area incident upon a given surface [units of W/cm2] keratitis - inflammation of the cornea; usually characterized by loss of transparency and dullness keyhole - a technique of welding in which a concentrated heat source penetrates completely through a workpiece forming a hole at the leading edge of the molten weld metal - as the heat source progresses, the. molten metal fills in behind the hole to form the weld bead lens, crystalline - lens of the eye: a transparent biconvex body situated between the anterior chamber (aqueous) and the posterior chamber (vitreous) through which the light rays are further focused on the retina - the cornea provides most of the refractive power of the eye lenticular (adj) - pertaining to the lens of the eye machine welding - welding with equipment which performs the welding operation under the constant observation and control of a welding operator - the equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work - see automatic welding macula - an oval area in the center of the retina devoid of blood vessels; the area most responsible for color vision manual welding - a welding operation performed and controlled completely by hand - see automatic welding, machine welding, and semiautomatic welding MIG welding - see preferred terms gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding miosis - reduction in the size of the pupil molten weld pool - the liquid state of a weld prior to solidification as weld metal nanometer - 10-9 meter, preferred unit for wavelength in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectral region nontransferred arc (plasma arc welding and cutting, and thermal spraying) - an arc established between the electrode and the constricting nozzle - the workpiece is not in the electrical circuit - see transferred arc nozzle - a device which directs shielding media opacity - the condition ofbeing nontransparent, a cataract 992 Sliney and Wolbarsht open-circuit voltage - the voltage between the output terminals of the welding machine when no current is flowing in the welding circuit ophthalmologlst - a medical practitioner specilizing in the medical and surgical care ofthe eyes ophthalmoscopy, direct - the observation of an upright mirrored image of the inte• rior of the eye through the use of an ophthalmoscope ophthalmoscopy, indirect - the observation of an inverted image of the interior of the eye optic disc - the portion of the optic nerve within the eye which is formed by the meeting of an the retinal nerve fibers at the level of the retina orbit - the cavity in the skull which contains the eyeball orifice gas (plasma arc welding and cutting) - the gas that is directed into the torch to surround the electrode - it becomes ionized in the arc to form the plasma, and issues from the orifice in the torch nozzle as the plasma jet orifice throat length (plasma arc welding and cutting) - the length of the constricting orifice parent metal - see preferred term base metal photophobia - abnormal sensitivity to and discomfort from light pigment epithelium - a layer of cells in the retina containing pigment granules pilot arc (plasma arc welding) - a low current continuous arc between the electrode and the constricting nozzle to ionize the gas and facilitate the start of the main welding arc plasma - a gas that has been heated to an at least partially ionized condition, en• abling it to con duct an electric current plasma arc cutting (PAC) - an arc cutting process which severs metal by melting a localized area with a constricted arc and removing the molten material with a high velocity jet of hot, ionized gas issuing from the orifice plasma arc welding (PAW) - an arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with a constricted arc between an electrode and the work• piece (transferred arc) or the electrode and the constricting nozzle (nontransfer• red arc) - shielding is obtained from the hot, ionized gas issuing from the orifice which may be supplemented by an auxiliary source of shielding gas - shielding gas Glossary 993 may be an inert gas or a mixture of gases - pressure may or may not be used, and fiUer metal may or may not be supplied plenum (plasma arc welding and cutting, and thermal spraying) - the space between the inside wall of the constricting nozzle and the electrode polarity - see direct current electrode negative, direct current electrode positive, straight polarity, and reverse polarity pterygium - a growth of the conjunctiva considered to be due to a degenerative pro• cess caused by long continued irritation as from exposure to wind, dust, and possibly to ultraviolet radiation puddle - see preferred term molten weld pool pupi! - the opening at the center of the iris of the eye for the transmission of light - the pupi! size varies from 2 mm to 8 mm radiance - g-) -radiant flux (power) output per unit solid angle per unit aTea [units ofW/cm . srl retina - the innermost coat of the posterior part of the eyeball, surrounding the vi• treous body and responsible for vision sc1era - the tough, white, protective coat of the eye scotoma - a blind or partially blind area in the visual field semiautomatic arc welding - arc welding with equipment which controls only the fiUer metal feed - the advance of the welding is manually controlled shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) - an arc welding process which produces coale• scence of metals by heating them with an arc between a cover~d metal electrode and the work - shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering - pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode shielding gas - protective gas used to prevent atmospheric contamination slit-Iamp - an instrument producing a slender beam of light for illuminating any rea• sonably transparent structure, as the cornea, or lens stick electrode - see electrode: covered electrode stick electrode welding - see preferred term shielded metal arc welding stickout - see preferred term electrode extension 994 Sliney and Wolbarsht strabismus - squint; failure of the two eyes simultaneously to direct their gaze at the same object because of muscle imbalance straight polarity - the arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc - a synonym for direct current electrode negative substrate - any base material to which a thermal sprayed coating or surfacing weld is applied tear film - microscopically thin lipid film which constantly bathes cornea torch - see preferred terms welding torch, cutting torch, spray torch transferred arc (plasma arc welding) - a plasma arc established between the electrode and the workpiece tungsten electrode - see electrode: tungsten electrode vision, photopic - vision attributed to cone function characterized by the ability to discriminate colors and small detail; daylight vision vision, scotopic - vision attributed to rod function characterized by the lack of abi• lity to discriminate colors and small detail and effective primarily in the detec• tion of movement and low luminous intensities - night vision visual acuity - ability of the eye to sharply perceive the shape of objects in the direct line of vision visual axis - the central line of gaze visual cortex - final station of visual impulses in the brain; sensory area of brain re• sponsible for vision visual field - the area of physical space visible to an eye in a given position vitreous or vitreous body - transparent, colorless mass of soft gelatinous material filling the posterior chamber of the eyeball (behind the lens) weld - a localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced either by heating the materials to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler welder - one who performs a manual or semiautomatic welding operation (some• times erroneously used to denote a welding machine) Glossary 995 welding - a materials joining process used in making welds (see the Master Chart of Welding and Allied Processes) welding current - the current in the welding circuit during the making of a weld - in resistance welding, the current used during a preweld or postweld interval is ex• cluded welding electrode - see preferred term electrode welding generator - a generator used for supplying current for welding welding ground - see preferred term work connection welding head - the part of a welding machine or automatic welding equipment in which a welding gun or torch is incorporated welding leads - the work lead and electrode lead of an arc welding circuit welding machine - equipment used to perform the welding operation - for example, spot welding machine, arc welding machine, seam welding machine, etc. welding operator - one who operates machine or automatic welding equipment welding procedure - the detailed methods and practices includ ing alI joint welding procedures involved in the production of a weldment - see joint welding proce• dure welding processes - a materials joining process which produces coalescence of ma• terials by heating them to suitable temperatures, with or without the applica• tion of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler metal (see the Master Chart ofWelding and Allied Processes) welding retifier - a device in a welding machine for converting altemating current to direct current welding rod - a form of fiUer metal used for welding or brazing which does not con• duct the electrical current welding tip - a welding torch tip designed for welding welding torch - a device used in oxyfuel gas welding or torch brazing for mixing and controlling the flow of gases welding transformer - a transformer used for supplying current for welding - see also reactor (arc welding) 996 Sliney and Wolbarsht welding wire - see preferred terms electrode and welding rod weld metal - that portion of a weld which has been melted du ring welding weld metal area - the area of the weld metal as measured on the cross section of a weld weldor - see preferred term welder wire feed speed - the rate of speed in mm/s or in/min at which a flUer metal is con• sumed in arc welding or thermal spraying wire straightener - a device used for controlling the cast of coiled wire to enable it to be easily fed into the gun work connection - the connection of the work lead to the work work lead - the electric conductor between the source of arc welding current and the work AppendixH Sources of US GOllernment Publications Many publications of US Government Agencies are referenced in this text• in the US these are available at cost from NTIS, Springfield, Va. NTIS has established a worldwide network of agents from whom NTIS docu• ments can be obtained. If you are ordering from one of the eight countries speci• fied below, you must order from the applicable NTIS agent; orders sent direct1y to NTIS will be returned. Prices of NTIS publications may vary with each agent. It is therefore recommended that you first contact your agent before ordering. If you are ordering from countries other than the eight specified, you may send your order to NTIS in the United States. Payment is required in US currency. If you order from: England Microinfo Ud. Ireland The Post House Scot1and High Street Wales Alton, Hampshire GU34 IES England The Netherlands NTIS Nederland Intermediair Postbus 3842 1000/AT Amsterdam The Netherlands Japan Mitsubishi Research Institute 8-1, Yuraku-Cho I-Chome Chivoda-Ku Tokyo 100 Japan 997 998 Sliney and Wolbarsht Btazil Nucleo de Informacoes Technologicas Barroslearn Producoef Didaticas Uda Rua 24 de Maio, 62 Caixa Postal 6182 01000 Sao Paula - S.P. Brazil Mexico INFOTEC/CONACYT Division NTIS Aptdo. Posta119-194 Mexico 12, D. F. Mexico-19, D. F. AlI other countries National Technica1 Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161 U.S.A. You may now use Visa or Master Charge for purchases from the Superinten• dent of Documents, Government Printing Oftice, Washington, DC 20402. Include your credit card number, Master Charge Interbank number and expiration date (month and year) with each order. Appendixl Hammer Safety HAMMER SAFETY By Richard C. Honey, Ph.D. Reprinted from: Journal of Occupational Medicine, 10:245-246, May 1968, American Medical Occupational Association, 150 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. With permission. In developing codes of safe practice one often loses perspective of the relative magnitude of the hazard in question in relation to other hazards encountered in every day life. A number of articles have appeared in recent years to point out the problems when this perspective is lost. The best of those on Laser Safety was written by Dr. Richard Honey of Stanford Research Institute and is reprinted in part below. Dr. Honey was intimately concerned with the development of laser safety standards and from his experiences he distilled the following model code for the safe use of hammers. Although Dr. Honey's style is definitely "tongue-in-cheek", he neverthe• less captures the exaggerated concern of some early laser standards formulators who felt that the only "safe" laser was one lacking emission. I would like to describe today a series of experiments that we have conducted over the past two and one-half years on the hazards of the hammer. We have found that those instruments, so long a household item, have unsuspected dangers asso• ciated with their use. To wit, biologic tissue that has been struck with the hammer is subject to a rapid series of compression and decompression waves that are reflected and refracted through adjacent tissues in a manner that results in damage, and in ex• treme cases, to the destruction and death of the tissue. This sensitivity to damage has gone wholly undetected and even unsuspected for years. In a series of experiments utilizing 2,571 mice, of which 1,321 were tested and 1,250 were controls, it was found that the destruction of tissue resulting from a hammer blow to the back of the cranial cavities of the experimental animals resulted in the deaths of 100% of the experimental animals, while 99.44% of the control mice survived. AlI of the experimental animals had identical portions of the epider• mis on their cranial cavities exposed by careful shaving of alI protective hair covering from the area. Although the statistics resulting from the data reported above were quite startling, and quite convincing, nevertheless, it was felt that further investigation of the experimental results was necessary to determine, if possible, whether or not any 999 1000 Sliney and Wolbarsht uncontrolled variables had inf1uenced the data. Therefore, autopsies were performed on aU 2,571 mice. It was found that intracranial hemorrhages had occurred in alI the tested animals; none had occurred in the controls. The deaths of the animals were at• tributed primarily to these hemorrhages. Upon careful examination, it was found that the seven deaths in the control group of 1,250 mice cou1d be attributed to un• related causes. Three deaths were the result of uncontrolled infections due to slight cuts in the cranial cavity. The other four deaths were from uI1determined causes• although it was surmised that they may have been due to old age since the experi• ment extended over a much greater period of time than originalIy estimated. A check of the birth records of alI mice involved indicated that these four mice were among the oldest in the entire group of control mice. Therefore, it must be concluded that the hammer has some serious hazards associated with its use that have not been fully appreciated in the past-hazards that may limit the further extension of its use in the construction industry. However, rea• lizing that the hammer has an enviable record and shows great promise as a means of expeditiously driving nails into wood, and that this is an essential element in the home construction industry, the folIowing recommendations have been devised to insure the continued safe use of the hammer: 1. Never subject biologic tissue to a direct impact from a hammer. 2. AlI hammers should be contained within some suitable shield so that unin• formed personnel who may be working or passing through an area cannot be injured by accidental exposures. Signs should be posted waming alI persons that hazards exist within the room. 3. Some audible or visual signal should be used to indicate that a hammer is to be used. This waming should not call attention to the hammer, but rather away from it. 4. Flesh or biologic tissue should not be used as a detector for hammer blows. This is especially true since rebounds are difficult to predict and can make off-axis observation as dangerous as on-axis observation. 5. Operate the hammers whenever possible in well lighted rooms. This will keep the pupil of the eye small and, thus, provide more acute vision, and greater depth-of-field. 6. Look away or close the eyes during the count-down before the firing signal to avoid any possible rebound if the procedure dictates the use of an un• shielded hammer. 7. If the hammer is to be used over distances greater than the length of an enclosed room, special precautions must be used to prevent accidental exposure to persons who may find themselves in the path. Hammers can do damage at distances up to several hundred feet depending on the conditions. A curious bystander can receive serious injury. 8. Any accident involving persistent pain should be reported immediately for medical attention. 9. The screens used for hammer demonstrations should be thick, soft and absorbent. Every precaution should be taken to prevent any type of rebound from hard, smooth surfaces during such a demonstration. 10. Protective mats (straight-jackets) should be provided for personnel protec• tion. Some jackets protect against only certain types of hammers and must be Hammer Safety 1001 selected to match their design characteristics with the characteristics of the hammer. Some jackets may Iose their protective ability after an initial exposure, and must be checked to assure that they retain adequate protective characteristics. Il. Keep left hand in pocket during countdown. If the experimental design does not permit this, fold left thumb out of point of impact. Although it is realized that the experiments described above do not encom• pass alI of the important cases, it is felt that these preliminary results were suffi• ciently alarming to warrant publication before the remaining data is accumulated. Detailed recordings of typical pressure waves that propagate throughout the cranial cavity during the course of an experiment have been obtained. This was achieved using transducers implanted into the cranial cavity of the experimental animal prior to an experiment. The outputs of the transducers were recorded on high-frequency oscillographs, and it is felt that the records are accurate up to the precise moment when the hammer contacted each transducer during the course of each experiment. Experiments in progress and planned for the future include: 1. In situ measurements with mice: Tests with mi ce from which no hair will be removed from the back of the cranial cavity, and no artificial constraints will be utilized to hold the mice in a fixed position. Some observers have felt that the holding devices may have killed the experimental animals. Unfortunately, the con• trol mice in the reported experiment were not tested in the same holding device to test their survival rate. A special technician has been in training for the past four months, and has so refined the technique that he can strike a uniform hammer blow to the back of the cranial cavities of mice on the run with a 99.8% probability of success. 2. In situ measurements with monkeys: A similar series of experiments is planned using rhesus monkeys, sin ce they have cranial cavities that more nearly re• semble human cranial cavities. However, the training of a technician for this task has met with unexpected difficulties. Unless the rhesus monkeys have been suitably tranquilized, they can dodge any hammer blow administered even by the most agile technician tested to date. In fact, some of the slower technicians have been the victims of aggressive counter attacks by the rhesus monkey. AII have survived to date, however. The care fuI training of one of the rhesus monkeys to perform this task is in progress. 3. In situ measurements with humans: Human volunteers have been soli• cited through the medical profession to contribute to this important project. Since these will be voluntary patients, it is not anticipated that any special holding devices will be required for them. Furthermore, the tests will begin immediately with unshaved specimens since it will more nearly approximate the hazard situa• tion that exists in reallife. Author Index Aaberg, T.M. [Machemer et al.] 788 American National Standards Institute 1, Abbott, C. E. [Dalziei et al] Chapter 28 Chapter 8, Chapter 9, Chapter 10, Abel, L. A. Chapter 20 515,542,572, Chapter 18, Chapter Adams, D. O. Chapter 4 [Adams et al.] 236 19,Chapter20,845,847,862,879, Adams, R. M. Chapter 27 880, Chapter 27 Adhav, R. S. Chapter 15 American Society for Testing and Materials Adler, F. H72, 77 (ASTM) Chapter 24 Agarwal, L. P. 202 Ames, A. E. [Bird et al] Chapter 12 Albrecht, R. [Noell and Albrecht] 134, Andelin, J. P., Jr. [Title et al.] Chapter 11 [Noell and Albrecht] Chapter 6, Anderson, F. A. Chapter 7 [Noell and Albrecht] Chapter 7 Anderson, R. R. [parrish et al] 174 Alcarez, E. C. [Livingston et al.] Chapter 13 [Parrish et al] Chapter 10 Alcock, A. J. [Walker and Alcock] Chapter Anderson, W. J. 549,550 11 Andreou, D. Chapter 11 Alexander, R. W. Chapter 26 Andrews,J. R. [Lawton and Andrews] Allen, L. Chapter 2 Chapter 11 Allen R. E. [Bartoli et al.] Chapter 11 Anglin, J. H., Jr. [Everett et al] Chapter 5 [Kruer et al.] Chapter 11 Angstrom, A. K. 449 Allen, R. G. [Gibbons and Allen] Chapter 4 Arams, F. R. [Melchior et al] Chapter 11 [Gibbons and Allen] 238 [Gibbons Armstrong, C. E. 509 and Allen] 510 Arnaud, J. A. Chapter 2, 369 Altemeier, W. A. [Goldman et al] Chapter Arndt, K. A. [Fitzpatrick et al] Chapter 3 17 Arnold, G. P. [Greiner et al] Chapter 11 Altman, J. H. Chapter 12 Arnulf, A. 85 Altobelli, K. K. [Hemstreet et al.] 245 Asakura, T. [Yoshida and Asakura] 394 Alvarado, J. A. [Hogan, Alvarado and Ash, G. S. Chapter 22 Waddell] 71 Ashby, L. Chapter 10 AMA Council on Physical Medicine Chapter ASPEN Systems Corporation Center for 10 . Compliance Information Chapter 27 American Conference of Governmental In• Auth, D. C. [Gulacsik et al] 577, Chapter dustrial Hygienists Chapter 1, 170, 17 Chapter 8, 221, Chapter 9, 337,499, Avizonis, P. V. Chapter 12 Chapter 19, Chapter 24, 900, 903, 907,910 Bachem, A. 113, Chapter 5 American Heart Association Chapter 28 Badger, H. L. [McSparron et al.] Chapter 17 American Industrial Hygiene Association Bailey, N. A. Chapter 17 Chapter 27 Baker, B. N. [Williams and Baker] 134 American Medical Association Department Baker, D. J. [Gardiner et al] Chapter 12 of Environmental Publicity and Occu• Baker, D. W. [Harding and Baker] Chapter pational Health Chapter 24 17 1003 1004 Sliney and Wolbarsht Baker, H. J. Chapter 11 Bennett, A. P. Chapter 24 Bali, R. J. [Bart1ey and Bali] Chapter 4 Beran, M. Chapter 2, 425 Bames, F. S. 132 Berger, D. 172,330,454, Chapter 23 Barstow, F. E. [Edgerton and Barstow] 752 Berggvist, T. Chapter 4 Bartho1omew, R. V. [Thursby et al.] 543 Bemstein, H. N. [Bemstein et al] Chapter 4 Bart1ey, D. L. 822 Berry, C. Z. [Dahling et al] Chapter 16 Bart1ey, S. H. Chapter 4 Berry, F. [Herreman et al.] Chapter 19 Bartoli, F. Chapter 11 [Kruer et al] Chapter Berry, E. R. [Geeraets and Berry] 87 11 [Geeraets and Berry] 89 [Geeraets Bason, F. C. [Sliney, Bason and Freasier] and Berry] 118 [Geeraets and Berry] 353 [Sliney et al] Chapter 11 [Sliney 119 [Geeraets and Berry] 120 [Geer• et al] Chapter 14 [Sliney et al.] aets and Berry] 121 [Geeraets and Chapter 19 [Sliney et al] 776 Berry] Chapter 24 Basov, N. G. Chapter 2 Berson, E. L. Chapter 6 Bates, C. C. Chapter 24 Bettelheim, F. A. [Bettelheim and Kumbar] Bates, C. E. [Wren et al.] 557 [Wren et al.] Chapter 3 558 Biekford, E. D. [Levin et al] Chapter 22 Bauer, G. Chapter 11, Chapter 14,538 Chapter 22 Baum, W. A. Chapter 22 Bird, G. R. Chapter 12 Baumann, C. A. [Ruseh, Kline and Bau• Birky, M. M. Chapter 12 mann] 175 Bimbaum, G. Chapter 11 Beatriee, E. S. [Friseh et al.] 102 [Friseh, Bimbaum, M. Chapter 11 Beatriee and Holst] 104 [Friseh, Bea• Bimgruber, R. [Gabe1 et al.] 120 [Gabel, triee and Holsen] 130, 132 [Zwiek Bimgruber and Hillenkamp] 127, et al.] 137 [Adams et al] Chapter 4, Chapter 4 [Hillenkamp et al] Chapter 233 [Adams eta/.] 236 [Zwiek and 4 [Waliow et al.] Chapter 7 Beatriee] 237 [Beatriee and Friseh] Bitt, S. [Bitt et al] Chapter 2 238 [Stuek et al.] 244 [Stuek et al.] Bixler, H. A. [Speneer and Bixler] 538 245 [Friseh et al.] Chapter 7 [Stuek [Speneer and Bixler] 543 et al] Chapter 8, Chapter 13 B1abla, J. 594 Bebie, H. [van der Zypen et al.] 143 Blaekmon, W. Chapter 11 Beck, G. Chapter 11 BlaekweU, H. R. [Fry et al] Chapter 4 Beek, W. C. 747, Chapter 23 [Bredemeyer et al] 218 Beek1und [Williams and Beck1und] Chapter Blais, B. R. [Marlor et al] Chapter 6 2 Blaneard, P. 509 Beeklund, O. A. [Williams and Beek1und] Blankenship, E. A. [Wiek et al.] Chapter 12 Chapter 14 Blevin, W. R. Chapter 11 BedeU, R. B. [Adams et al.] Chapter 4 Bloek, W. H. Chapter 11 [Adams et al.] 236 Blonk, K. [Blaneard et al] 509 Behrendt, T. [Clarke and Behrendt] 202 Bloom, A. L. Chapter 12 [Clarke and Behrendt] 203 B1um, H. F. 172 Beiser, L. Chapter 20 Bode, H. G. Chapter 5 Bekshaw, A. Va. [Grimblatov et al] Chapter Boettner, E. A. 107, 118, 119 [Boettner 12 and Wolter] 119, 121, Chapter 4, BeU, L. [Verhoeff, BeU and Walker] 117 Chapter 7 [Verhoeff, Ben and Walker] 137 [Ver• Boivin, L. P. Chapter 11 hoeff, BeU and Walker] 147 Boogaard, J. [Munnik and Boogaard] 119 BeU, W. E. [Sinclair and BeU] Chapter 2 [Vos et al] Chapter 4 [Sinclair and BeU] Chapter 12 Borish, 1. M. 549,550 Benary, V. [Riva et al.] 584 Borkman, R. F. [Kurzel et al] 115 [Lerman Benedek, G. B. 67 et al] Chapter 4 BeneI, P. 193 Bodand, R. B. [Borland et al] 148 Author Index 1005 Borland, R. G. 233, 235, 239 Bumett, N. H. [Offerberger et al.] Chapter Bom, M. Chapter 2, Chapter 23 11 Borwein, B. 106 Bumham, D. C. Chapter 12 Bostrom, R. G. 341 Bumham, R. [Eden et al] Chapter 2 Bourzina, S. [Thoss and Bourzina] Chapter Bums, W. Chapter 27 3 Burt, J. E. Chapter 14 Boyd, G. D. [Boyd and Gordon] Chapter 12 Buser, R. G. Chapter 13 Boyden, D. G. [Marlor et al.] Chapter 6 Butler, J. K. [Kressel and Butler] Chapter [Curtin and Boyden] Chapter 15,486 11 [Curtin and Boyden] 509 Buzawa, M. J. [Hopkins and Buzawa] Boyne, H. S. 370 Chapter 20 Boynton, R. M. Chapter 4 Byer, R. L. [Roundy et al.] Chapter 11 Bradley, D. J. 367 Bredemeier, H. [Campbell et al.] 148 [Stel- Cain, C. P. Chapter 4 Iar et al.] Chapter 17 Ca1kins, J. L. [Hochheimer and Calkins] Bredemeyer, A. [Bredemeyer et al.] 218 751,787,Chapter23 Bredemeyer, H. G. [Bredemeyer etal.] 218 Campbell, C. J. 148 Brennan, D. H. [Borland et al.] 148 [Bor- Campbell, D. L. Chapter 24 land et al.] 233 [Borland et al.] 235 Campbell, F. W. [Westheimer and Campbell] [Borland et al.] 239, Chapter 26 85 [Campbell and Green] 85 [Camp• Bresler, R. R. Chapter 22 bell and Gubisch] 85 [Westheimer and Bresnick, G. H. Chapter 4 [Bresnick et al.] Campbell] Chapter 4 219,230,231 [Lund et aL] 240 Campbell, J. H. Chapter 22 Bridger, J. M. [Saunders et al.] Chapter 14 Carlson, F. P. Chapter 2, 400 Bridges, J. M. 733 Carman, R. L. [Thomas et al.] Chapter 11 Bridges, T. J. Chapter 11 Bridges, Carothers, M. L. [Sliney et al] 335, [Sliney Bridges, W. G. 407 et al.] 369 [Sliney et al.] 445 Briffa, D. V. Chapter 22 Carpenter, J. A. 219 Brinton, H P. [Dreessen et al.] Chapter 24 Carter, A. O. [Morley and Carter] 924 Bristow, M. P. F. Chapter 11 Carter, T. J. Chapter 24 British Standards Institute Chapter 16, Carver, C. [Lund et al.] 240 Chapter 18 Case, W. E. [Geist et al.] Chapter 11 Brooks, J. 162 [Schmidt et al. ] Chapter 5 Castren, J. A. Chapter 28 [Schmidt et al.] Chapter 6 Cavonius, D. R. Chapter 4, Chapter 7 Brown, D. J. [Randall, Brown and Sloan] 90 Champagne, L. F. [Eden et al.] Chapter 2 Brown, J. L. 139 Chan, G. [Geeraets et al] 120 Brownell, A. S. 168,240 Chang, C. [Trosko and Chang] 227 Bruce,W.R. [Skeenetal.] 219 [Skeen Chang, H. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 4 et al., b] 219 [ Skeen et al., a and b] Chang, T. Y. [Bridges et al.] Chapter 11 244 [Hemstreet et al.] 245 [Skeen Charbonneau, D. G. [Dobrowolski et al] et al., a and b] 245 [Ward and Bruce] 556 Chapter 7 [Skeen et al.] 280 Charlton, D. Chapter 20 Buck, A. L. Chapter 13 Charschan, S. S. Chapter 2, Chapter 15, Bucker, H. Chapter 5 609,862 Buckler, M. J. 644 Chatterjee, A. 211 Buettner, K. 162, 165 Cheng, S. S. [Runge and Cheng] Chapter 20 Burch, D. E. Chapter 13 Cheo, P. K. [Bridges et al.] Chapter 11 Burch, J. M. [Burch and Gates] Chapter 17 Chemov, L. A. Chapter 13 Bureau of Radiological Health (BRH) 1, 597 Chester, J. E. [Lund et al.] 240 Burkes, W. T. [Mayyasi et al.] Chapter 4 Chestnut, R. W. [Kourvenhoven et al.] Burkhart, J. [Geeraets et al.] Chapter 4 Chapter 28 [Geeraets, Burkhart and Guerry] 237 Chianta, M. A. [Sto11 and Chianta] 557 1006 Sliney and Wolbarsht Chick, E. W. [Hudnell and Chick] Chapter 4 Connolly, J. S. [Zuclich and Connolly] 109 Chin, S. L. [Girard et al.] Chapter 15 [Hemstreet et al.] 245 Ching, F. C. Chapter 6 Considine, P. S. 128, Chapter 4 Chisum, G. T. 139,140 Coogan, P. S. 79, 120 [Lappin and Coogan] Choo, T. S. Chapter 24 134 [Lappin and Coogan] 219 [Lap• Christensen [Kaufman and Christensen] 704 pin and Coogan] 236 [Lappin and [Kaufman and Christensen] 705 Coogan] 238 [Kaufman and Christensen] 708 Cook,R. B. 539,543 [Kaufman and Christensen] 712 Cooper, B. [Jacobson and co-workers] 146 [Kaufman and Christensen] 768 Cope, F. W. Chapter 7 Churchkova, M. 450 Cordes, F. D. 206 Claesson, S. Chapter 5 Cornsweet, T. N. Chapter 3 Clark, A. M. [Moon et al.] 237 [Geeraets Cortorillo, S. F. [Thouret et al] Chapter and Clarke] Chapter 22 22 Clark, B. A. H. 826 Cotton, G. [Machta et al.] 191 Clark, C. Chapter 5 Coulson, K. L. Chapter 6 Clark, G. W. [Levin et al.] Chapter 22 Council on Physical Medicine Chapter 22 Clark, G. W. [Bickford et al.] Chapter 22 Cram, L. S. [Mullaney et al.] 584 Clark, 1. M. [McKinlay et al.] Chapter 22 Crawford, B. H. 69 [Stiles and Crawford] Clark, J. H. Chapter 10 92 [Stiles and Crawford] 93 [Stiles Clark, W. H. Jr. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter and Crawford] 118 3 Crescitelli, F. Chapter 21 Clarke, A. M. [Ham et al.] 134 [Ham et al.] Cripps, D. J. 172, 176 135 [Hametal.] 137 [Moonetal.] Crissman, H. A. [Mullaney et al.] 584 137,202,203 [Hametal.] 219 Crockett, S. [Lawwill et al.] 134 [Lawwill [Ham et al.] 237,242 [Ham et al.] et al.] 136 [Lawwill et al] 137 594 [Lawwill et al.] 238 Clayton, F. E. [Clayton and Clayton] Chap• Crookes, Sir William 542 ter 27 Cuff, K. F. [Emmons et al.] Chapter 11 Clayton, G. D. Chapter 27 Cullen, A. P. [Pitts, Cullen and Hacker] Cleary, S. F. 132 [Ham et al.] Chapter 4 110 [Pitts and Cullen] 113 [Pitts, [Ham et al.] 219 [Ham et al.] 237 Cullen and Hacker] 114 [Ham et al.] 594 Cumin, B. Chapter 11 Clifford, S. F. Chapter 13 Cunningham, L. [Thorington et al.] Chap• Cloud, T. M. Chapter 4 ter 22 Coakley, J. M. [Bostrom and Coakley] 341 Currier, G. [Lawwill et al] 134 [Lawwill [Peterson et al.] Chapter 11, 445 et al] 136 [ Lawwill et al.] 137 [Envall et al.] 525 [Envall et al.] 528 [ Lawwill et al.] 238 Cobb, S. Chapter 4 Curtin, T. L. Chapter 15,486,509 Coblentz, W. W. 172,330,542, Chapter 24 Curtis, J. [Bernstein et al] Chapter 4 Cochrane, A. L. [Wallace and colleagues] Cushman, W. H. Chapter 4 147 Cutchen, J. T. [Harris and Cutchen] 543 Cogan, D. G. [Cogan and Kinsey] 110,111, Cylus, L. [Willis and Cylus] Chapter 5 112, 202 [Kinsey et al.] Chapter 24 Cole, C. [Forbes et al.] Chapter 22 Dabbert, W. F. 423, 429 Coleman, L. W. [Thomas et al.] Chapter 11 D'Agati, A. P. [McClatehey and D'Agati] Collins, B. A. [MacNichol et al.] 137 Chapter 13 Combs, G. F., Jr. 252 Dahlberg, J. A. Chapter 24 Commission International de l'Eclairage 19, Dahling, R. F. Chapter 16 20,55,525, Chapter 20, 694 Dall' Acqua, F. [Pathak et al.] Chapter 4 Committee on Photobiology 737 Dallas, A. G. [Bresnick et al.] Chapter 4 Committee on Light Sources of the IES [Bresnick et al.] 219 [Bresnick et al.] Chapter 22 230 [Bresnick et al.] 231 Author Index 1007 D'Aloisio, L. [Forbes et al.] Chapter 22 Dickson, L. D. 397 Dalzie1, C. F. 917, 198, Chapter 28 Diffey, B. L. 193 Danie1s, F., JI. Chapter 5 [Johnson and Dimitroff, J. M. [Jacquez et al] 165 Danie1s] Chapter 5 [J ohnson et al.] DIN Chapter 10 Chapter 5 Ditchbum, R. W. Chapter 2,79,524 Dankovic, D. [Boettner and Dankovic] Dixon, E. M. Chapter 26 Chapter 4 [Boettner and Dankovic] Djeu, N. [Eden et al.] Chapter 2 Chapter 7 Dobrowo1ski, J. A. 556 D'Anna, S. [Hochheimer et al.] Chapter 23 Doda, D. D. [Garrisson et al.] 192 Dannheim, F. 143 Donohue, D. [Eden et al.] Chapter 2 Daroff, R. B. [Abel et al.] Chapter 20 Doran, C. K. [Everett et al] Chapter 5 Daugherty, J. D. [Jacob et al.] Chapter 11 Doss, T. T. [A vizonis et al.] Chapter 12 Davidoff, R. A. Chapter 4 Doug1as, C. A. [McSparron et al.] Chapter Davidson, S. Chapter 4 17 Davies, J. M. 163, Chapter 6 Dowdy, C. [Herreman et al.] Chapter 19 Davies, J. R. Chapter 4 Doxey,B.C.618,619 Davies, R. E. [Berger, Urbach and Davies] Doy1e, W. M. 357,358, 359 172 [Berger et al.] 330 [Forbes et Dratz, E. A. [Katz et al.] Chapter 4 al.] Chapter 22 [Stone et al.] Chapter 4 Davis,T.P.164,594 Dressen, W. C. Chapter 11 Davson, H. 98 Dreffner, R. Chapter 19 Decker, C. D. Chapter 15,893,894 Drinker, P. [Kinsey et al] Chapter 24 Dedrick, K. G. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter Drurnmond, A. J. Chapter 11 [Angstrom 4 [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 7 [Vas• and Drummond] 449 siliadis et al.] Chapter 10 Dud1ey, W. W. 44 DeGroot, A. J. [Smith et al.] 393 Duggar, B. C. [Williams and Duggar] 543 de Groot, S. G. 69, Chapter 4 Duguay, M. A. Chapter 11 Deitz, P. H. 423, 424 [Livingston et al.] Duke-E1der, S. 68,143,146,147,830 Chapter 13 Du1ey, W. W. Chapter 19 Delis1e, C. [Girard et al.] Chapter 15 Dunkelman, L. [Baum and Dunke1man 1 de la C1aviere, B. [Amaud et al.] 396 Chapter 22 Dell'Osso, L. F. [Abel et al.] Chapter 20 Dunn, K. L. 147 De1melle, M. Chapter 4 Dunsky,LL.219,238 [Ebbersand OeI Valle, P. F. [Sliney et al.] Chapter 9 Dunsky] 245 [Ebbers and Dunsky] [Sliney et al.] Chapter 15 [Marshall Chapter 7, Chapter 21 et al.] 811 [Marshall et al.] g22 Dunster, J. Chapter 10 [Marshall et al.] 823 [Marshall et Dunt1ey, S. O. [Edwards et al.] Chapter 5 al.] 825 [Marshall et al.] 826 Dupuy, O. [Arnu1f and Dupuy] 85 [Marshall et al.] 828 [Marshall et al.] 835 [Marshall et al.] 845 [Marshall Eaglesfie1d, C. C. Chapter 2 et al,] 847 [Lyon et al.] 811 [Lyon Earl, F. L. [Bemstein et al.] Chapter 4 et al.] 816 [Lyon et al.] 835 [Lyon Ebbers, R. W. 114,245, Chapter 7 et al.] 847 [Thursby et al.] 543 Denault, G. C. [Spencer et al.] Chapter 13 Eberle, W. J. [Smith et al.] Chapter 25 Dennis, J. E. [Smith and Dennis] 633 Eberli, B. [Riva et al.] 584 Department ofthe Air Force Chapter 1 Eby, J. Chapter 22 Department ofthe Army Chapter 1 Ecc1es, J. C. 206, 794 Derzko, Z. [Wese1ey and Derzko] 423 Eckerle, K. L. Chapter 14 Devore, R. K. 822 Edebrooke, C. M. Chapter 24 Dewan, E. M. Chapter 4 Eden, G. Chapter 2 Dewey, H. J. [Geist et al.] Chapter 11 Edgerton, H. E. 752 Dezenburg, G. J. Chapter 27 Edwards, E. Chapter 5 Dickinson, A. B. Chapter 22 Edmunds, H. D. 644 1008 Sliney and Wolbarsht Edwards, J. G. Chapter 11 Feke,G. T. [Riva et al.] 584 Egbert,D.E.79,240,254 Fender, D. H. Chapter 3, Chapter 15, Ehrenkranz, T. E. Chapter 28 Chapter 18 Eisen, A. Z. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 3 Ferris, L. P. Chapter 28 Electronic Industries Association Chapter 9 Ferry, J. J. Chapter 24 Elenbaa, W. Chapter 14 Feyman, R. P. Chapter 2 Elgin, S. [Cavonius et al.] Chapter 4 Fidler, J. P. [Goldman et al.] Chapter 17 [Cavonius et al.] Chapter 7 Fife, W. A. [Dunsky et al.] Chapter 21 Ellenbass, W. 33, Chapter 22 Findlay, G. H. Chapter 5 Ellingson, O. L. Chapter 11 Findley, G. B. [Green et al.] Chapter 5 Elterman, L. Chapter 13 Fine, B. S. [MacKeen et al.] Chapter 4 Elterman, P. B. Chapter 17 [Tso et al] Chapter 4, 240 Emmett, E. A. 801, Chapter 24 [Horstman Fine, S. [MacKeen et al.] Chapter 4 et al.] Chapter 24 Finkelstein, N. [Edwards et al] Chapter 5 Emmons, R. B. Chapter 11 Finley, R. D. [Young and Finley] Chapter 6 Emsley, H. H. 98 Finney, D. J. 232 Eng, J. [Dobrowolski et al.] 556 Firester, A. H. [Gorog et al.] 45, 396 English, P. E. Chapter 24 Fischer, F. P. 146 English, W. P. Chapter 24 Fisher,E.175 Engstrom R. W. Chapter 11,418,419 Fisher, M. B. [Melchior et al] Chapter 11 Enroth-Cugell, C. [Robson and Enroth- Fishlock, D. Chapter 2 Cugell) Chapter 21 Fite, K. V. Chapter 21 Entwhistle, H. 839 Fitzpatrick, T. B. Chapter 3 [Parrish et al.] Envall, K. R. 525,528,744 Chapter 4 [Pathak et al.] Chapter 4 Eppers, W. Chapter 13 174,177,178,179 [Parrishetal.] Epstein, D. [Tengroth and Epstein] Chapter Chapter 5 [Pathak et al.] Chapter 5, 26 Chapter 6, Chapter 15 [Parrish et al] Epstein, J. H. Chapter 5 [Willis et al.] 553, Chapter 16 [Parrish et al. ] Chapter 5 Chapter 22 Ernest,76 Flamant, F. 69 Eroshenko, L. E. [Machev and Eroshenko] Fligsten, K. G. Chapter 11 Chapter 24 Flocks, M. [Vassiliadis et al] Chapter 4 Esterowitz, L. [Bartoli et al.] Chapter 11 Florian, H. J. Chapter 17 [Kruer et al.] Chapter 11 Flowers, W. 119, 120 Evans, E. 162 [Schmidt et al.] Chapter 5 Flynn, A. J. [Ecc1es and Flynn] 206 [Schmidt et al.] Chapter 6 [Ecc1es and Flynn] 794 Evans, R. M. [Pattee et al.] Chapter 24 Flynn, J. A. F. 208 Everett, H. D. [Everett et al.] Chapter 5 Fong, C. W. Chapter 10 [Piltingsrud and Everett, M. A. [Sayre, Olson and Everett] Fong] 752 172, 173, 174 [Olson et al.] Chapter 5 Forbes, P. D. Chapter 22 330 Fordon, L. [MacDonald and Fordon] 137 Ewald, R. A. 206 [MacDonald and Fordon] 207 Eymers, J. G. [Fischer and co-workers] 146 F oulks, G. N. Chapter 4 F owles, G. R. Chapter 2 Falconer,1. S. Chapter 11 Fox, R. E. 543, Chapter 21 Falkenstein, W. [Penzkofer and Falkenstein] Fox, S. H. [Goldman et al.] Chapter 17 Chapter 11 Franco, S. C. Chapter 28, 924 Fallon, J. P. Chapter 12 Francom, M. Chapter 2 Fankhauser, F 233, Chapter 7 Franke, E. A. [Arnaud et al.] 396 Faraone, G. Chapter 28 Franke, J. M. [Arnaud et al] 396 Farmery, C. [Bennett et al.] Chapter 24 Frankhauser, F. [van der Zypen et al] 143 Farrer, D. N. [Ham et al.] 237 Franks, J. K. [Sliney et al.] 87, 88 [Sliney Fears, T. R. [Scotto et al.] Chapter 6 et al] Chapter [Sliney et al] Chapter 9 [Sliney et al.] Chapter 15 Author Index 1009 Frant, R. Chapter 24 Garza, C. G. [Skeen et al.] 219 [Skeen et Franzen, D. L. Chapter 11 al.] 219 [Skeen et al. a and b ] 244 Fraunfelder, F. T. 199, Chapter 28 [Skeen et al. a and b] 245 [Skeen et Frazier, G. F. [Scherman and Frazier] Chap• al.] 280 ter 19 Gates, D. M. 189 Freasier, B. C. [Sliney and Freasier] 122 Gates, J. W. C. [Burch and Gates] Chapter [Sliney and Freasier] 124 [Slineyand 17 Freasier] 125 [Sliney and Freasier] Gauer, O. [Hausser and Gauer] Chapter 5 126 [Sliney and Freasier] 171 [Sliney Gebel, R. K. H. [Anderson and Gebel] 549 and Freasier] Chapter 6 [Slineyand [Anderson and Gebel] 550,551 Freasier] 330 [Sliney and Freasier] Gebhard, J. W. [DeGroot and Gebhard] 69 335 [Sliney and Freasier] 336 [Sliney [DeGroot and Gebhard] Chapter 4 and Freasier] 337 [Sliney, Bason and Gebhardt, G. 426,431,432 Freasier] 353 [Sliney et al.] Chapter Geeraets, W. J. 87, 89, 118,119,120 11 [Sliney et al.] Chapter 14 [Sliney [Geeraets and Berry] 120,121,134 and Freasier] 542 [Sliney et al.] [Ham et al.] 135, Chapter 6 [Ham Chapter 19, 655 [Sliney and Freasier] et al.] Chapter 6 [Ham et al] 218 668 [Sliney and Freasier] 698 [Sliney [Ham et al.] 219 [Geeraets, Burk• and Freasier] 724 [Sliney and Frea• hart and Guerry] 237 [Farrer, Ham sier] 727 [ Sliney and Freasier] 729 et al.] 237 [Clarke et al.] 242, [Sliney and Freasier] 730 [Sliney Chapter 7 [Ham et al.] 543 [Ham and Freasier] 732 [Sliney et al.] 776, et aL] 549 [Ham et al.] 594, Chapter Chapter 23 [Sliney and Freasier] 852 22, Chapter 24, Chapter 26 Freeman, R. G. 172,173,330 [Berger et Gehring, P. Chapter 10 al.] 454 Geist, [Doyle, McIntosh and Geist] 357 Fridovich, 1. 252 [Blevin and Geist] Chapter 11, Fried, D. L. Chapter 13 Chapter 11 Friedmann, A.1. Chapter 26 Geller, M. [Mooradian et al.] Chapter 13 Friend, J. [Fou1ks et al.] Chapter 4 General Electric Company Chapter 22 Frisch, G. D. 102,104, 130 [Bresnick et Ger, R. [Kaplan et al.] Chapter 17 al.] Chapter 4 [Bresnick et al.] 219 Gerathewohl, S. J. Chapter 4, Chapter 6 [Bresnick et al.] 230 [Bresnick et [Gerathewohl and Strugho1d] 223 al.] 231 [Beatrice and Frisch] 238, Giacomotti, L. [Hiller and colleagues] 211 Chapter 7 [Beatrice and Frisch] Gibbons, M. G. Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Gibbons, W. [Pitts and Gibbons] 110 Fry, G. A. Chapter 4 Gibbons, W. D. Chapter 4,238,245,510 Fuller, D. 788 Gibson, A. F. Chapter 11 Fuller, J. E. [Dressen et al.] Chapter 24 Gibson, G. L. M. Chapter 7 Giel, C. [Kleinfeld et al.] Chapter 24 Gabel, V. P. 120, 127 [Bimgruber et al.] Gillham, E. J. Chapter 14 Chapter 4 [Hillenkamp et al.] Chapter Gilmartin, T. J. Chapter 13 4 [Wallow et al.] Chapter 7 Ginsburg, B. L. Chapter 4 Gaddy, O. L. [Block and Gaddy] Chapter Girard, A. Chapter 15 11 Glaros, S. S. [Manes et al.] Chapter 11 Gafafer, W. M. Chapter 27 Glaser, P. E. Chapter 14 Gamaleya, N. F. 577 Glauser, S. C. Chapter 22 Garbor, D. Chapter 20 Glick, D. [Marich et al.] Chapter 17 [Marich Garbuny, M. Chapter 2, Chapter 14 et al] Chapter 27 Gardiner, H. A. B. Chapter 12 Glickstein, S. S. 809,810,811 Gardner, C. S. Chapter 21 Goedertier, P. V. [Gorog et al.] 45 Garrisson, L. M. 192 Goldberg, B. [Klein and Goldberg] 190 Goldman, A. 1. 132, 133, Chapter 7 1010 Sliney and Wolbarsht Goldman, H. 143, 145 Haas, R. A. [Manes et al] Chapter 11 Goldman, J. R. Chapter 17 Hacker, P. D. [Pitts, Cullen and Hacker] 110 Goldman, L. 101, 167, 168, [Rockwell and [Pitts, Cullen and Hacker] 113 [Pitts, Goldman] 169,169, Chapter 8, Cullen and Hacker] 114 Chapter 15,577, Chapter 20 [Powell Hadland, R. 367 et al.] Chapter 24 Hadley, M. E. Chapter 6 Gomenda, M. C. [Moss and Gomenda] 838 Haertling, G. H. Chapter 16 Goncz, J. H. Chapter 22 Haith, M. Chapter 23 Goodeve, C. G. Chapter 3 Hakim, R. [Cloud et al.] Chapter 4 Goodson, J. E. Chapter 20 HalI, R. B. [Pond et al.] Chapter 11 Goody, R. M. Chapter 6 Halliday, D. Chapter 2, 82 Gordon, J. P. [Boyd and Gordon] Chapter Ham, W. R. [Schmidt et al.] Chapter 5 12 Ham, W. T. JL 79 [Geeraets et al.] 120 Gori, G. B. [Scotto et al.] Chapter 6 [Goldman et al.] 133, 134, 135, Gorog, 1. 45 136, 137 [Moon et al.] 137 [Evans Gould, J. C. [Makous and Gould] Chapter et al.] 162, 201, 206 [Schmidt et al.] 20 Chapter6,218 [Hametal.] 219 Gracheva, M. E. Chapter 13 [Mueller and Ham] 236 [Moon et al.] Grahm, E. S. [Farrer, Ham et al.] 237 237 [Farrar, Ham et al.] 237,238 Graham, C. H. 93 [Mueller and Ham] 240 [Clarke et al] Graham, P. A. [WalIace and colleagues] 242 [Mueller and Ham] 254 [Gold• 147 man et al.] Chapter 7 [Ham, Mueller Grant, W. B. 907 and Sliney] 336,543,549,594,792 Gray, D. E. Chapter 15 Hamerski, W. 112 Graymore, C. N. Chapter 3 Hammer, W. 474, 475 Green, A. C. [Martt et al.] Chapter 22 Harnmell, H. T. [Hardy and co-workers] Green, A. E. S. Chapter 5 [Garrisson et al.] 162 [Hardy and co-workers] 165 192, Chapter 6 [J ohnson et al.] Hanna, C. [Fraunfelder and Hanna] 199 Chapter 6, Chapter 15 [Fraunfelder and Hanna] Chapter 28 Green, D. G. [Campbell and Green] 85,584 Hansson, H. A. Chapter 4 Green, J. B. Chapter 4 Harber, L. C. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 3 Green, S. 1. Chapter 11 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 174 [Fitzpatrick Greenwood, R. A. [Scherr et al.] 521 et al.] 177 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 178 Greiner, N. R. Chapter 11 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 179 [Fitzpatrick Griffin, A. C. [Cloud et al.] Chapter 4 et al.] Chapter 15 Grimblatov, V. M. Chapter 12 Harding, D. C. Chapter 17 Grover, D. Chapter 4 Hardy, J. D. Chapter 3, 162, 165 [Clark Grum, F. [Altman et al.] Chapter 12 et al.] Chapter 5, Chapter 6 Gryvnak, D. A. [Burch et al.] Chapter 13 Harlen, F. [McKinlay et al.] Chapter 22 Gubisch, R. W. [Campbell and Gubisch] 85, [Bennett et al.] Chapter 24 124,125,242,Chapter7,687 Harley, R. D. [Peckham and Harley] 136 Guerry, D., III [Geeraets et al.] 120 [Ham [Peckham and Harley] 138 [Peck• et al.] 135 [Geeraets et al.] Chapter 4 ham and Harley] 210 [Geeraets, Burkhart and Guerry] 237 Harosi,F.I. [MacNicholetal.] 137 Gulacsik, C. 577 Harrington, D. O. Chapter 3 Gullberg, K. Chapter 7 Harris, J. M. [Waymouth et al.] Chapter 22 Gungle, W. C. [Waymouth et al.] Chapter 22 Harris, J. O., JL 543 Gunn, S. R. Chapter 11 Hartman, B. [Gullberg et al.] Chapter 7 Gupta, M. N. 138,833 Hartmann, B. [Berggvist et al.] Chapter 4 Gurvich, A. S. [Gracheva and Gurvich] Harwerth, R. S. 134, 135, 137 [Sperling Chapter 13 and Harwerth] 237 Guth, S. K. Chapter 22 Hass, G. 853 Author Index 1011 Hass, W. [Machta et al.] 191 Hochheimer, G. 584 [Calkins and Hoch- Hasse1balch, K. A. Chapter 5 heimer] 751,787, Chapter 23 Hatch, T. F. Chapter 7 Hogan, J. Chapter 24 Hatfie1d, E. M. 137, Chapter 6 Hogan, M. J. 71 Hathaway, J. A. 881 Hogger, D. Chapter 24 Hattenburg, A. T. Chapter 22 Hogue, J. M. [Cob1entz, Stair and Hogue] Hausser, 1. Chapter 5 172 Hausser, K. W. 171, 172, 188 Hoikkala, M. [Marshall et al.] 811 [Mar• Hawkins, S. R. [Emmons et al.] Chapter 11 shall et al.] 822 [Marshall et al.] Haw1ey, J. G. [Grant and Hawley] 907 823 [Marshall et al.] 825 [Marshal1 Hayes, J. R. 120, 128, 132, 133 [Vassiliadis et al.] 826 [Marshall et al.] 828 et al.] 138 [Marshall et al.] 835 [Marshall et al.] Hayworth, B. Chapter 28 845 [Marshall et al.] 847 Hazzard, G. Chapter 10 Holladay, L. L. 141 [Luckiesh, Holladay and Health Care Facilities Subcommittee Chap- Taylor] 172, Chapter 22 ter 22 Hollyfield, J. G. Chapter 3 Heaney, J. [Hass et al.] 853 Hohn, D. M. [Mullaney et al.] 584 Heard, H. G. Chapter 11, Chapter 12 Hohnberg, B. Chapter 7 Hecht, J. Chapter 20 Ho1sen, R. C. [Frisch et al.] 102 [Frisch Hedb1om, E. E. 549 Beatrice and Ho1sen] 130 [Frisch et Hedinger, R. A. [Green and Hedinger] Chap• al.] Chapter 7 ter 6 Holst, G. C. [Bresnick etal.] 219 [Bres• Heffner, D. K. Chapter 11 nick et al.] 230 [Bresnick et al.] Heimburger, R. F. [Beck and Heimburger] 231 [Robbins et al] Chapter 7, 747 [Beck and Heimburger] Chapter Chapter 16 23 Ho1st, G. E. [Frisch, Beatrice and Ho1st] Heimlich, R. [Avizonis et al.] Chapter 12 104 [Bresnick et al.] Chapter 4 Heins, A. P. Chapter 24 Honey, R. C. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 4 Heller, M. E. [Firester et al.] 396 Hopkins, R. E. Chapter 20 Hemstreet, H. W. 245 Hora, H. [Schwarz and Hora] Chapter 19 Henderson, S. T. Chapter 6, 752 Hori, Y. [Pathak et al.] Chapter 5 Henriques, F. C., Jr. 162 [Moritz and Hornby, P. [Goldman et al] Chapter 15 Henriques] Chapter 5 [Goldman and Hornby] Chapter 17 Henkes, H. E. 509 Hornell, A. Chapter 24 Henry, D. E. [Rentschler et al.] 456 Horst, J. W. [Ingram and Horst] Chapter 24 Herreman, G. O. Chapter 19 Horstman, S. W. 801, Chapter 24 Herzberger, M. Chapter 2 Hortman, S. W. [Emmett and Hortman] Hicken, G. K. Chapter 24 Chapter 24 Hickey, J. 646 Hosey, A. D. Chapter 27 Hildebrandt, A. F. 791 Howett, G. L. Chapter 23 Hill, J. H. [Chisum and Hill] Chapter 4 Hoyaux, M. F. Chapter 24 Hill, R. J. Chapter 13 Hoy1e, R. C. [Riggle et al.] 577 Hillenkamp,F. [Gabe1etal.] 120 [Gabe1, Hubbard, W. M. [Arnaud et al.] 396 Birngruber and Hillenkamp] 127 Hubner, H. J. [Bauer et al.] 538 [Sutter [Birngruber et al.] Chapter 4, Chapter et al.] 826, 829 [Sutter et al.] 840 4 [Wallow et al.] Chapter 7, Chapter [Sutter et al.] 841 [Sutter et al.] 849 17 Chapter 24 Hiller, R. 211 Hudnell, A. B. Chapter 4 Hinricks, J. F. 811, Chapter 24 Hudson, H. T. [Freeman et al.] 172 [Free• Hirleman, E. D. Chapter 12 man et al] 173 [Owens et al.] Chap• Hoag, A. A. Chapter 12 ter 5 [Freeman et al.] 330 Hoag, E. 615 Hudson, R. D., Jr. 362, 420 1012 Sliney and Wolbarsht Hudson,J. W. [Hudson and Hudson] Chap- Johnson, E. G. Chapter 12 ter 11 Johnson, F. S. Chapter 6 Hudson, R. J. Jr. Chapter 2 Johnson, G. [Ullrich and Johnson] 501 Hughes, J. P. [Proctor et al.] Chapter 27 [Ullrich and Johnson] 503 Hughes, W. F. [Coogan et al.] 79 [Coogan Johnson, J. Chapter 22, Chapter 23 et al.] 120 Johnson, J. C. Chapter 11 Hurvich, L. M. [Jameson and Hurvich] Johnson, L. C. [Davidoff and Johnson] Chapter 3 Chapter4 Huss,J. [Jacquezetal.] 165 Johnston, W. L. [Mayyasi et al.] Chapter 4 Hutzler, P. [Hillenkamp et al.] Chapter 17 Johnson, W. T. [Dabbert and Johnson] 423 Hysell, D. K. [Brownell et al.] 168 Jones, A. E. 239 Jones, D. G. C. [Allen and Jones] Chapter Iceland, W. F. Chapter 19 2 lliuminating Engineering Society Chapter Jones, O. C. Chapter 14 10,702, Chapter 23 J ones, R. C. [Bird et al.] Chapter 12 Ingelstam, E. Chapter 17 Joseph, A. S. Chapter Il Ingram, J. W. Chapter 24 Josephy,P.D. [Dobrowolskietal.] 556 International Electrotechnical Commission Judd,J. R. [Kouwenhoven etal.] Chapter Chapter 8, 310, Chapter 15 28 International Standards Organization Chap• Juhlin, L. [Claesson et al.] Chapter 5 ter 2 Iris, L. [Blancard et al.] 509 Kahn, G. Chapter 16 Ivey, H. F. Chapter 22 Kalugin, V. V. [Grimblatov et al.] Chapter 12 Jacksori, C. E. [Hicken and Jackson] Chap- Kamibayashi, T. Chapter 11 ter 24, Chapter 24 Kaplan, Z. Chapter 17 Jackson, D. A. Chapter 22 Kasha, M. Chapter 14 J ackson, J. K. [Stair et al.] Chapter 14 Kashuba, V. A. Chapter 19 Jacob, J. H. Chapter 11 Kaste, R. C. [Sliney et al.] 335 [Slineyet J acobs, 1 [Hardy et al.] Chapter 6, Chapter al.] 369 [Sliney et al.] 445 20 Katz, M. L. Chapter 4 [Stone et al.] Chap- Jacobson, H. J. 509 ter 4 Jacobson, J. H. 146 Kaufman,J.E.704,705,708,712,768 Jacquez, J. A. 165 Kee, H. [Thouret et al.] Chapter 22 Jaeger, T. [Mooradian et al.] Chapter 2 Keenan, R. G. [Dressen et al.] Chapter 24 Jako,G.J. [Snowetal] 581 Keesey, J. C. Chapter 28 James, R. H. Chapter 11 [Peterson et al.] Keeton, W. T. [Kreithen and Keeton] 684 Chapter Il Kellen, P. F. [Fallon and Kellen] Chapter 12 Jameson, D. Chapter 3 Kelly, K. L. [Howett et al.] Chapter 23 Jander, S. Chapter 19 Kerr, J. R. Chapter 13 Jankow, R. [Cook and Jankow] 539 [Cook Kershaw, D. C. [Campbell and Kershaw] and Jankow] 543 Chapter 22 Jaramillo,J.G. [Lyt1eetal.] Chapter 15 Ketcham, A. S. [Riggle et al.] 577 Jayson, J. K. [Maas et al.] Chapter 22 Key, M. M. [Powell et al.] Chapter 24 Jenkins, D. [Zwick and Jenkins] 128 Khitun, V. A. Chapter 4 [Zwick and Jenkins] 633 Kirnmitt, M. F. [Gibson et al.] Chapter 11 Jenkins, D. L. 583 Chapter 11 Jenkins, F. A. Chapter 2 Kholodilou, A. A. [Novikov and Kholodi- Jerome, C. W. [Sanders and Jerome] Chap• Inu) Chapter 16 ter 22 Kiesling, G. A. Chapter 20 John, J. [Blahla and John] 594 Kinder, J. [Hillenkamp et al.] Chapter 17 Johnson, B. E. [Daniels et al.] Chapter 5 King, B. G. [Ferris et al.] Chapter 28 Chapter 5 King, T. A. [Baker and King] Chapter 11 Author Index 1013 Kings1ake, R. Chapter 2 Kreithen, M. L. 684 Kinsey, V. E. [Cogan and Kinsey] 110 Kresse1, H. Chapter 11 [Cogan and Kinsey] 111 [Cogan and Kria1, N. P. 101 [Sliney et al.] Chapter 9 Kinsey] 112,118, Chapter 24 [Sliney et al.] Chapter 15 [Marshall K1ang, G. Chapter 4 et al.] 811 [Lyon et al.] 811 [Mar• K1auder, J. R. Chapter 2 shall et al.] 822 [Lyon et al] 816 Kleiber, D. A. [Maas et al.] Chapter 22 [Marshall et al.] 823 [Marshall et al.] Klein,M. V. Chapter22, 768, 769 825 [Marshall et al] 826 [Marshall Klein, R. M. 449 et al.] 828 [Lyon et al.] 835 [Mar• Klein, W. H. 190 shall et al.] 835 [Marshall et al] 845 Kleinfe1d, M. Chapter 24 [Lyon et al.] 847 [Marshall et al.] Kleman, B. [Berggvist et al.] Chapter 4 847 Klenk, K. F. [Green et al.] Chapter 5 Kripke, B. J. [Snow et al.] 581 K1etz, T. A. Chapter 10 Krizek, D. T. Chapter 22 Kligman, A. 174 [Willis et al.] Chapter 5 Kruer, M. [Bartoli et al.] Chapter 11, K1ine, B. E. [Rusch, Kline and Baumann] Chapter 11 175 Kruse, P. W. Chapter 2 Kline, M. V. Chapter 2 [Kline and Ray] Kubo, U. [Nakatsuka and Kubo] Chapter 11 Chapter 2 Kuck, J. [Lerman et al.] Chapter 4 Knave, B. [Levin et al.] Chapter 24 Kues, H. A. Chapter 27 Kneidielt [Horstman et al.] Chapter 24 Kuhfeld, R. [Hickey and Kuhfeld] 646 Knickerbocker, G. G. [Kouwenhoven et al. ] Kukita, A. [Fitzpatrick et al] Chapter 3 Chapter 28 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 174 [Fitzpatrick Knighton, R. W. [Fuller et al.] 788 et al.] 177 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 178 Know1es, P. [Ravitch et al.] Chapter 28 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 179 [Fitzpatrick Knox, J. D. [Gorog et al.] 45 et al.] Chapter 15 Knox, J. M. [Freeman et al.] 172 [Free• Kuizenga, D. J. [Roundy et al.] Chapter 11 man et al.] 173 [Ogura and Knox] Kumbar, M. [Bettelheim and Kumbar] Chapter 5 [Owens et al.] Chapter 5 Chapter 3 [Freeman et al.] 330 Kunz, Y. W. [MacNichol et al.] 137 Knudtzon Chapter 6 Kuppenheim, H. F. [Jacquez et al] 165 Koch, E. J. [Krizek and Koch] Chapter 22 Kurchatova, C. [Churchkova and Kurcha- Kock, E. [Gullberg et al.] Chapter 7 tova] 450 Koechner, W. Chapter 2 Kurtin, W. E. [Zuclich and Kurtin] 114 Koge1nick, H. 407,409 Kurzel, R. B. 113,115,207,210 Kohtiao, A. [Jacobson and co-workers] 146 Kuwabara, T. 134 [Bemstein et al.] Chap- Koller, L. R. Chapter 2, Chapţer 14, Chapter ter 4, Chapter 6 15, Chapter 27 Kuzina, F. D. [Tkachuk and Kuzina] 372 Komhyr,W. [Machtaetal.] 191 Kytila, J. [Castren and Kytila] Chapter 28 Konig, H. [Go1dman et al.] Chapter 4, Chapter 4 Labo, J. A. Chapter 11 Korff, D. [Poirier and Korff] Chapter 13 Ladany, 1. [Gorog et al. ] 45 Korzun, P. A. [Khitun et al.] Chapter 4 Lagen, J. B. [Dalzul et al.] Chapter 28 Koury, F. [Waymouth et al.] Chapter 22 Lam, U. T. Y. [Authetal.] Chapter 17 Kouwenhoven, W. B. Chapter 28 LaMarre, D. A. Chapter 16, Chapter 24 Kramer, D. M. [Pathak et al.] Chapter 4 Land, C. E. Chapter 16 Krasnov, M. M. Chapter 17 Landers, M. B. III 105, 133 [Bresnick et al.] Krause, E. [Sutter et al.] 826 [Sutter et al. ] Chapter 4 [Bresnick et al.] 219 840 [Sutter et al.] 841 [Sutter et al.] [Bresnick et al.] 230 [Bresnick et al] 849 [Hubner et al.] Chapter 24 231 [Lund et al] 240 [Wo1barsht and Krauskopf, J. 85 Landers] 581 [Wo1barsht and Krautwald, R. C. [Mooradian etal.] Chapter Landers] Chapter 26 13 1014 Sliney and Wolbarsht Landry, R. J. 366,374, [Envall et al.] 525 Little, H. L. [Zweng et al.] Chapter 4 [Envall et al.] 528 Little, V. 1. Chapter 11 Lane, R. [Ravitch et al.] Chapter 28 Livingston, P. C. 136, 138,210 Langer, H. Chapter 3 Livingston, P. M. Chapter 13 Langley, R. K. 146 Livingston, S. [Marshall et al.] Chapter 4 LaPiana, F. G. [Tso and LaPiana] Chap• Lobitz, W. [Montagna and Lobitz] Chapter ter [Tso and LaPiana] 202 3 Lappin, P. W. 134 [Dunsky and Lappin] Locke, E. V. Chapter 19 219,219 [Lappin and Coogan] 236 Loewen, E. G. Chapter 12,442 [Dunsky and Lappin] 238,238,594 Logan, G. Chapter 5 Laser Focus 296, 657 Letcher, F. S. [Keesey and Letcher] Chap- Laser Institute of America Chapter 1, Chap- ter 28 ter 7, Chapter 15,863,864,876 Longhurst, R. S. Chapter 2 Laubereau, A. [Penzkofer et al.] Chapter 11 Loomis, W. F. Chapter 5 Laudieri, P. C. [Labo et al.] Chapter 11 Lotmar, W. [Fankhauser and Lotmar] 233 Lawton, R. A. Chapter 11 [Young and Lowenstein, E. V. Chapter 15 [Smith and Lwton] Chapter 11 Lowenstein] Chapter 15 Laures, P. Chapter 12 Lozier, W. W. [Null and Lozier] Chapter 22 Lawrence, N. S. [Clifford et al.] Chapter Lucas, N. S. Chapter 5 13 Lucey, J. F. Chapter 22 Lawrence, R. S. [Ochs and Lawrence] 425 Luckiesh, M. 172 Chapter 13 Ludvigh, E. 118 Lawwill, T. 134, 136, 137, Chapter 6,238 Ludwig, H. C. Chapter 24 Lee, J. A. H. Chapter 7 Lund, D. J. [Beatrice and Lund] 132 Lee, R. H. Chapter 28 [Beatrice et al.] 233, 240 [Stuck et Lee, W. R. [Dalziel and Lee] Chapter 28 al.] 244 [Stuck et al.] 245 [Wallow Leebeek, H. J. [Walraven and Leebeek] et al.] Chapter 7 [Stuck et al.] Chap• 88 ter 8 LeGrand, I 84 Lurie, M. [Stone et al.] Chapter 4 LeGrand, Y 141 Luther, F. M. [Burt and Luther] Chapter 14 Leluniller, D. J. [Carpenter et al.] 219 Lutty, G. A. [Kues and Lutty] Chapter 27 Lehmkuhle, S. W. [Fox et al.] Chapter 21 Lyon, T. L. [Sliney et al.] Chapter 9 [Sliney Leibowitz, H. M. 148 et al.] Chapter 15 [Lyon et al.] Leighton, E. [Hathaway et al.] 881 811 [Marshall et al.] 811 [Marshall et Leighton, L. G. Chapter 22 al.] 822 [Marshall et al.] 823 [Mar• Leighton, R. B. [Feynman et al.] Chapter shall et al.] 825 [Marshall et al.] 826 2 [Marshall et al.] 828 [Marshall et al.] Lengyel, B. A. Chapter 2 835 [Marshall et al.] 845 [Marshall Lerman, S. 115, Chapter 4 et al.] 847 [Lyon et al.] 847 Lesnewich, A. Chapter 24 Lytle,J. D. Chapter 15 L'Esperance, F. A. Chapter 4, Chapter 17 Levi, L. Chapter 2, Chapter 12 MacDonald, J. E. 137,207 Levin, M. Chapter 24 MacKeen, D. Chapter 4 Levine, J. S. [MacNichol et al.] 137 MacNichol, E. F., Jr. 137 Levy, L. S. Chapter 28 McAquistan, R. B. [Kruse et al.] Chapter 2 Levin, R. E. Chapter 22 McCall, G. H. Chapter 11 Li, T. [Kogemick and Li] 409 McCarthy, E. F. [Ludvigh and McCarthy] Liberman, I Chapter 22 118 Lienhard, O. E. Chapter 22 McCartney, A. J. [Jones and McCartney] Lind, M. A. [Geist et al.] Chapter 11, 239 Chapter 11 McCartney, E. J. Chapter 13 Linfoot, E. H. Chapter 2 McClatchey, R. A. 421 Liotet, S. A. [Blancard et al.] 509 McClure, J. D. [Nichols et al.] Chapter 11 Author Index 1015 McCulloch, C. [Langley, Mortimer and Mc• Mandeville, G. D. [Amaud et al.] 396 Culloch] 146 Manes, K. R. Chapter 11 McCullough,E.C.193 Marich, K. W. Chapter 17, Chapter 27 McFaul, P. [Duke-Elder and McFaul] 143 Marlor, R. L. Chapter 6 [Duke-Elder and McFaul] 146, Chap• Marmor, M. F. [Stone et al.] Chapter 4 ter 8 [Duke-Elder and McFaul] 830 Marriott, H. L. Chapter 28 McGlauchlin, L. D. [Kruse et al.] Chapter 2 Marshall, C. [Marshall et al.] Chapter 4 McGowan, J. W. [Borwein et al.] 106 Marshall, J. Chapter 4 [Bodund et al.] McInally, J. A. [Lienhard and McInally] 233 [Borlund et al.] 235 [Borlund Chapter 22 et al.] 239 McIntosh, B. C. [Doyle, McIntosh and Marsischky, G. W. [Ehrenkranz and Marsis• Geist] 357 [Doyle and McIntosh] chky] Chapter 28 358 [Doyle and McIntosh] 359 Marsden, A. M. [Henderson and Marsden] McKeenan, W. [Jacquez et al.] 165 752 McKinlay, A. F. Chapter 22 Marshall, W. J. 244 [Sliney et al.] Chapter 9 McKinnery, W. N. [Bartley et al.] 822 [Sliney et al.] 335 [Sliney et al.] McKnight, W. B. [Dezenburg et al.] Chap- 369 [Sliney et al.] 445 [Sliney et al.] ter27 Chapter 15,670,805,811,822,823 McLeod, D. S. [Flowers et al.] 119 825,826,282,835 [Lyon et al.] 835 [Flowers et al.] 120 845 [Lyon et al.] 847 McLean, J. M. [Jacobson and McLean] Marsh, G. E. [Dobrowolski et al.] 556 509 Marston, D. R. [Labo et al.] Chapter 11 McNair, J. N. [Penner and McNair] 137 Martin, D. H. Chapter 14 [Penner and McNair] 202 Martin, G. 685 McSparron, D. A. Chapter 14, Chapter 17 Martin-Marietta 502 Martt, E. C. Chapter 22 Maas, J. B. Chapter 22 Massey, G. A. [Johnson et al.] Chapter 11 Machemer, R. [Fuller et al.] 788,788 Matelsky, 1. 107, Chapter 10 [PareI et al.] 788 Matheson,1. B. C. [Wolbarsht et al.] 110 Machta, L. 191 [Wolbarsht et al.] 145 [Wolbarsht et Machtwey, D. S. [Runde! and Machtwey] al.] 887 Chapter 6 Mattick, A. T. [Duguay and Mattick] Chap- Mackison, F. W. Chapter 27 ter 11 Macomber, J. D. [Rier and Macomber] Maurelli, C. Chapter 24 Chapter 11 Mautner, W. J. [Davis and Mautner] 594 Madden, R. P. Chapter 14, Chapter 24 Maystre, D. [Loewen et al.] Chapter 12 Mader, F. [Goldman et al.] Chapter 4 Mayyasi, A. M. Chapter 4 Maggs, P. N. D. [Gibson et al.] Chapter Il Maney, M. N. Chapter 9 Magnus,1. A. Chapter 3,172 [Berger et aL] Mechev, V. S. Chapter 24 454 Medeiros, J. A. [Borwein et al.] 106 Maher, E. F. [Egbert and Maher] 240 Medvedovskaya, T. P. 136 [Egbert and Maher] 254 Meisner, M. D. [Hardy et al.] Chapter 6 Maida, A. S. [Alexander et al.] Chapter 26 Melchior, H. Chapter 11 Mainster, M. A. Chapter 4 [White et al.] Mellerio, J. Chapter 4 Chapter 4,207 [White et al.] 208, Menkin, M. F. [Dewan et al.] Chapter 4 687 Menzel, R. [Snyder and Menzel] Chapter 3 Maksymonko, G. [Smathers and Maksymon- Merchant, J. 784 ko] Chapter 11 Merrill, J. J. [Gardiner et al.] Chapter 12 Makous, W. L. Chapter 20 Meyer, M. R. [Snow et al.] 581 Malek, B. Chapter 24 Meyer, R. [Goldman and Meyer] Chapter 17 Malik, S. R. K. [Agarwal and Malik] 202 Meyer-Arendt, J. R. Chapter 2 Malina, F. J. Chapter 20 Meyer-Schwickerath, G. Chapter 4,581 Mandel, G. [Johnson et al.] Chapter 5 Michaelson, S. M. [Goldman et al.] Chapter 8 1016 Sliney and Wolbarsht Middleton, W. E. K. 416 [Ham et al.] 135 [Ham et al.] 136 Miehe, J. A. [Cumin et al.] Chapter 11 [Ham et al.] 137 [Moon et al.] 137 Migai, K. V. Chapter 24 [Ham and colleagues] 201 [Ham and Miller, J. H. [Green et al.] Chapter 6 colleagues] 206 [Ham et al.] 218 Miller, N. D. 139 [Ham et al.] 219,236 [Moon et al.] Miller, W. C. [Hoag and Miller] Chapter 12 237 [Farrer, Ham et al.] 237 [Ham Miller, W. H. [Snyder and Miller] Chapter et al.] 238,240,254 [Goldman et al.] 21 Chapter 7 [Ham, Mueller and Sliney] Mills, W. Chapter 28 336 [Ham et al.] 543 [Ham et al.] Milnor, W. R. [Kouwenhoven et al.] Chap- 549 [Ham et al.] 594 ter 28 Mullaney, P. F. 584 Minnik 119 Munnik, A. A. [Vos et al.] Chapter 4 Minton, J. 830, Chapter 24 Murgatroyd, D. [Hardy and co-workers] 162 Miyakawa, T. Chapter 11 [Hardy and co-workers] 165 Mo, T. [Green et al.] Chapter 5 [Green Murphy, J. J. [Smith et al.] 866 et al.] Chapter 6 [Johnson et al.] Murray, L. E. [Garrisson et al.] 192 Chapter 6 Murray, R. Chapter 28 Mohan, K. [peterson et al.] Chapter 11 Murray, W. E. [Moss et al.] 827 [Moss and [McSparron et al.] Chapter 14 Murray] 849 Mohon, N. Chapter 17 Muzyka, D. F. [pasachoff and Muzyka] 451 Mohr, R. W. [Auth et al] Chapter 17 Myers, L. B. [pattee et al.] Chapter 24 Mollsen, J. A. [Coogan et al.] 79 [Coogan et al.] 120 Naidoff, M. A. 219, 830, 832 Moncrief, J. A. [Mills et al.] Chapter 28 Najac, H. W. [Jacobson and co-workers] 146 Monroe, R. E. [pattee et al.] Chapter 24 Nakatsuka, M. Chapter 11 Montagna, W. [Montagna and Lobitz] Chap- National Academy ofSciences 195, 196, ter 3 [Montagna and Parakkal] Chap• 197 ter 3 National Bureau of Standards Chapter 27 Moon, M. E. [Ham et al.] 134 [Ham et al.] National Fire Protection Association Chap• 137,137,237 [Ham et al.] Chapter7 ter 27 Mooradian, A. Chapter 2, Chapter 13 National Industrial Pollution Control Coun• Morgan, R. L. [Lowenstein et aL] Chapter ciI Chapter 22 15 National Radiological Protection Board Mortiz, A. R. [Henriques and associates] Chapter22 162, Chapter 5 Nelson, C. N. [Altman et al.] Chapter 12 Modey, R. 924 NEPA Chapter 28 Morris, R. W. Chapter 22 Nestor, o. H. Chapter 24 Morrisette, R. [Merchant and Morrisette] Neviere, M. [Loewen et al.] Chapter 12 787 New, G. H. C. [Bradley and New] 367 Mortensen, R. L. Chapter 9 Newell, P. B. [Goncz and Newell] Chapter Mortimer, C. B. [Langley, Mortimer and 22 McCulloch] 146 Newsome, D. A. Chapter 4 Morway, P. E. [Chisum and Morway] Chap• Nichols, D. B. Chapter 11 [Pond et al.] ter4 Chapter 11 Moser, H. O. Chapter 12 Nicholson, A. N. [Bodand et al.] 148 Moss, C. E. [Marshall et al.] 811 [Marshall Chapter 21 et al.] 822 [Marshall et al.] 823 Nicodemus, F. E. (ed.) Chapter 11, Chapter [Marshall et al.] 825 [Marshall et al.] 14,500, Chapter 22 826,827 [Marshall et al.] 828 [Mar• NiIand, R. A. [Falconer et al.] Chapter 11 shall et al.] 835,838 [Marshall et al.] NIOSH 328, Chapter 24 845 [Marshall et al.] 847,849 Noell, W. 134, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 Mueller, H. A. [Goldman et al.] 133 [Gold• Nooney, D. W. Chapter 6 [Geeraets and man et al.] 134 [Ham et al.] 134 Nooney] Chapter 26 Author Index 1017 Norris, B. [Gibson et al.] Chapter Il Parrent, G., Jr. [Beran and Parrent] Chapter North, J. C. Chapter 20 2 Northam, N. B. [Jacob et al.] Chapter Il Parrish, J. A. Chapter 3, Chapter 4 [Pathak Novikov, N. P. Chapter 16 et al.] Chapter 4, 174 [Ying et al.] Novotna, J. Chapter 24 Chapter 5, Chapter 10,553 [Fitz• Null, M. R. Chapter 22 patrick et al.] Chapter 16, Chapter 22 Parry, G. Chapter 13 Obukhova, Ye. A. [Khitun et al.] Chapter 4 Partridge, L. J. [Mackison et al.] Chapter 27 Occupational Safety and Health Administra- Pasachoff, J. M. 451 tion (OS HA) 1 Pathak, M. A. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 3 Ochs, G. R. 425 [Clifford et al.] Chapter 13, [parrish et al.] Chapter 4, Chapter 4 Chapter 13 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 174 [Fitzpatrick Odland, L. T. Chapter 10 [Piltingsrud et al.] et al.] 177 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 178 Chapter 22 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 179 [parrish et al.] Offerberger, A. A. Chapter Il 174, Chapter 5 [Ying et al.] Chapter 5 Ogden, E. [Dalziel et al.] Chapter 28 [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 15 Ogilvie, J. C. Chapter 4 [Parrish et al.] 553 [Fitzpatrick et al.] Ogura, R. M. Chapter 5 Chapter 16 [parrish et al.] Chapter 22 Ohta, N. Chapter 22 Pattee, H. E. Chapter 24 Olsen, H. N. Chapter 24 Patty, F. A. Chapter 27 Olson, R. L. [Sayre, Olson and Everett] Peabody, R. R. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 4 172 [Everett et al.] 173, Chapter 5 [Zweng et al.] Chapter 4, Chapter 7 [Everett et al.] 330 Peacock, G. R. [Leibowitz and Peacock] Orenberg, J. B. [Marich et al.] Chapter 17 148 [Marich et al.] Chapter 27 Pearson, J. E. 425 Orr, M. A. [Wolbarsht et al.] 110 [Wol• Pease, H. [Hoag et al.] 615 barsht et al.] 145 [Wolbarsht et al.] Peckham, R. H. 136, 138,210 887 Pembrook, J. D. [Burch et al.] Chapter 13 Orszag, M. [Adhavand Orszag] Chapter 15 Pendleton, W. R. [Gardiner et al.] Chapter Ostberg, O. [Levin et al.] Chapter 24 12 O'Steen, W. K. Chapter 4 Pendorf, R. Chapter 13 Ostertag, E. Chapter Il Penner, R. 137,202 Ott, W. R. [Saunders et al.] Chapter 14, Penning, F. M. Chapter 14 733 Penzkofer, A. Chapter 11 Ottosson, A. [Levin et al.] Chapter 24 Peppers, N. A. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 4 Owens, D. A. Chapter 22 [Peabody et al.] Chapter 7 Owens, D. W. [Freeman et al.] 172 [Free• Pert, G. J. Chapter 15 man et al.] 173, Chapter 5 [Freeman Peters, G. A. Chapter 15 et al.] 330 Petersen. R. C. [Weiss and Petersen] Chap• ter 22 Palmisano, W. A. [Sliney and Palmisano] Peterson, R. W. [Landry and Peterson] 366 280 [Sliney and Palmisano] 221 [Landry and Peterson] 374 [James [Sliney and Palmisano] Chapter 15 et al.] Chapter 11, Chapter 11 [Envall Parakkal, P. F. [Montagna and Parakkal] et al.] 525 [Envall et al.] 528 [Van Chapter 3 Pelt et al.] 633 Parascandola, J. [Thorington et al.] Chap- Pfender, E. [Chov and Pfender] Chapter 24 ter 22 Phelan, R. J. [Smith and Phelan] Chapter 11 PareI, J. M. 788 Phillion, D. W. [Roundy et al.] Chapter 11 Parker, G. S. Chapter 20 Pierce, E. T. [Howett et al.] Chapter 23 Parker, L. [Abel et al.] Chapter 20 Pierce, R. L. Chapter 11 Parr, W. H. [Pitts and Cullen] 110 [pitts and Pierson, A. H. 443 Cullen] 113, 163 [Brownell et al.] Piltingsrud, H. V. Chapter 10, Chapter 14, 168,168 [Sonsinstaffaret al.] 781 752 1018 Sliney and Wolbarsht Pirie, A. 115, Chapter 6 Ray, I. W. [Kline and Ray] Chapter 2 Pitts, D. G. 109, 110, 111,112,113,114, Raybold, R. C. [McSparron et aL] Chapter 118 [Parrish et aL] 174,237,330 14 [Parrish et al.] Chapter 10 Raybom, M. E. [Hollyfield and Raybom] Pitts, S. M. [Flowers et aL] 119 [Flowers Chapter 3 et al.] 120 RCA Corporation Place, E. H. [Dressen et aL] Chapter 24 Ready, J. F. Chapter 19 Plass, G. M. Chapter 13 Reeves, P. 69, Chapter 4 Plato 116 Reid, K. M. [potter and Reid] Chapter 22 Poehler, H. A. Chapter 28 Reid, T. 885 PohI, R. W. Chapter 2 Reitz, P. R. [Charlton and Reitz] Chapter Poirier, J. L. Chapter 13 20 Polanyi, T. Chapter 2 [Stellar et al.] Chap- RentschIer, H. C. 456 ter 17 Rentzepis, P. M. Chapter 17 Polis, B. D. [Cope et al.] Chapter 7 Resnick, R. [Halliday and Resnick] Chapter Polyak, S. 72,79,85 2 [Halliday and Resnick] 82 Pond, C. R. Chapter 11 Rice, D. K. Chapter 13 Pope, T. P. [Tittle et aL] Chapter 11 Rice, R. O. Chapter 11 Post, P. W. [Daniels et al.] Chapter 5 Richey, E. O. [Thursby et al.] 543 [Dunsky Potter, W. M. Chapter 22 et al.] Chapter 21 Potts [Emest and Potts] 76 Richfield, D. [Goldman et al.] 169 Powell, C. H. Chapter 24, Chapter 27 Rieke, F. E. Chapter 24 Powell, J. O. [Tso et al.] 104 [Bresnick Riggle, G. C. 577 et al.] Chapter 4 [Bresnick et al.] Rinalducci, E. J. [Boynton et al.] Chapter 219 [Bresnick et al.] 230 [Bres• 4 nick et al.] 231 [Lund et al.] 240 Ritchey, C. L. [Ewald and Ritchey] 206 Pressley, R. J. Chapter 2 Rittler, M. C. [Campbell et al.] 148 Preston, F. R. [MarIor et al.] Chapter 6 Riva, C. E. 584 Preston, J. S. [Jones and Preston] Chap- Roach, T. 452 ter 14 Robbins, D. O. [Cavonius et aL] Chapter 4 Priebe, A. [Welch and Priebe] 128 [Welch [Cavonius et aL] Chapter 7, Chapter 7 and Priebe] 327 Roberts, A. M. [Van Pelt et al.] 633 Prince, J. H. 684 Robinson, N. Chapter 6 Pritchard, B. S. [Fry et al.] Chapter 4 Robson, J. G. Chapter 21 Proctor, N. H. Chapter 27 Rock, J. [Dewan et aL] Chapter 4 Projector, T. H. Chapter 4, Chapter 23 Rockwell, R. J., Jr. [Goldman and Rock- Pusey, P. N. Chapter 13 well] 101,167,168,169 [Goldman et al.] 169 [Goldman et al.] Chapter Rabson, T. A. [Bitt et al.] Chapter 2 8, Chapter 11 [Goldman et aL] Chap• Ragnarsson, S. I. [Ingelstam and Ragnars• ter 15 [Goldman and Rockwell] 577 son] Chapter 17 [Goldman et al.] Chapter 17, Chapter Ramsay, C. A. [Cripps, Ramsay and Ruch] 19,632 172 [Cripps et aL] 176 Rodemann, A. [Mohon and Rodemann] Ramsey,J. D. Chapter 10 Chapter 17 Randall, H. G. [Randall, Brown and Sloan] Rodighiero, G. [Pathak et al.] Chapter 4 90 Roger, F. C. 199 Randolph, D. I. [Davies and Randolph] Rohde, R. S. [Buser and Rohde] Chapter Chapter 4 [Beatrice et al.] 233 13 Rapp, L. M. Chapter 4 Rollason, E. C. [Van Someren and Rolla• Rassow, B. [Dannheim and Rassow] 143 son] Chapter 24 Rathkey, A. S. 509 Rosan, R. C. [Vassiliadis et al.] 138 [Vas• Rauh, F. Chapter 24 siliadis et al.] 239 Ravitch, M. M. Chapter 28 Rose, H. C. [Zweng and Rose] Chapter 26 Author Index 1019 Rose, H. W. [Vassiliadis et al.] Chapter 4 Scherman, G. H. Chapter 19 [Peabody et al.] Chapter 7 Scherr, A. E. 521 Rosen, A. N. 584 Schierer, P. Chapter 11 Rosenberg, G. V. Chapter 13 Schilling, R. S. F. Chapter 26 Ross, D. Chapter 2 Schlaer, R. Chapter 21 Ross, M. Chapter 2 Schleusener, S. A. [White et al.] Chapter 13 Rosskopf, T. Chapter 24 Schrnidt, F. H. [Geeraets et al.] 120 [Evans Rottier, P. B. [Rottier and van der Leun] et al.] 162 172 [Berger et al.] 454 Schmidt, K. Chapter 5, Chapter 10 Roundy, C. B. Chapter 11 Schrnidt, L. B. [Geist et al.] Chapter 11 Roy, E. L. [Dezenburg et al.] Chapter 27 [West and Schmidt] Chapter 11 Royston, D. D. Chapter 20 Schrnidt, R. H. Chapter 5, Chapter 6 Rubin, C. E. [Auth et al.] Chapter 17 Schrnitt, L. B. [Franzen and Schrnitt] Chap- Ruch, D. M. [Cripps, Ramsay and RuchJ ter 11 172 [Cripps et al.] 176 Schneider, W. E. [Stair et al.] Chapter 14 Ruffm, R. S. [Ham et al.] 218 Schott G1ass Company 525 Ruffol0, J. J., Jr. 79 [Ham et al.] 134 Schreibeis, W. J. 521 [Ham et al.] 137 [Moon et al.] Schreiber, M. M. [Dahling et al.] Chapter 16 137 [Moon et al.] 237 [Ham et al.] Schultz, F. V. Chapter 14 Chapter 7 Schultz, J. [Zigman et al.] Chapter 4 Rufus, R. J. [Alexander et al.] Chapter 26 Schulze, R. Chapter 6 Ruge, J. [Sutter et al.] 826 [Sutter et al.] Schwarz, H. J. Chapter 19 840 [Sutter et al.] 841 [Sutter et Scott, M. L. [Combs and Scott] 252 al.] 849 [Hubner et al.] Chapter 24 Scott, W. D. [Wren et al.] 557 [Wren et al.] Rugh, E. R. [J acob et al.] Chapter 11 558 Runde1, R. D. Chapter 6 Scotto, J. Chapter 6 Runge, P. K. Chapter 20 Sears, D. [Ebbers and Se ars] 114 Ruprecht, K. W. Chapter 24 Segal, S. M. Chapter 22 Rusch, H. P. 175 Seidly, E. Chapter 5 Russ, D. S. Chapter 24 Seiji, M. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 3 Rutgers, G. A. W. Chapter 24 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 174 [Fitzpatrick Ryan, M. L. [Ogilvie and Ryan] Chapter 4 et al.] 177 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 178 Ryan, L. 101 [Fitzpatrick et al.] 179 [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 15 Safar, P. [Ravitch et al.] Chapter 28 Seka, W. Chapter 12 Said, F. S. Chapter 3, Chapter 4 Selby, J. E. A. [McClatchey and Selby] 421 Sanders, C. L. Chapter 22 Semm10w, J. Chapter 4 Sands, M. [Feynrnan et al.] Chapter 2 Sensinstaffar, E. L. 781 Sans, W. M., Jr. Chapter 5 Sephens, D. H. [Mooradian et al.] Chapter Sanwal, M. [Borwein et al.] 106 13 Sass, D. J. [Kouwenhoven et al.] Chapter Sever, R. J. [Cope et al.] Chapter 7 28 Shangold, E. J. 744 Saunders, R. D. [McSparron et al.] Chap• Shapiro, S. 1. [Dahling et al.] Chapter 16 ter 14, Chapter 14 Sharon, U. [Kaplan et al.] Chapter 17 Savage, W. F. [Tseng and Savage] Chapter Shaw, C. B. Chapter 24 24 Shaw, H. E. [Landers et al.] 105 [Landers Saxman, A. C. [Wick et al.] Chapter 12 et al.] 133 Sayre, R. M. 172 [Everett et al.] 173 Sheng, P. [Firester et al.] 396 [Everett et al.] 174 [Olson et al.] Sherashov, S. G. 110, Chapter 4 Chapter 5 [Everett et al.] 330 [Berger Shostak, V. 1. [Khitun et al.] Chapter 4 et al.] 454 Shumaker, J. B. [Saunders and Shumaker] Schaefer, A. R. Chapter 11 Chapter 14 Schell, P. G. Chapter 12 Siegman, A. E. Chapter 2 1020 Sliney and Wolbarsht Sigmund, M. Chapter 23 Smith, K. C. 227,228 Siler, V. E. [Goldman et aL] Chapter 17 Smith, K. O. [Rentschler et al.] 456 Silverstein, F. E. [Gu1acsik et al.] 577 [Auth Smith, L. D. 633 et al.] Chapter 17 Smith, M. G. [Skeen et al. a and b] 219 Sims, S. D. [Solon and Sims] Chapter 20 [Skeen et al. a and b] 244 [Skeen et Sinc1air, D. C. Chapter 2, Chapter 12 al. a and b] 245 [Skeen et al.] 280 Singh, H. [Gupta and Singh] 138 [Gupta Smith, P. W. Chapter 2 and Singh] 833 Smith, R. A. Chapter 14 Sipp, B. [Cumin et al.] Chapter 11 Smith, R. L. 379 Sisson, T. R. C. Chapter 22 Smith, T. C. [Boivin and Smith] Chapter 11 Skeen,C. H. 219,244,245,280 Smith, W. J. Chapter 2 Sliney,D.H.69,83,85,87,88,101,118, Smith, W. L. 393 122,124,125,126,129 [Wolbarsht Smith, W. V. Chapter 2 and Sliney] 132 [Ham et al.] 136 Smy, P. R. [Offerberger et al.] Chapter 11 [Ham et al.] 137,137,148,171, Snow,J.C.581 200 [Ham and colleagues] 201, Snyder, A. W. Chapter 3, Chapter 21 204,205 [Ham and colleagues] 206, Snyder, D. S. Chapter 5 209 [Sliney and Palmisano] 218 Soles, E. M. [Hathaway et al.] 881 [Naidoff and Sliney] 219 [Wolbarsht Soloman, S. [Fisher and Soloman] 175 and Sliney] 219 [Sliney and PaImi• Solon, L. R. Chapter 17, Chapter 20 sano] 221,221 [Ham et al.] 238,241, Sommerfeld, A. Chapter 2 242 [Wolbarsht and Sliney] 243 Song, P. S. Chapter 22 [Goldman et al.] Chapter 8, 322, 328, Sorato, M. [Blancard et al.] 509 330,331,335 [Ham, Mueller and Soronkin, P. P. [Smith and Soronkin] Chap• Sliney] 336,336,337,351,353,369, ter 2 Chapter 11,423,425,428, Chapter Spears, D. L. Chapter Il 445,455, Chapter 15,521,522,539, Spears, G. R. Chapter 14,723 [Bickford et 542, Chapter 17, Chapter 18, Chapter al.] Chapter 22 [Levin et al.] Chapter 19, [Rockwell et al.] 632,655,668, 22, Chapter 22 698,724,727,729,730,732,776, Specht, W. A. 616 Chapter 23 [Sensinstaffar et al.] 781 Spence, P. W. [Ferris et aL] Chapter 28 [Ham and Sliney] 792 [Lyon et al.] Spencer, D. J. Chapter 13,538,543 811 [Marshall et al.] 811 [Lyon et Sperling, H. G. [Harwerth and Sperling] 134 al.] 816 [MarshaIl et al.] 822 [Mar• [Harwerth and Sperling] 135 [Har• shall et al.] 823 [Marshall et al.] 825 werth and Sperling] 137 [Harwerth [Marshall et al.] 826 [Marshall et al.] and Sperling] Chapter 6, 237 828 [Naidoff and Sliney] 830 [Nai• SPIE Chapter 14 doff and Sliney] 832 [Marshall et al.] Spitzmas, M. Chapter 4 835 [Lyon et al.] 835 [Marshall et Spracklen, H. R. [Thomas et al.] Chapter 11 al.] 845 [Marshall et aL] 847 [Lyon Staal, J. [Hoag et al.] 615 et al.] 847,852,899 Stair, R. [Coblentz, Stair and Hogue] 172 Sloan, L. L. [Randall, Brown and Sloan] 90 [Coblentz and Stair] 330, Chapter 14 Smathers, S. E. Chapter 11 [Coblentz and Stair] 542, 542, 843 Smialek, L. J. [Martt et al.] Chapter 22 [Coblentz and Stair] Chapter 24 Smith, D. C. [Gebhardt and Smith] Chapter Staley, K. A. Chapter 22 13 Stark, L. [Semm1ow and Stark] Chapter 4 Smith, D. L. [Manes et al.] Chapter 11 State of New York Chapter 15 Smith, D. R. [Lowenstein et al.] Chapter Steere, N. V. Chapter 27 15, Chapter 15 Steichen, F. M. [Ravitch et al.] Chapter 28 Smith, F. G. Chapter 2 Steinkamp, J. A. [Mullaney et al.] 584 Smith, F. K. [Chisum et aL] Chapter 4 Stellar, S. Chapter 17 Smith, H. E. 136,206,210 Stencil, J. A. [Piltingsrud and Stencil] Smith, J. F. [Rockwell et al.] 632,866 Chapter 14 Author Index 1021 Stern, N. [Hathaway et al.] 881 Takeda, Y. Chapter 20 Stern, W. K. Chapter 5 Takimoto, H. H. [Spencer et al.] Chapter 13 Sternhein, C. [Boynton et al.] Chapter 4 Tanebaum, L. [Parrish et al.] Chapter 22 Stev~ns, C. C. [Hemstreet et al.] 245 Tanenbaum, L. [Parrish et al.] Chapter 4 Stevenson, W. H. [Hirleman and Stevenson] Tapaszto, 1. 112, Chapter 4 Chapter 12 TapIey, K. J., Jr. [Song and Tapley] Chapter Stewart, H. F. [Van Pelt et al.] 633 22 Stier, M. T. [Traub and Stier] Chapter 13 Tartarski, V. I. Chapter 13 Stiles, W. S. 92,93 [Wyszecki and Stiles] Tavssig, H. G. Chapter 3,118 TayIor, A. H. [Luckiesh, Ho11aday and Stimson, A. Chapter 11 TayIor] 172 Stokinger, H. E. Chapter 7 TayIor, S. L. 632 Stokseth [Mooradian et al.] Chapter 2 Tengroth, B. [Gullberg et al.] Chapter 7 Sto11, A. M. 557 [Goldman et aL] Chapter 8, Chapter Stone, W. L. [Katz et al.] Chapter 4, Chap• 24, Chapter 26 ter 4 Terrien, F. 830 Stotts, L. B. [Mooradian et al.] Chapter 13 Terus, W. S. [Blum and Terus] 172 Stratton, K. [Pathak and Stratton] Chap- Thacker,P. D. 369 ter 5 Thebault, J. [Cumin et al.] Chapter 11 Straub, H. W. 521 Thekakara, M. P. Chapter 6 Strauss, H. S. [Thouret et al.] Chapter 22 Thoft, R. A. [Foulks et al.] Chapter 4 Stricoff, R. S. [Mackison et al.] Chapter Thomas, S. W. Chapter 11 27 Thomas, T. R. [Dressen et al.] Chapter 24 Strohbehn, J. W. Chapter 13 Thomas, W., JL, Chapter 12,503 Stroke, G. W. Chapter 2, Chapter 20 Thompson, G. Chapter 28 Strong, J. Chapter 2 Thomson, J. H. [Smith and Thomson] Strong, M. S. [Snow et al.] 581 Chapter 2 Strughold, H. [Gerathewohl and Strug- Thomson, M. L. Chapter 5 hold] Chapter 4 [Gerathewohl and Thorington, L. Chapter 22 Strughold] Chapter 6 [Gerathewohl Thoss, F. Chapter 3 and Strughold] 223 Thouret, W. E. Chapter 22 Stuck, B. E. [Beatrice et al.] 233 [Browne11 Thruston, J. L. [Dalziel et al.] Chapter 28 and Stuck] 240,244,245, Chapter 8 Thursby, W. R. 543 Stutz, G. F. A. Chapter 24 Tichibana, A. Chapter 12 Sudashan, F. C. G. [Klauder and Sudashan] Timberlake, G. T. [Riva et al.] 584 Chapter 2 Timmerman, C. C. Chapter 20 Sutter, E. [Bauer et al.] 538,826 [Hubner Tips, J.H., JL [White et al.] Chapter 4 etal.] 829,840,841,849 [Hubner [White et al.] 208 [Skeen et al. a and et al.] Chapter 24, Chapter 24 b] 219 [Skeen et al. a and b] 244 Suzaki, Y. Chapter 12 [Skeen et al. a and b] 245 [Skeen Svelto, O. Chapter 2 et al.] 280 [Mainster et al.] 687 Svedik, J. 410 Tide, A. M. Chapter 11 Svoboda, J. R. Chapter 6 Tittel, F. K. [Bitt et al.] Chapter 2 Swope, C. H. 521,530 Tkachuk, R. 372 Sweetnam, P. M. [Wallace and co11eagues] Tobias, 1. Chapter 2 147 Toft, A. [Hass et al.] 853 Switzer, W. E. [Mills et al.] Chapter 28 Townes, C. H. Chapter 2 Szabo, G. [Pathak et aL] Chapter 5 Traub, W. A. Chapter 13 Szafran, L. 146, Chapter 24 Treacy, E. B. Chapter 11 Treagar, R. T. Chapter 5 Tabershaw, J. R. [Kleinfeld et al.] Chapter Tredici, T. J. [Pitts and Tredici] 109 [pitts 24 and Tredici] 110 [Carpenter et al.] Taboada, J. [Zuclich and Taboada] 109 219 [Pitts and Tredici] 330 1022 Sliney and Wolbarsht Treyt1, W. J. [Marich et al.] Chapter 17 van de Hulst, H. W. Chapter 2 [Marich et al.] Chapter 27 van den Brink 85 Tricker, R. A. R. 419 van der Leun [Rottier and van der Luen] Tripp, G. R. [Thomas et al.] Chapter 11 172,174 Trnka, J. [Malek et al.] Chapter 24 van der Zypen, E. 143 TroU, D. [Owens et al.] Chapter 5 van Norren, D. Chapter 4 Trosko, J. E. [Trosko and Chang] 227 Van Pelt, W. F. 633 Tseng, C. F. Chapter 24 Van Scott, E. J. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter Tso, M. O. M. 104,136,203 3 Tsunoda, Y. [Takeda and Tsunoda] Chapter Van Someren, E. Chapter 24 20 Vant-HoU, L. L. [Hildebrandt et al.] 791 Tucker, R. J. [Scherr et al.] 521 Vass, Z. [Tapaszto and Vass] 112 [Tapaszto Turk, M. I. [Falconer et al.] Chapter 11 and Vass] Chapter 4 Twersky, V. Chapter 4 Vassiliadis, A. 132, 138, 148, 149,219,238, Tyrar, G. [ScheU and Tyrar] Chapter 12 239 [Peabody et al.] Chapter 7, Tyte, D. C. [Kimmitt et al.] Chapter 11 Chapter 10 Vaughan, C. W. [Snow et al.] 581 mett, G. A. 143 Vaughn, J. H. [Fitzpatrick et al.] Chapter 3 illlrich, O. A. 501, 503 Vaughan, T. [Zigman and Vaughan] Chapter Underwriter's Laboratory Chapter 28 4 Urbach, R. Chapter 6, 165 [Berger, Urbach VDE920 and Davies] 172 [Parrish et al.] 174, Vechet, B. Chapter 14 175,191,194,197,198,199 [Berger Verhoeff, F. 117, 137, 147 et al.] 330 [Parrish et al.] Chapter 10 Vermuellen, D. [Fischer and co-workers] US Atomic Energy Commission Chapter 27, 146 Chapter 28 Vinegar, R. [Clark et al.] Chapter 5 US Congress Chapter 9 Viveash, J. D. [Bodand et al.] 233 [Bor• US Department of the Air Force Chapter 7, land et al.] 235 [Bodand et al.] 239 655, Chapter 28 Vogt, A. 144 US Department of the Army Chapter 7, von der Linde, D. [penzkofer et al.] Chapter Chapter 15,655, Chapter 28 11 US Department of Commerce Chapter 7 von Helmholtz, H. Chapter 3 US Department of Defense Chapter 28 von Meeteren, A. [Vos et al.] Chapter 3 US Department of Health, Education and [Vos et al.] Chapter 4 We1fare 226,247,308, Chapter 9, Vorpahl' K. W. [Sliney et al.] 899 Chapter 10,576 Vos, J. J. Chapter 3 [van Norren and Vos] US Department of Health, Education and Chapter 4, Chapter 4 We1fare (Bureau of Radiological Health 375, 379 Waddell, J. E. [Hogan, Alvarado and Wad- US Department of Health, Education and dell] 71 Welfare (Food and Drug Administra• Waldram, J. M. Chapter 23 tion) 334, Chapter 20, 752, 753 Walkenbach, J. E. Chapter 7 US Department of Labor 597,902,904, Walker, A. C. Chapter 11 910 Walker, A. E. [Marshall et al.] Chapter 4 US Department ofthe Navy Chapter 21 Walker, C. B. [Verhoeff, BeU and Walker] US Naval Research Laboratory Chapter 2 117 [Verhoeff, BeU and Walker] 137 [Verhoeff, BeU and Walker] 147 Vahle, W. [Hausser and Vahle] 171 [Hausser Walker, R. F. [Glaser and Walker] Chapter and Vahle] 172 [Hausser and V ahle ] 14 188 WaUace, J. 147 Valley,S. L. 201,420,421 Wallace, R. A. [CampbeU et al.] 148 Valtonen, E. J. Chapter 5 Wallow, 1. H. L. [Tso et al.] 104, Chapter Van de Hu1st, H. C. Chapter 13 7 Author Index 1023 Walls, G. L. 684 Wilkening, G. M. Chapter 17 Walraven, J. [Vos et al.] Chapter 3, 14i, Wilkerson, G. W. [Lytle et al.] Chapter 15 [V os et al.] Chapter 4 Williams, C. S. Chapter 2, Chapter 12, Chap- Walraven, P. L. 88 ter 14 Walsh, J. W. T. Chapter 2, 90, Chapter Il, Williams, D. R. Chapter 16 Chapter 14, Chapter 22, Chapter 23 Williams, D. W. 543 Waltermire, J. A. [Everett et al.] 173 Williams, H. B. [Ferris et al.] Chapter 28 Wangemann, R. T. [Sliney et al.] 87,88 Williams, R. C. [Geeraets et al.] 120 [Ham [Sliney et al.] Chapter 4 et al.] 135 [Evans et al.] 162 Ward, B. Chapter 7 [Schmidt et al.] Chapter 5 [Ham et Warin, A. P. [Briffa and Warin] Chapter 22 al.] Chapter 6 [Schmidt et al.] Chap• Warner, C. G. [Wallace and colleagues] 147 ter 6 [Ham et al.] 218 [Ham et al.] Warrilow, D. [Hayworth and Warrilow] 219 [Farrer, Ham et al.] 237 (Ham et Chapter 28 al.] 543 [Ham et al.] 549 [Ham et Warwick, R. Chapter 3 al.] 594 Watkins, W. R. [White et al.] Chapter 13 Williams, T. B. 134 Watson, C. W. [Davidson and Watson] Williams, T. P. [Rapp and Williams] Chapter Chapter 4 4 Watt, B. E. Chapter Il Willis, I. Chapter 5 Waymouth, J. F. Chapter 22 Wilson, P. W. [White et al.] Chapter 4 Weale, R. A. [Said and Weale] Chapter 3 [White et al.] 208 [Mainster et al.] [Said and Weale] Chapter 4 687 Weaver, E. G. [Bitt et al.] Chapter 2 Wilson, R. M. Chapter 19 Weber, M. J. [Smith et al.] 393 Wilson, W. M. [Green et al.] Chapter 5 Weiner, M. J. Chapter 19 Winburn, D. C. [Sliney et al.] Chapter 17, Weisman, C. 804,808,810,811 899 Weiss, M. M. Chapter 22 Winell, M. [Holmberg and Winell] Chapter Welch, A. J. 128 [Cain and Welch] Chapter 7 4 [Welch and Priebe] 237 Winer, I. M. Chapter 12 Welford, W. T. Chapter 2, Chapter 23 Winkelmann, R. K. [Epstein and Winkel• Wenzel, R. G. [Greiner et al.] Chapter 11 mann] Chapter 5 Weseley, M. L. 423 Winston, R. [Welford and Winston] Chapter Wessels, S. R. [Fite and Wessels] Chapter 23 21 Withrow, A. P. [Withrow and Withrow] 495 West, E. D. Chapter 11 (Withrow and Withrow] Chapter 16 Westendorf, D. H. [Fox et al.] Chapter 21 Withrow, R. B. 495, Chapter 16 Westheimer, G. 85, Chapter 4 Witte, E. [Bode and Witte] Chapter 5 Wettermark, G. [Claesson et al.] Chapter 5 Wittke, J. P. [Gorog et al.] 45 Wheater, R. H. Chapter 24 Wolbarsht, M. L. [Sliney et al.] 87,88, White, H. E. [Jenkins and White] Chapter 2 Chapter 3 [Landers et al.] 105, 110 White, K. O. Chapter 13 (K urzel et al.] 113 [Kurzel et al.] White, T. H. 129 115 [Hayes and Wolbarsht] 120 White, T. J. 128,208 [Mainster et al.] 687 [Hayes and Wolbarsht] 128, 132 Whitman, A. M. 425 [Hayes and Wolbarsht] 132 [Landers Wick, R. V. Chapter 12 et al.] 133 [Hayes and Wolbarsht] Wicke, K. [Hubner et al.] 829 133, 145 [Sliney et aL] Chapter 4 Wickstrom Chapter 24 (Kurzel et al.] 207,207 [Kurzel et Wiegard, K. R. [Bartley et al.] 822 al.] 210 [Vassiliadis et al.] 219 Wiegmann, O. A. [Bredemeyer et al.] 218 219, 237, 243, Chapter 7 [Goldman Wilcox, G. [Kahn and Wilcox] Chapter 16 et al.] Chapter 8 [Fligsten and Wol• Wildavsky, A. Chapter 9 barsht] Chapter 11,581,746,755, Wilhelm, D. L. [Logan and Wilhelm] Chap• Chapter 24, 886, 887 ter 5 1024 Sliney and Wolbarsht Wo1f, E. [Born and Wo1f] Chapter 2, Chap• Zimrnermann, J. [Seka and Zimrnermann] ter 2, Chapter 12 [Born and Wo1f] Chapter 12 Chapter 23 Zinn, K. M. Chapter 3 Wo1fe, W. L. Chapter 13, Chapter 24 Zissis, G. J. [Wo1fe and Zissis] Chapter 24 Wolter, J. R. [Boettner and Wolter] 107 Zissis, G. W. [Wo1f andZissis] Chapter 2 [Boettner and Wolter] 118 [Boettner Zollweg, R. J. [Liberman and Zollweg] and Wolter] 119 [Boettner and Chapter 22 Wolter] 121 Zuclich, J. A. [Zuclich and Connolly] 109 Wood, R. W. Chapter 2 113, 114, 115 Woodlief, T., JL Chapter 12 Zuidema, H. [Henkes and Zuidema] 509 Wor1d Health Organization (WHO) 881,884 Zweng, H. C. [Vassiliadis et al.] 138, Chap• Worst [Van Pelt et al.] 633 ter 4 [Vassiliadis et al.] 239 [Peabody Wren, J. E. 557, 558 et al.] Chapter 7 [Vassiliadis et al.] Wright, M. J. [Kirnmitt et al.] Chapter 11 Chapter 10, Chapter 15,509, Chapter Wright, R. E. Chapter 6 17, Chapter 26 Wro1stad, K. H. [Nicho1s et al.] Chapter Zwick, H. 128,137 [Beatrice et al.] 233 11 237 [Robbins et al.] Chapter 7,633 Wulcan, J. [Hornell and Wu1can] Chapter 24 Wurdemann, H. V. Chapter 24 Wurtman, R. J. 194 Wyszecki, G. Chapter 3 [Ohta and Wysze• cki] Chapter 22 Yacovissi, R. 655 Yamanashi, B. S. [Wo1barsht et al.] 110 [Kurze1 et al.] 113 [Kurze1 et al.] 115 [Wo1barsht et al.] 145 [Kurze1 et al.] 207 [Kurze1 et al.] 210 [Wo1- barsht et al.] 887 Yarbus, A. L. Chapter 3, Chapter 4 Yeargers, E. [Everett et al.] 174 Ying, C. Y. [Parrish et al.] 174, Chapter 5 Yonemochi, S. Chapter 11 Yoshida, A. 394 Young, J. D. H. Chapter 6 Young, M. Chapter 11 Young, R. W. Chapter 3,104 Yuen, K. [Hiller and colleagues] 211 Yulo, T. [Zigman et al.] Chapter 4 Yura, H. T. 425 Zabetakis, M. G. Chapfer 27 Zalewski, E. F. [Lind and Zalewski] Chapter 11 [McSparron et al.] Chapter 14 Zander, K. [Sutter and Zander] Chapter 24 Zar, J. [Hoag et al.] 615 Zigler, J. S. [Wo1barsht et al.] 110 [Wol• barsht et al.] 145 [Wo1barsht et al.] 887 Zigman, S. [Grover and Zigman] Chapter 4, Chapter 4 Zimrnerer, R. W. Chapter 11 Zimrnerman, L. E. [Tso et al.] 104 [Tso et al.] Chapter 4 Subject Index Abbreviation - 967-972 Argon laser - 219, 320, 581-583 Absorption - 26ff Asbestos - 574, 901, 907 Access - See Human Access Atomic fireballs - See Nuclear Accessible emission limits - weapons 288-294 Atmosphere - 415ff, 987 Accidents - absorption - 421 electrical - 5, 915-919 attenuation - 415-422, 666 laser - 508-510, 893-895 blue light - 609-612 medical examination - 886- scattering - 415-420, 631 889, 892 scintillation - 422-430 welding - 830-832 turbulence - 422-433 Accommodation (of the eye) - 78 ultraviolet effect - 187- Accuracy - 378-379 194 Actinic UV - See Ultraviolet Attenuation - 26-29, 526 radiation Aversion response - 222-223, Airborne contaminants - 618-620, 326, 485-486, 585 900-907 Aviators - 138, 675-677 Airspace - 634-635, 662-664, 674-679, 682-683 Backstops - 9, 43, 514-515, Airy disc - 31-32, 81-85, 124- 568-577, 670-673 126 Beam attenuators - 297, 301, Alignment lasers - 585, 591- 571 598, 605-606, 681-682 Beam divergence - 349, 385-394, amin. - 272, 275-277 649-650, 766 Alpha min. - See amin. Beam profile - 47-51, 351, 385- Ancillary hazards - 575-576, 413, 477-480 899-910. See also circular beam - 387-388 Cryogenic, Electrical, elliptical beam - 388 Fire, Noise hazards "hot spots" - 51, 424-425, Animals, laser hazards to - 428-429, 482-483 684-685 measurement of - 392-413, Aperture stop - 241, 317, 349, 462-464 429, 505 rectangular beam - 388, 650 Aphakic eyes - 109. See also single mode - 51, 391 Erythropsin Beam traps - See Backstops Aqueous fIare - 143, 146, 896 Bilirubin lamps - 747-749 Aqueous humor - 66, 67, 107 Binoculars - 206-207, 501-505, 669-670 1025 1026 Sliney and Wolbarsht Blackbody radiation - 18, 34, Coherence - 51-54 37-38, 347, 695-702, 725- retinal effects - 635 733, 851-855 spatial - 51-53 "Black light" - 176, 333-334, temporal - 54 736, 739-742 Collateral radiation - 288, 296 Blepharospasm - 109 Color tempera ture - 697-698 Blink reflex - 222. See Comrnunication lasers - 645-648, Aversion response 682 Blue-light retinal hazard - Conservation of radiance - 490- 336, 947-958 491, 763, 769, 792 Retinal injury - 135-138, Construction lasers - 591-608 201-207, 336ff, 643- Controlled areas - 572-573 644 Control measures (airborne from sun - 201-207 contaminants) - 902-907 from lamps - 336ff, Control measures (electrical) - 723, 747, 789 920-924 from welding arcs - Control measures (cryogenics) - 551-552, 816-825 5, 6, 576 Body heat - See Thermal load Control measures (infrared ra• Brightness - 2, 56-60 diation) - 556-558, 571 Broad-band sources - 325-343, Control measures (laser) - 439-467 510-516 Brow ridge - 66, 197-198, 200 for Class 1 - 8, 296-299, Bruch's Membrane - 76 475 Building materials (reflec- for Class 2 - 8, 296-299 tance) - 503 for Class 3 - 8-9, 296-299, 514-516, 600-604 Calibration - 368-375, 376 for Class 4 - 9, 296-299, Calorimetry - 347, 353-359 513-514, 563-588, 657- Carbon arcs - 711-714, 804-809 682 Carbon dioxide lasers - 148-149, enclosures - 477, 571-575 163-170, 225, 278, 320, 421, interlocks - See Interlocks 577-581, 609, 614-617, 868- laboratory - 563-588 869, 899-900, 908 switches - 476 Cataract - 112-115, 144-147, Control measures (ultraviolet 210-211. See also Lens (of radiation) - 556-559, 564- the eye) 565, 733-744 Caution Range - 671-672, 797 Control measures (hamrner) - 999- Ceilometer - 683 1001 Chemical hazards - 5-6 Construction lasers - 222, 591- Choroid - 76 598. See also Alignment Chromatic aberration - 25, 78-80, lasers 86, 87 Consumer product lasers - 625 Classification (of laser hazards Copy machines - 644-655, 744- and lasers) - 2, 6, 7, 10, 745, 983-986 221-226, 320, 471-473, 596, Cornea - 4, 67, 68, 104, 106, 973-982 109-112, 115, 145, 147-149, Classification duration - 483- 187-188, 199-200, 211, 240- 485 242, 253-254, 505, 886, 896 Subject Index 1027 CRT displays - 746-747 Epidemiological studies - 892, Cryogenic hazards - 909 881, 892-893 Cylindrical mirrors - 797-798 Epidermis - 95, 163 Epileptics - 143, 206 Dark adaptation - 91-92, 548 Erbium laser - 278 Daylight - 752. See also Sun Erythema - 110, 170-176, 188, Demonstration lasers - 308, 309, 328-329, 790, 827 435, 626-641 Erythropsia - 137, 207 Dermis # (corium) - 95, 163 Eskimos - 200 Design (hazard avoidance) - 475 Exit pupil - See Aperture stop Designators target - 655-657 Explosion hazards - 565-566 Detectivity - 363-366 Exposure durat ion - 485-486 Detectors - 353-368 Exposure limits (laser) - 217, calibration - 368-372 226-244, 261-288 quantum - 359-361 Extended sources - 274-277, 477- specifications - 361-368 479 thermal - 353-359 Eye - See also Retina, Cornea, UV - 359, 368 Iris, Aqueous, Lens, Cata• windows - 360 ract, Vitreous body Diagnostic (medical) lasers - anatomy - 65-76, 947-949 583-585 laser therapy - See Photo• Diffraction - 29-32 coagula tors Diffuse reflection - See Reflec- optical characteristics - tion, diffuse 76-84, 117-128, 145, Diode arrays - 667-669 947-949, 959 Dispersion - 25 physiology - 74-93. See Distance measurement laser also Aqueous, Choroid, systems - 598-600, 655 Cornea, Lens, Macula Dye lasers - 43, 313, 320 lutea, Retina and Dynamic eye protectors - 543, Vitreous 845 refractive power - 76-78 Eye hazards - 1, 4, 101-159, 187- ED - 50-102, 103, 219, 229-232, 188, 508-510, 521, 583, 947- 245-246, 594. See also 958. See also Ultraviolet Probit analysis effects of eye, determina• Electrical hazards - 5, 300, tion of threshold values - 913-927 102-103, 217-255 Electrocution - 5, 915-919 Eye injuries - 886-888 Electromagnetic spectrum - 14-15 first aid - 833 Emergency vehicle lights - 779- laser - 508-510 780 welding - 830-832 Emission indicator - 297, 301 Eye movement recorders - 784-786 Emissivity - 34 Eye protectors - Emittance - 34 infrared - 852-854 Enclosures - 225, 296-300, 574- laser - 10, 207, 511-512, 575, 612, 630-631 521-557, 563, 580, 612, Endoscopy - 577-580 677, 689, 869, 895 Environmental assessment (wild• welding - 841-850 life) 684-685 1028 Sliney and Wolbarsht Far field - 53, 385, 765-767, 775 laser - 471-520, 564, 566- Fiber optics - See Optical fibers 568, 652 Field-of-view - 317, 373, 464 projector systems - 763- Filaments - 698-699 797 Filters - See also Eye protectors welding arcs - See Welding laser - 494-496, 523-541, arcs, hazard analysis 556-557, 677 Hazard distance - See NORD welding - 841-850 for lasers - See NORD Fire hazards - 6, 9, 514, 616, for searchlights - 768, 906-Q08 770-786 First aid - Heliostats - 791-797 electrical shock - 920-922 Heat lamps - 164, 702, 755-756, ultraviolet injury - See 781-784 also Welding chap Heat stress - 169-170, 211 Flashblindness - 138-140 Helium-cadmium laser - 315, 320 Flashburns (of the skin) - 146, Helium-neon lasers - 281, 320 161-162, 167 High intensity discharge (HID) Flashing lights - 142-143, 206, lamps - 705-709, 752-753 780 Holography - 584-585, 620-621, Flash distance - 765-771 627-628 Flashlamps - 564, 714-716, 749- Hospital lamp sources - 747-749, 752, 779-780 756 Flicker, Flicker sickness - Hot spots (laser beams) - 51 143, 704, 780 Human access - 288, 295, 310 Focussed beam - 406, 409-411 Hyperopia - 78 Foundries - 852-853 Fovea centralis - 79, 84, 90, Ice reflections - 663-665 103, 684. See also Retina Image converters - 543-548, 567 Frequency doubling - 481 Incandescent sources - 38, 135, Fresnel reflection - 660-666. 693-757 See Reflection, specular general - 38 Fresnel lenses - 764-765, 775, lamps - 135, 693ff 779-780 ovens - 755-756 Infrared - 20 GaAs lasers - 278-291, 314, 320, effects upon eye - 101, 648-653, 667-669, 683 105-106, 144-149, 253- Gaussian beam - 47-51, 391-400, 254, 341, 669, 755-756, 406-412 850-852 Germicidal lamps - 455, 733-736 effects upon skin - 161-170, Germanium detectors - 360, 364 852 Glare - 110, 141, 886 eye movement recorder - discomfort glare - 141 784-789 disability glare - 141 heat gun - 781-784 sensitivity - 886 IR cataract - 106, 144-147 veiling glare - 141 protective filters - 536- Flassblowers - 138, 144-148 538, 854 reflection - 491 Hazard analysis - sources - 480-481, 685, 702, lamps - 716-733, 772ff 755, 852-853 Subject Index 1029 lnfrared radiant heating - 164, modes - 46-49 702, 751-753, 755-756, 781- mode-Iocked - 46 784 Q-switched - 43, 312 lntegrating spheres - 371, 463 scanning - See Scanning Interference - See Measurement, lasers pitfalls solid-state - 42 lnterlocks - 297, 300, 476-511, wavelengths - 46, 480-481, 513, 572 605-606, 961-965 Inverse-square law - 765-767, Laser safety officer - 670, 775 862-866 Iris (of the eye) - 66-69, 143- Lenses - 25, 763-765 144, 887. See also Pupil Lens (of the eye) - 4, 70-71, lrradiance - 55-58, 422-426, 106, 112-117, 119-120, 145, 650-651, 929-934 887, 896 LIDAR - 9, 514, 655, 681-683 Key Control - 297, 301, 511, 577 Lifeguards - 138, 207 Light emitting diodes (LED's) - Labels - 303, 304 718 Lambert's Law - 286, 372, 374, Light shows (laser) - 628-640 730 Limiting apertures - See Aper• Lamps - 693-761. See also Heat ture stop lamps Luminance - 58, 60, 123, 929- arc lamps - 709-711, 721 934 fluorescent - 703-705, 718 defined - 56 gas discharge - 35 of lamps - 134 high intensity discharge of natural surroundings - (HID) - 341, 705-709 210 incandescent - 38, 695-703, of sun - 210 718 Luminous intensity - 56, 58, light emitting diodes 929-934 (LED' s) - 716 Luminous efficacy - 56 mercury - 703, 718 of laser wavelengths - 369 safety standards - 752, 756-757, 760, 761 Macula lutea - 80, 84 sodium, high-pressure - Maintenance - 305, 677-679 707-708, 718 Manufacturing lasers - 609-623 sodium, low pressure - Material processing lasers - 101, 703, 718 609-617 Lamp specifications - 694, 719- Maximum permissible exposures 723 (MPE) - 226-244. See also Laser cane for the blind - 648- Exposure limits 653 Measurement - See also Photo• Lasers - 39ff graphy, Radiometry, Spec• CW - 42 tro-radiometry, Beam dye laser - 42, 313, 320 profile measurement gas - 42 Beam profile - 392-406 hazard classification - Compliance - 295, 317 See Classification Illuminance - 723 1030 Sliney and Wolbarsht Irradiance - 296, 723 Noise equivalent power - 362- Luminance - 723 363 Photometric - 722-724 Noise hazards - 6, 618, 909-911 Pitfalls - 29ff, 375-377, Non-destructive testing - 620 811 Non-linear optical effects - 133 Radiance - 296, 723 Nuclear weapons - Radiant energy - 347-379 flashburns - 162 Radiant power - 295 retinal effects - 117, 140 Radiometric - 722-724 Numerical aperture - 645-646 Rationale - 347-348 Scanning beams - 296 Office machines (laser) - 625, Source size - 462-464 644-645 Medical lasers - 308, 576-585 Operating room light sources - Medical light sources - 747-749 787-789 Medical surveillance (medical Optical fibers - 645-648, 787- examinations) - 2, 679, 879- 789 898 Ophthalmoscopic examinat ion - eye examinations - 881-886 102, 786-787, 881-884, 891 following accidents - Ophthalmic light sources - 786- 886-888 789 medical-legal aspects - Optical density - 524-525 880-881 Optical viewing instruments - rationale - 879-881, 889- 501-505, 669-670 890 Optically aided viewing - standards - 888-893 501-505, 596-597, 669-670 Medical treatment - See First aid Paints (reflectance) - 501-502 Melanin - 95-96, 132-137, 143, Palpebral fissure - 109 169 Photochromic glass - 549-551. Mie scattering - 415-419, 421- See also Welding filters 422 Photocoagulators - 581-583 Military lasers - 307 Photographic flash lamps - 749- Minimum-inverse-square distance - 750 See Flash distance Photography - 351, 388-405 Mode locking - 46, 133, 366-368, camera - 398-399 481-482 electronic flash - 715 Modulation transfer function film characteristics - 402- (MTF) - 84 405, 936 Multiple wavelengths - 480-481 film plane exposure - 123 Myopia - 78 flash bulbs - 749-752 for beam profile measure• Near Field - 53, 385, 765-767, ment - 369, 400-404 775 movie lamps - 774 Neodymium lasers - 219, 316, streak camera - 367 319, 320, 577-579 Photokeratitis (photophthalmia) - NOHD (Nominal Ocular Hazard 106-112, 200, 328-329, 801, Distance) - 389-391, 430- 830-833. See also Ultra• 431, 433, 440-441, 488-489, violet, effects on the eye 657, 670-677, 682, 686-689 Subject Index 1031 Photometric terms - 54-60, 694- Radiometry - 54-60, 347-384, 695, 929-934, 938 439-469, 929-934 Photometry - 54-60, 366, 368, interference - See MeaSULC• 439 ment, pitfalls Photons - 15, 17, 34-36 irradiance - 17, 225, 349, Photophobia - 109 439-440, 659 Photopic vision - 54, 86, 90, photographic - 123 525, 533 radiance - 57, 123, 427- Photosensitizers - 115-116, 177- 429, 439-440 179 radiant energy - 347-379 Photosensitive epileptics - See radiant exposure - 57, 349- Epilepsy 352, 659, 666-669 Photosensitivity (skin) - 176- radiant power - 57, 347- 179, 486 379 Phototherapy - 736-742, 748 terms - 54-60, 350 Planck, Max - See Blackbody See also Spectroradiometry radiation Radiometric units - 54-60, 292, Plasma arcs - 802, 805, 808 347-353, 694-695, 929-934, Plastics - 556-557 937, 939, 942, 944-946 Polarization - 17, 24, 542- Radium light sources - 714 543 Raleigh scattering - 415-419 Precis ion - 378-379 Reciprocity - 108, 110, 173 Premature babies - See Bili• Rectangular images - 726 rubin lamps Reflection - 21-23, 486-503, Presbyopia - 70, 78 613-614 Printing Plants - diffuse - 21-52, 286, 487, lasers - 617 489-503, 568-571, lamps - 744-746 639ff, 661 Probability of exposure - 488- natural surfaces - 110, 112, 489, 679-680 196-199, 661-666 Probit analysis - 103, 227-235 retroreflection - 492-494, Projection optics - 477-480, 680 685-689, 763-800 spectral reflectance - 501- Protective eye wear - See Eye 503 protectors specular (regular) - 21-23, Protective garments - 521, 557- 487-488, 491-498, 509- 558, 563, 580, 847 510, 514, 553, 581- Protective housing - 296, 477- 583, 658-668 480, 563 Refractive index - 23 Pump lamps - 564-566 of glass - Pupil (of the eye) - 69, 117- of plastics - 118, 223, 501-508, 666 of air - 23 Purkinje shift - 86 Refraction - 23-25 Pyroelectric detectors - 355- Remote control connector - 297 359, 365 Repetitively pul sed lasers - 244-245, 269-270, 273-274, Quantum - See Photon 280, 645-648, 656 Respirators - 904-905 Radiometers - 352-373, 451-456 Responsitivity - 361-362 1032 Sliney and Wolbarsht Retina - See also Eye, blue light BSl - 218-220, 249, 285 hazard FDA - See BRH anatomy - 71-76 Foreign - 248-251, 261, 881 examination - 887, 894, 896 lEC - 249, 251, 261, 285, fovea - 79, 84, 90, 103, 304 684, 893-894 OSHA - 217, 261, 309, 597- hazard function - 121, 24L 598, 612 hazards - 3-4, 103-104, States and local - 246-247 1D8-109, 201-210, 430- USDHEW - See BRH 431, 440, 583, 594- US Air Force - 219-220, 655 595, 642, 644, 668, US Army - 218-220, 655 792-797 Safety standards, non-laser - physiology - 71-76 325-345, 756-757 retinal burns - 116, 236- ACGlH standards - 328-341, 242, 252-255, 830-832, 754, 774, 777-779 887, 893-895 ANSl standards - 341, 757 retinal image - 77-84, 121- AMA standards - 328 127, 130-131, 203, 233, blue light - 338-339 241-242, 430, 489-491, BRH standards - 341, 752- 583, 585, 643ff, 666, 753 668-669, 763, 792-797 German - 834 spectral properties - 120- lnfrared - 339, 341-342 121, 241 Light - 334-341 tempera ture elevation - Lamps - 341 128-130 NlOSH UV criteria - 328-334 UV effects - 108-109 ultraviolet - 327-334, 752- Retinal hazard region - 103, 753 723-729. See also Eye, US Army - 335-338 retinal hazard Scanning lasers - 298, 299, 303, Retroreflections - 491-494 506-508, 635-639, 641-644, Ruby Lasers - 277, 312, 320, 664-668 688-689 Scattering - 32-33 Rayleigh scattering - 32, Safety meters, monitors - 415-420 368, 451-456 Mie scattering - 32, 415- Safety precautions - See Control 420 measures atmospheric - 415-420 Safety Programs - 861-877 Science exhibits - 626-627 Safety standards, laser - 1, Sclera - 76, 993 217ff, 261ff, 285ff Scotopic vision - 86, 90-91, ACGlH - 218, 261, 285, 899 525, 533. See also Dark ANSl - 220-254, 261, 285- adaptation 287, 473, 593-597, 625- Scotoma - 92, 103, 203, 993 641, 656, 861-862, 881, Searchlights - 763-773, 775-779, 888-892 786 BRH - 217, 285-322, 473, Service - 305 576-579, 597, 612, 625, Shade number, welding goggles - 631-632, 677, 682, 899 542, 841-844, 846 Subject Index 1033 Shielding - 555-557 Stratum corneum - 95, 162, 174 Silicon detectors - 360, 364-366 Stray light - 445-451, 457-462 Skin - 6, 93-97, 161 Streak cameras - 367-368 anatomy - 93-96 Surgical lasers - 577-581 cancer - 169, 175-176, 192, Survey forms - 585-588, 958 833 Surveying lasers - 308 erythema - 170-174, 188, Sun - 207-211. See also Sun 790 simulators first aid for sunburn - 833 angular subtense - 202 hazards - 4-6, 161-181, 188- direct viewing - 1, 130, 199, 241, 827-828, 904- 188-207, 548-552, 791- 907 798 optical properties - 164- eye hazards - 1, 115-117, 166 130, 136-138, 187-188, physiology - 94-97 199-211, 548-553, 791- protection - 552-553 798 sensitizing materials - 5, heat stress - 211, 794 176-179 indirect exposure - 138, tanning - 174-176, 188, 207-211 192-199 skin hazards - 187-198, testing - 790 552-553, 794-798 Slide projectors - 780-781 solar (eclipse) retinitis - Snow blindness - 109-112, 187, 188, 201 200, 207-209. See also solar spectrum - 201, 203- Ultraviolet effects on the 206, 456, 752 eye and Photokeratitis viewing with binoculars - Solar furnaces and Solar 206-207 collectors - 791-798 Sunglasses - 548-552. See also Solar retinitis - See Sun Eye protective wear Solar simulators - 789-791 Suntanning - 95, 174-176, 188- Solid angle - 55-59 192, 199 Speckle - 54, 583-584, 635 Surgical light sources - 786-789 Spectral lines - 441-443, 465 System safety - 473-483 Spectral reflectance - See Reflection, spectral Tanning - See Suntanning Spectral transmis sion - Target designators - See Desig• eye (ocular media) - 89 nators, target filter - 360, 449 Target Designators - 655-657, glass - 449, 495 681-682 plastics - 496 TEA lasers - 278, 899, 910 quartz - 360 Telescopes - 501-505, 669-670 Spectroradiometry - 369, 439- Testing - 466 eye protection - 538-541 standards - 369 Thermal load and regulat ion - Standard operating procedures - 97, 793 573-574, 920 Thermal injury - Standards - See Safety standards general - 162 Stiles-Crawford Effect - 92-93 retina - 116, 128-130, 236- 242, 252-255, 887, 893- 1034 Sliney and Wolbarsht 895 Video disp1ay termina1s - 746- rate process - 162 747 skin - 162, 793 Viewing conditions - 494 Thermopi1es - 353-355, 365 Viewing optics - 298, 299, 302, Thresho1ds of injury - 611-612 general - 102, 217-255 Vis ion - eye - 217-255, 594-595 dark adaptation - 91-92 skin - 161-176 infrared - 87-88 Training - 861-898 10ss - 102, 134 by computer - 872-877 photopic (day) - 86-87, 90- demonstrations - 867-870 91 examp1e program - 866-877 scotopic (night) - 86-87, for Laser Safety Officer - 90-91 865-866 ultraviolet - 87 for management - 864-865 Visua1 acuity - 81 for operators - 863-864 10ss - 102 1asers for - 680-681 Vitreous body or humor - 145, objectives - 862 661, 887 requirements - 865 source materia1s - 871 Warniug signs, 1abe1s - 735 Transmission - 25-26 Water ref1ections - 662-664 Tungsten, emissivity of - 33 Water vapor 1asers - 318, 320 Turbu10ns - 427-430 WBGT Index - 169-170, 342 We1der's f1ash - See Photo- Ultraviolet curing equipment - keratitis 742-744 We1ding arcs - 801-850 Ultraviolet radiat ion - arc shapes - 810, 812 CIE bands - 108 b1ue 1ight - 816-821, 825- effects on the eye - 4, 828 106-116, 187-188, 199- cornea1 injury - See Photo- 201, 210-211, 253-254, keratitis 329, 801, 830-833. See fumes - 823 a1so Photokeratitis hazard ana1ysis - 85 effects on the skin - 110, infrared radiation - 826, 170-180, 329 829, 840 exposure 1imits - 262-264, 1uminance - 823-825, 822- 327-334 925 from the sun - 188-201 retina1 injury - 830-832 measurement - 451-461, 813 spectra - 814-815 ref1ection - 110, 112, 197- tempera ture profi1es - 199, 501-503 809-811 retina1 injury - 108-110, types of we1ding - 802-809 947-958 ultraviolet radiation - sources - 180, 188-201, 516, 816-822, 824 564-565, 731-733, 752- We1ding arc measurements - 455, 753, 813-822 809-827 We1ding curtains - 836-841, 849- Venti1ation - 902-903 850 Ventricu1ar fibri11ation - 919 1035 Welding filters - 542, 838-850 Welding hazard index - 834-836 Welders - 138, 801 Welder's flash - See Photokera• titis Whole body exposure - 169 Wildlife, laser hazards to - 684-685 Windows - 494, 496, 556-557, 838 X radiation - 15 accessible emission limits - 292 control measures - 909 sources - 6, 625, 908-909 Xenon-arc flashlamps - 717 Yogurt - 211