Sap. J. M. Sc. & Biol., 9, 133-163, 1956
A REVISION OF THE JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE (I)
HIROSHI INOUE1)
Eiko-Gakuen, Funakoshi, Yokosuka2)
(Received: July 11th, 1956)
The Japanese Lymantriidae were mainly studied by Butler (1877-1885),
Leech (1889; 1899), Swinhoe (1903; 1922; 1923), Wileman (1911; 1918),
Nagano (1907-1919), Strand (1910; 1911), and Matsumura (1905-1933), but there still remain many problems on their scientific names and systematic relations of genera., species and subspecies. In this paper I will catalogue all the species, subspecies and forms known to occur in Japan, from Hokkaido to as far south as
Yakushima, with descriptions of some novelties. Matsumura (1933) listed 51 species from Japan as defined above, but, according to my studies, there being some synonyms and misidentifications in his species, I can only accept 45 species.
Little will be mentioned about the external characteristics and venations, as the original descriptions are in most cases easily accessible, and moreover there are many descriptions and illustrations, including •gSeitz•h, which will facilitate these points. However, a special attention is paid to the structure of the male genital organs, and their short descriptions and sketches will be given, since these organs are considered to be a very important factor to compare the phylogenic relations of genera and species, and besides there being no comparative study on these organs concerning the Japanese Lymantriidae.
In writing this paper I have received kind assistance and valuable advices from Mr. C. L. Collenette, British Museum (Natural History), and Mr. Toshio Kumata, Hokkaido University, to whom I am much indebted. My hearty thanks are due to Prof. Teiso Esaki, Kyushu University, Prof. Tamotsu Ishihara, Matsuyama Agricultural College, and Mr. Yoshihiko Kurosawa, National Science Museum, Tokyo, for the free access to the specimens in their charges. I wish as well to thank the following friends for the aid by way of specimens : Miss I. Hattori, Messrs. T. Haruta, H. Hasegawa, K. Ijima, A. Kawada, K. Kojima, H. Kuroko, Y. Nagai, S. Nomura, M. Okano, P. Savolainen, K. Shirahata, T. Shirozu, S. Sugi, T. Tanaka, Y. Yamamoto, and the late Mr. A. Hosono. I also appreciate Mr. A. Kumakura's help in the drawing of venation. My thanks are also expressed to Dr. Syoziro Asahina, National Institute of Health, on whose recommendation and arrangement I have undertaken a revisional study of this family and who further has enabled me to publish this paper.
1)井 上 寛 ,2)横 須 賀 市 船 越 栄 光 学 園
133 134 I NO Vol. 9
Family LYMANTRIIDAE
Lymantriidae Hampson, 1892, p. 11; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 375; Strand, 1910, p. 109; id., 1915, p. 291; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 41; Forbes, 1948, p. 237. Liparidae Walker, 1855b, p. 777. Orgyidae Wallengren, 1865, p. 34. Lymantriadae Hampson, 1919, p. 384.
A family of moths of medium or large size, and generally of nocturnal flight, but sometimes of active day-flyer (Lymantria dispar, •‰ ). Body small and slender in male, but female has a heavy body, with a developed anal tuft of hair for covering eggs; antennae in male strongly pectinate to apex, the shaft usually down-curved, in female often pectinate, with short branches. Palpi weak to moderate; ocelli absent ; proboscis usually absent; legs hairy, frenulum always developed in the Japanese species. Wings ample ; forewing with M2 from close to lower angle of cell, rarely stalked with M1; hindwing with M2 from close to lower angle of cell, M1 and R generally stalked, but sometimes connate or even separate, Sc nearly touching R at middle of cell and connected with it by a bar. Very rarely wings are vestigial in female (Orgyia th yellina) . Eggs laid in a mass and generally covered with hair from the anal tuft. Larva medium to large size; feeding primarily on the foliage of deciduous shade, forest and fruit trees ; generally covered with thick hair or thick tuft of hair, frequently containing poison spinules (Euproctis spp.). Pupa in a thin cocoon, into which some of the hair of the larva are woven ; stout, hairy and sometimes with toothbrush tufts ; with functional hooks on the cremaster ; tongue-case very weak. This family include very important species from the economical point: larvae often outbreak in a great number and give a serious damage to cultivated trees and forest, and the poison spinules of Euproctis cause irritation to human skin. Strand (1910-1911) divided this family into two groups, but forewing with radial branches unstable even in a single species, and therefore the distinction of the groups is sometimes unreliable.
GROUP I. Areolatae
Forewing with R3 given off from R2 and anastomosing with R4 to form an areole.
Genus Dasychira Stephens
Dasychira Stephens, 1828, p. 58; Hampson, 1892, p. 433: Strand, 1910, p. 111; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 42. Cifuna Walker, 1855c, p. 1172; Hampson, 1892, p. 446; Strand, 1911, p. 121. Baryaza Moore, 1879b, p. 45. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTIIEAE, I 135
•‰ genitalia : so variable that they might possibly be divided into several different genera, and it is nearly impossible to give a description for the common characteristics of the genus. Uncus typically broad, apex often bifurcate or trifurcate ; valva strongly sclerotized, fused, Costa very often free, sacculus broad, ventral margin sometimes dentate; aedoeagus variable, but strong.
•‰ genitalia :Fi g. 1. Dasychira argentata Butler.2 . Dasychira pseudabietis (Butler). 3. Dasychira lunulata Butler.
Cifuna cannot be separated generically from Dasychira by the venation, hindtibiae or larvae, and the structure of the male genitalia is heterogeneous throughout the both genera. If we observe only the Japanese species, we can accept the characteristics of Cifuna given by Hampson (1892), but in Africa there are many transitional forms which connect them into a single genus and we do not know where to draw the line between them. Therefore, I will here treat Cifuna merely as a section for convenience in identification.
SECTION 1. ( Dasychira) . Forewing more or less convex, termen oblique.
1. D. argentata Butler (Sugi-dokuga, Nagoya-dokuga)
Dasychira argentata Butler, 1881a, p. 12; Leech, 1899, p. 123; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 474; Inoue, 1954, p. 14. Calliteara argentata Pryer, 1884, p. 51. Calliteara pseudoabietis Matsumura, 1905, p. 40; id., 1931, p. 701, no. 423; id., 1933, p. 120; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 28, f. 1 & 2 (nec Butler). Dasychira pseudabietis Strand, 1910, p. 113, pl. 19h; Bryk, 1934, p. 15; Kawada, 1950, p. 734, f. 2065 (nec Butler). Dasychira abietis Nagano, 1918, p. 241 (nec Schiffermuller et Denis). Orgyia pseudabietis Swinhoe, 1923, p. 296; Kawada, 1932, p. 1164, f. 2298 (nec Butler). 136 I NOUE Vol.9
Dasychira nagoyana Matsumura, 1933, p. 119, pl. 7, f. 3. Dasychira pudibunda f. (!) argentata Matsumura, 1933, p. 120.
•‰ genitalia: uncus broad, trifurcate, central process slender, flange at either
side very large; valva broad, roundish, sacculus with margin minutely dentate ;
juxta strongly bifid, arms slender; aedoeagus long, cornuti numerous minute
spines.
I have already pointed out (1954) that due to the influence by the misidentifi-
cation of Strand (1910) this has erroneously been called pseudabietis in Japan
and that nagoyana Matsumura is the normal female of argentata. Although
Bryk (1934) considers D. coreana Mats. a race of •gpseudabietis•h, it is a synonym
of conjuncta Wileman.
The colour of wings varies from pale to fuscous, but in my collection there are 1 •‰, 2 with both wings and body entirely infuscated, which I will name
ab. infuscata nov. (Types: Tokyo, 4 Sept. 1949, 1 •‰ ; 11 July 1952, 1 •Š, T,
Haruta coil.; Tokyo, 7 June 1950, 1 •Š P. Savolainen coll). This species is very common on level lands and low hills throughout Japan. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Period of Appearance: May to June, and August to September. Food Plant: Chamaecyparis spp., Cryptomeria spp.
2. D. pseudabietis (Butler) (Ringo-doknga, Arakawa-dokn-ga)
Calliteara pseudabietis Butler, 1885, p. 118 (•‰).
Dasychira pryeri Butler, 1885, p. 119 (•Š).
Calliteara pudibunda Leech, 1889, p. 631 (nec L.). Dasychira pseudabietis Leech, p. 124; Staudinger, 1901, p. 116; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 472;
Inoue, 1954, p. 14. Dasychira pudibunda Leech, 1889, p. 124; Matsumura, 1905, p. 41; Strand, 1910, p. 114
(part.) ; Matsumura, 1909, p. 65, pl. 10, f. 18 (•‰) & 25 (•Š) ; id., 1931, p. 701,
no. 424; id., 1933, p. 120; Hirayama, 1937, p. 73, pl. 35, f. 4 (•Š) ; Kawada, 1950,
p. 734, f. 2066 (nec L.). Dasychira sp. (?), Sasaki, 1905, p. 126, f. 34. Orgyia pudibunda Kawada, 1932, p. 1164, f. 2297 (nec L.). Dasychira arakawae Matsumura, 1921, p. 863, pl. 62, f. 4; id., 1930, p. 697, no. 406; id., 1933, p. 114.
•‰ genitalia: uncus trifurcate, central process longer and broader than in argentata, flanges at both sides nearly as long as the central process; valva very similar to the preceding, but sacculus more strongly and irregularly dentate;
juxta small, apex lip-shaped; aedoeagus broader than in the preceding, with a bundle of plait-like sclerites. From European pudibunda it is separated by
slenderer arms of uncus, in addition to the external differences. This species has long been called pudibunda in Japan, but it is specifically separated from the European counterpart. D. arakawae is merely a small male of the same insect and such variation is hardly tenable as a name-worthy form, 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 137
since there are many degrees in size from large (•‰ , length of forewing 25 mm)
to small (15 mm). Generally speaking the second generation is much smaller
than the first. As Leech (1899) points out, pryeri is the female of the same
species. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Period of Appearance: Beginning of April to middle of May, and middle of July to end of August. Food Plant: Malus spp., Quercus spp., Acer spp.
3. D. lunulata Butler (Akahige-dokuga)
Dasychira lunulata Butler, 1877, p. 403; id., 1878, p. 11, pl. 24, f. 8; Pryer, 1884, p. 51;
Leech, 1889, p. 631; id., 1899, p. 125; Staudinger, 1901, p. 116; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 471;
Matsumura, 1905, p. 41; Strand, 1910, p. 114; Matsumura , 1925, p. 111; Kawada, 1929, p. 87, pl. 2, f. 3 & 4; Matsumura, 1931, p. 700, no. 420; Gaede, 1932 , p. 96, pl. 8a; Matsumura, 1933, p. 118; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 29, f. 3 ; Bryk, 1934, p. 18;
Collenette, 1938, p. 221; Kawada, 1950, p. 736, f. 2070; Inoue, 1955b, p. 23 . Dasychira solitaria Staudinger, 1887, p. 202, pl. 12 , f. 1 (•Š). Dasychira lunulata solitaria Strand, 1910, p. 114, pl. 19f.
Orgyia lunulata Swinhoe, 1923, p. 297; Kawada, 1932, p. 1165 , f. 2299.
•‰ genitalia: uncus with apical part much broader than in the two precedings, bifid, processes widely separate and short ; valva very strong, sacculus broad , margin smooth, weakly curved; j uxta broad, aedoeagus cylindrical , without cornutus.
The transverse lines of forewing are unstable, normally strong, but often
weak and sometimes even entirely faded. I consider solitaria a normal female .
ab. acronycta Oberthð¹r
Dasychira acronycta Oberthð¹r, 1881, p. 35, pl. 5, f. 7 (•‰) & 8 (•Š).
Dasychira lunulata acronycta Strand, 1910, p. 114, pl. 19e; Gaede , 1932, p. 96; Bryk, 1948, p. 13, pl. 1, f. 12 (•‰).
The antemedian line on forewing obsolete, being represented by double trans-
verse bars at Costa. Such an individual is very commonly found in Japan , and will better be treated as an aberrant form than a geographical race . Unrecorded from Kyushu, but, according to Mr. Kuroko (in litt., 28 Jan. 1956), it is fairly common on Hiko-san. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (unrecorded) , Korea, Manchuria, Amur, Ussuri, Saghalien, Askold, China. Period of Appearance: Beginning of April to beginning of June, and middle of July to end of August. Food Plant: Quercus spp., Castanea spp. 138 INOUE Vol. 9
4. D. virginea Oberthð¹r (Usujiro-dokuga)
Dasychira virginea Oberthð¹r, 1879, p. 7 ; id., 1881, p. 33, pl. 1, f. 9 (•‰), pl. 5, f. 5
(•Š) ; Staudinger, 1901, p. 116; Strand, 1910, p. 114, pl. 19f (•‰); Wileman 1911,
p. 271; Matsumura, 1921, p. 869, pl. 62, f. 6 ; Maruta, 1929, p. 113; Gaede, 1932,
p. 96; Matsumura, 1931, p. 703, no. 431; id., 1933, p. 122; Bryk, 1934, p. 19; Hira-
yama, 1937, p. 73, pl. 35, f. 3 (•Š) ; Kawada, 1950, p. 735, f. 2067.
•‰ genitalia : uncus small, with central process short; valva nearly as in argentata, but margin of sacculus more deeply dentate ; juxta similar to argentata, but arms much longer; aedoeagus nearly as short as pseudabietis; cornuti
•‰ genitalir : Fig. 4. Dasychira virginea Oberthr. 5. Dasychira conjuncts Wileman. 6. Dasychira aurif era Scriba. numerous minute spines. Apparently related to argentata and pseudabietis, judg- ing from the structure of male genitalia. Easily recognizable by its pure white ground colour of forewing, with blackish transverse lines; antemedian nearly vertical or weakly sinuous, postmedian dentate on each vein; hindwing with basal half or two-thirds f uscous, with no transverse band or line. Since recorded by Wileman (1911) from Tokyo, only one locality was added by Hirayama (1937) (Ueda, Nagano Pref.), but I have examined the following specimens :
Sagashio, Yamanashi Pref., 8 June 1924, 1 •‰ (A. Kawada) ; Wada Pass,
Nagano Pref., 25-30 June 1924, 1 •Š (M. Yano) ; Takao-san, Tokyo, 25 April
1927, 1 •‰ (N. Inaba), all preserved in Dr. Kawada's collection. Joyama, Matsu-
moto City, Nagano Pref., 27 May 1956, 2 •‰ (Y. Kato), in coll. Inoue. Distribution: Honshu, Korea, Askold, China. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 139
Period of Appearance : End of April to beginning of May (Tokyo). June (Central mountainous region). Food Plant: Although Wileman's specimens were said to have obtained by breeding, their food plant was not described.
5. D, conjuncta Wileman (Suzuki-dokuga, Chosen-dokuga)
Dasychira conjuncta Wileman, 1911, p. 270; id., 1918, p. 151, pl. 1, f. 1; Matsumura, 1931, p. 698, no. 410; Gaede, 1932, p. 95, pl. 8c; Matsumura, 1933, p. 116; Bryk, 1934, p.19; Kawada, 1950, p. 735, f. 2068. Dasychira coreana Matsumura, 1927, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 10; Gaede, 1932, p. 96; Matsumura, 1931, p. 692, no. 411; id., 1933, p. 116. Dasychira (?) coreana Bryk, 1948, p. 12, pl. 1, f. 22. Dasychira pseudabietis coreana Bryk, 1934, p. 15.
•‰ genitalia: uncus with apical margin roundish, without process, valva large, sacculus with several strong dentations at ventral margin, among which the uppermost one is the sharpest and largest fang; juxta very small ; aedoeagus slender, cornuti minute spines. Characterized by strongly sinuous postmedian line, which approximates to antemedian behind Cu2, cell and costal area whitish between the two transverse lines. Common in the Kinki district, but rather rare in the Kanto district, and Tokyo and vicinity is the northern limit of distribution so far as known to me to the present. The female still remains unknown. Distribution : Honshu, Korea. Period of Appearance: June (Kansai), May to June (Kanto), and beginning of July (highland). Food Plant: unknown.
6. D, auri f era Scriba (Shitaki-dokuga, Hir•ayarna-dokuga)
Dasychira aurif era Scriba, 1919, p. 42, f. 1; Gaede, 1932, p. 95, pl. 8a (•‰, •Š) ; Matsu-
mura, 1933, p. 115; Gaede, 1934, p. 282; Bryk, 1934, p. 19; Kawada, 1950, p. 735,
f. 2069. Dasychira strigata Wileman, 1911, p. 271; Matsumura, 1921, p. 862, pl. 62, f. 2; Kawada, 1929, p. 85, f. 1-3, pl. 2, f. 1 & 2; Hirayama, 1937, p. 73, p. 35, f. 1; Nomura, 1938a, p. 427 (nec Moore). Dasychira suzukii Matsumura, 1927, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 5 (b ) ; Gaede, 1932, p. 96; Matsu- mura, 1931, p. 703, no. 428. Dasychira hirayamae Matsumura, 1927, p. 35, pl. 1, f. 16 (a ) ; id., 1931, p. 699, no. 415; Gaede, 1932, p. 96; Matsumura, 1933, p. 117; Bryk, 1934, p. 21.
•‰ genitalia: uncus bifid, with processes widely separate, shorter than in lunulata ; valva large, sacculus smooth-margined, with apex produced, nearly squared; juxta very large, strongly forked, arms much longer than in virginea; aedoeagus very small. 140 INOUE Vol. 9
Known to occur very commonly from the Kanto to the Kansai districts, and will surely be found in Shikoku in future. Distribution : Honshu, Kyushu, Yakushima. Period of Appearance : June to July, and September to November. Food Plant: Quercus variabilis.
7. D. nachiensis Marumo (Nachi-kishita-dokuga, Kishita-midori-dokuga)
Dasychira nachiensis Marumo, 1917, p. 32, f. 7 (•Š) ; Matsumura, 1931, p. 700, no. 421
(•‰ , •Š) ; id., 1933, p. 119; Gaede, 1934, p. 282; Bryk, 1934, p. 19; Collenette, 1938,
p. 221.
Dasychira trimacula Scriba, 1921, p. 29; Gaede, 1932, p. 96, pl. 8a (•Š), 8b (•‰).
Dasychira (flava Matsumura, 1921, p. 865, pl. 56, f. 12 (•Š) ; id., 1931, p. 699, no. 414
(•Š); id., 1933, p. 117; Gaede, 1934, p. 284; Bryk, 1934, p. 21.
Dasychira junki Bryk, 1934, p. 357 (nom. nov. for (lava Mats.).
This is rarely found at the southern part of Japan, and the northern limit of distribution so far known to me is Takao-san, Tokyo, where Mr. Sugi obtained
1 •Š (15 July 1951). I have examined no male material.
Distribution: Honshu, China, N. Yunnan.
Period of Appearance : July.
Food Plant: unknown.
8. D, mendosa (Hð¹bner) (Mikan-dokuga)
Olene mendosa Hð¹bner, 1809-1813, p. 39, f. 293 & 294; C. et R. Felder, 1874, t. 99,
f. 6; Moore, 1883, p. 96, pl. 115, f. 4; Matsumura, 1931, p. 718, no. 505.
Fig. 7. Dasychira mendosa (Hð¹bner). (A Formosan specimen)
Dasychira mendosa Hampson, 1892, p. 452; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 464; Strand, 1910, p. 115,
pl. 22d (•‰, •Š) ; id., 1915, p. 292; Matsumura, 1917, p. 707; Swinhoe, 1923, p. 405;
Bryk, 1934, p. 21; Matsumura, 1933, p. 119.
Dasychira mendosa cookiensis (part.) Nomura, 1938a, p. 427. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 141
•‰ genitalia: uncus narrow, lip-shaped; valva slender, costa produced into a free arm, posterior arm of valva longer and broader than Costa, apex nearly squared; juxta a small band; aedoeagus pistulate, cornutus wanting. This tropical insect was once recorded by Nomura (1938a) from Yakushima, but no further specimens have been secured from the same island nor from any other locality in Japan. Distribution: Yakushima, Formosa, Philippines, Australia, Christmas Is., Java, Borneo, Malaya, Burma, Ceylon, India. Period of Appearance : June (Yakushima). Food Plant: Citrus deliciosa and other fruit trees.
SECTION 2.(Cifuna). Forewing short and broad, termen nearly straight.
9. D. locuples (Walker) (Mame-dokuya)
Cifuna locuples Walker, 1855c, p. 1173; Hampson, 1892, p. 446, f. 308 (•‰) ; Leech, 1899,
p. 122; Staudinger, 1901, p. 115; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 479; Strand, 1911, p. 121, pl. 19d; id., 1915; Swinhoe, 1923, p. 413; Bryk, 1934, p. 93.
Dasychira locuples Collenette, 1938, p. 219.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Amur, China, N. Yunnan, Formosa, Tonkin, India. The Japanese specimens belong to the following subspecies :
sub sp. con f usa (Bremer)
Artaxa confusa Bremer, 1861, p. 479; id., 1864, p. 42, pl. 4, f. 5. Cifuna locuples (part.) Butler, 1878, p. 18, pl. 27, f. 6; Pryer, 1884, p. 50; Leech, 1899, p. 122; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 479; Nagano, 1909, p. 311; Matsumura, 1917, p. 704, pl. 43, f. 3, pl. 44, f. 6; Wileman, 1918, p. 154; Nagano, 1919, p. 218; Kawada, 1932, p. 2165, f. 2300; id., 1950, p. 733, f. 2062; Matsumura, 1933, p. 114; Esaki, Honi & Yasumatsu, 1938, p. 198, pl. 92, f. 359 (2). Cifuna confusa Graeser, 1888, p. 123. Cifuna locuples var. confusa Staudinger, 1901, p. 115; Matsumura, 1905, p. 40. Cifuna locuples confusa Strand, 1910, p. 121; Bryk, 1934, p. 93; Hirayama, 1937, p. 75, pl. 36, f. 6 & 7; Bryk, 1948, p. 14. Cifuna locuples f. confusa Matsumura, 1931, p. 691, no. 403.
•‰ genitalia: quite distinct from the preceding, as well as from other species of Dasychira; uncus with apex lip shaped; valva elongate, divided into two arms
as in mendosa, but costal arm longer and sharply pointed, ventral arm shorter;
j uxta large, emarginated at center, either side pointed; aedoeagus long, cornuti a set of numerous minute spines. Very common throughout Japan, from north to south. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Korea, Manchuria, Amur, China. Period of Appearance: June to July. Food Plant: Glycine Max, Wisteria floribunda, Rosa spp., Deutzia spp., 142 INOUE Vol. 9
Phragmites commmnis, Dolichos Lablab, Medicago denticulata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Diospyros Kaki, Salix spp.,
10. D. eurydice (Butler) (Budo-dokuga, Chosen-usuguro-dokuga)
Porthetria eurydice Butler, 1885, p. 118; Leech, 1889, p. 632.
Dasychira amata Staudinger, 1887, p. 206, pl. 12, f. 2 (•Š).
Cifuna eurydice Leech, 1899, p. 123; Staudinger, 1901, p. 115; Matsumura, 1905, p. 40,
Strand, 1911, p. 121, pl. 19d; Matsumura, 1917, p. 707; Swinhoe, 1923, p. 413; Matsu-
mura, 1931, p. 696, no. 402; Kawada, 1932, p. 1166, f. 2301; Matsumura, 1933, p. 113;
Bryk, 1934, p. 93; Hirayama, 1937, p. 75, pl. 36, f. 8; Esaki, Honi & Yasumatsu, 1938,
p. 197, pl. 92, f. 359 (1) ; Nomura, 1938a, p. 427; Kawada, 1950, p. 733, f. 2063; Ishi- hara etc., 1953, p. 21.
Lymantria eurydice Swinhoe, 1903, p. 483.
Aroa coreana Matsumura, 1933, p. 111, pl. 3, f. 16 (syn. nov.).
•‰g enitalia : Fig. 8. Dasychira locuples confusa (Bremen). 9. Dasychira eurydice (Butler).
•Š genitalia: isolated from other species; uncus narrow, pointed; valva broad, complicated in structure, a strong projection from the center; juxta narrow, slender; aedoeagus very long, strongly curved at near base, with apex pointed; cornutus absent. Very common as the preceding species. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima, Korea, Amur, Askold, Tonkin. Period of Appearance: July to September. Food Plant: Vitis vinifera, V. amurensis.
Genus Byrdia Schaus
Byrdia Schaus, 1927, p. 537 (type, Laria rossii Curtis) ; Forbes, 1948, p. 240. Konokareha Matsumura, 1928, p. 120 (type, K. daisetsuzana Mats.) (syn. nov.). Konokarcha (!) Gaede, 1932, p. 96 (as a synonym of Dasychira). Konokarecha (!) Bryk, 1934, p. 58. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 143
As described below, the types of Konokareha and Byrdia are the same species, and therefore the former naturally becomes a synonym of the latter.
11. B. rossii (Curtis) (Daisetsu-dokuga)
Laria rossii Curtis, 1835, p. 70. Dasychira rossii Staudinger, 1901, p. 115; Strand, 1910, p. 111; Gaede, 1932, p. 96; Bryk, 1934, p. 10. Byrdia rossii Schaus, 1927, p. 537; Forbes, 1948, p. 240.
Besides the nominate race, there are two subspecies of this arctic moth, one of which is relictus O. Bang-Haas (1927, p.77, p1.10, f.6) from Sajan Mts. and the other is the Hokkaido race cited below.
•‰ genitalia: uncus emarginated at apex; valva short and broad, tapered, ventral margin convex; juxta a small plate, with apex shallowly concave ; aedoeagus nearly pistulate. 8th tergite with a large, sclerotized plate.
•‰g enitalia : Fig. 10. Byrdia rossii rossii (Curtis). (A specimen from Labrador)
Distribution: Japan, Sajan Mts., Mongolia, Labrador, N. America (Tops of high mts.).
subsp. daisetsuzana (Matsumura)
Konokareha daisetsuzana Matsumura 1928, p. 120, f. 3 (s) ; id., 1931, p. 710, no. 467; id., 1933, p. 132; Uchida, 1936, p. 59. Dasychira rossii relictus (part.) Gaede, 1932, p. 96. Konokarecha (!) daisetsuzana Bryk, 1934, p. 59.
This is the only Alpine species of the Lymantriidae found in Japan. Besides
the original female from Hokuchin-dake, Daisetsu Mts. (Central Hokkaido),
no further specimen has so far been recorded, but through Mr. H. Yamanaka
I have recently obtained 1 •‰ collected on Kurodake, 17 July 1956 (T. Kawai).
Matsumura described it as a new genus and species of the Lasiocampidae, but
afterwards he transferred it to the Lymantriidae. 144 INOUE Vol. 9
Gaede (1932) considers daisetsuzana a synonym of relictus, but it will be still premature, as the unique type of daisetsuzana (•Š) has a strong antemedian line on forewing and postmedian also more distinct than in relictus (•Š) . So far as my comparison goes, a single male of daisetsuzana is almost identical with the same sex of the nominate race, save that it has more or less heavier distal marks, and therefore I am inclined to consider that the Hokkaido race is untenable. Distribution: Hokkaido (Daisetsu Mts.). Period of Appearance : Beginning to middle of July. Food Plant: unknown.
Genus Chibidokuga Matsumura
Chibidokuga Matsumura, 1933, p. 113; Gaede, 1934, p. 282. Dasychira (part.) Strand, 1915, p. 294.
12. C. nigra (Hampson) (Chibi-dokuga)
Dasychira nigra Hampson, 1900, p. 416, pl. 2, f. 19 (•Š) ; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 469; Wile- man, 1911, p. 270; Strand, 1915, p. 294, pl. 38e; Gaede, 1934, p. 282. Chibidokuga nigra Matsumura, 1933, p. 113; Bryk, 1934, p. 58.
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 11. Chibidokuga nigra (Hampson).
•‰ genitalia: uncus slender, with apex hooked; valva slender, with apex roundish; aedoeagus cylindrical, cornuti three strong spines and several minute ones. Rather recalls a Geometrid or a Noctuid. The smallest of the Lymantriids known in Japan; it is easily recognizable by its small size, f uscous wings; forewing with bluish scales, blackish lines and bands and a dull yellow distal spot. Known to occur from north to south of Japan, especially very common at the central and southern mountains of Honshu. It is also abundant in Shikoku and Kyushu. Distribution : Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku (unrecorded), Kyushu (unre- corded), Sikkim, Bhutan. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTIIDAE, I 145
Period of Appearance : June to September. Food Plant: unknown.
Genus Orgyia Ochsenheimer
Orgyia Ochsenheimer, 1810, p. 208; Hampson, 1892, p. 436; Strand, 1910, p. 116; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 41. Notolophus Germar, 1812, p. 35; Schaus, 1927, p. 536; Forbes, 1948, p. 244. Gynaephora Hiibner, 1820, p. 161.
•‰ genitalia: homologous ; uncus slender; valva simple, forked or not forked ; juxta small; aedoeagus moderate, cornuti wanting.
13. O. recens (Hð¹bner) (Akamon-dokuga)
Phalaena Bombyx gonostigma Linne, 1767, p. 826; Fabricius, 1775, p. 585 (nec Scopoli, 1763). Orgyia gonostigma Ochsenheimer, 1810, p. 218; Staudinger, 1901, p. 113; Strand, 1910,
p. 117, pl. 19r; Bryk, 1934, p. 64. Bombyx antiqua Scopoli, 1763, p. 198 (nec L., 1758). Gynaephora recens Hð¹bner, 1820, p. 161.
Orgyia recens Lempke, 1950, p. 53; Pierce, 1941, p. 41, pl. 12, f. 2.
Phalaena Bombyx gonostigma L. is praeoccupied by Phalaena gonostigma
Scopoli, 1763, which now stands as a synonym of Orgyia antiqua L., 1758. Thus the first available name is Gynaephora recens Hð¹bner, confirmed by Lempke
(1950). Distribution: Japan, Korea, Amur, Ussuri, China, Siberia, Europe. Food Plant: Quercus, Prunus, Alnus, Robus, Vaccinium, Rosa, Crataegus, Corylus. The Japanese specimens are represented by the following subspecies:
subsp. approximans Butler
Orgyia approximans Butler, 1881a, p. 10. Orgyia gonostigma (part.) Leech, 1889, p. 626; id., 1899, p. 118; Staudinger, 1901, p. 113; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 458; Matsumura, 1905, p. 40; id., 1909, p. 66, pl. 10. f. 20; id., 1931, p. 719, no. 508; id., 1933, p. 142. Orgyia gonostigma f. approximans Strand, 1910, p. 117; Bryk, 1934, p. 65. Orgyia gonostigma approximans Collenette, 1938, p. 221.
•‰ genitalia: uncus with apex lip-shaped; valva tapered, costal protuberance variable, but on an average stronger than in the nominate race from Europe; juxta small, roundish; aedoeagus cylindrical. The larva of this insect is injurious to apples, pears, cherry trees and other deciduous shrubs. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Korea, Amur, Ussuri, China. Period of Appearance : July to August. Food Plant: Malus spp., Pyrus spp., Prunus spp. 14 INOUE Vol.9
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 12. Orgyia recens approximans Butler. a. recens recens (Hð¹bner) from Europe, right valva. 13. Orgyia thyellina Butler. 14. Orgyia triangularis Nomura.
14. O. thyellina Butler (Hime-shiromon-dokuga)
Orgyia thyellina Butler, 1881a, p. 10 (•‰); Leech, 1889, p. 625, pl. 31, f. 7 & 7a (•Š) ; id., 1899, p. 118; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 459; Matsumura, 1905, p. 40; Strand, 1910, p. 119,
pl. 19c (•Š) & 22b (•‰); Matsumura, 1917, p. 705, pl. 43, f. 5; Wileman, 1918,
p. 152, pl. 1, f. 3--5;Matsumura, 1931, p. 720, no. 510; id., 1933, p. 143; Gaede, 1932,
p. 98; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 29, f. 9; Kato, 1934, pl. 16, f. 4; Hirayama, 1937, p. 74,
pl. 35, f. 7 (•Š) ; Kawada, 1950, p. 734, f. 2064; Ishihara etc., 1953, p. 21. Orygia thyalina (!) Sasaki, 1905, p. 124, f. 33. Notolophus thyellina Swinhoe, 1923, p. 418; Kawada, 1932, p. 1166, f. 2302.
•‰ genitalia: uncus longer than in the preceding, apex pointed; valva divided, costal arm slender, long, curved upwards, ventral arm a little longer than the costal one, tapered; juxta deeply emarginated, both apices pointed; aedoeagus very similar to the preceding. The female of the second generation is semi-apterous, while in the same sex of the first generation wings are fully developed, much larger than the male. However, in the breeding experiment female among the second brood are said to have normally developed wings (cf. Gaede, 1932).
•Š -f . flavescens Maslowski
Orgyia thyellina f. flavescens Maslowski, 1923, p. 133, f.; Wohnig, 1927, p. 36; Gaede, 1932, p. 98; Bryk, 1934, p. 74. Markings of terminal area of forewing obsolescent, hindwing almost white.
•‰-f. grisea Wohnig
Orgyia thyellina f. grisea Wohnig, 1927, p. 39; Gaede, 1932, p. 98; Bryk, 1934, p. 74. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 147
Markings of forewing obsolescent, blue spots before the white lunules at terminal area absent, all brown markings more or less grey. This form was found among the third generation by breeding experiment. Unrecorded from Kyushu, but Mr. Kuroko kindly told me that he collected several specimens on Hiko-san. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (unrecorded), Korea, Formosa. Period of Appearance : July to August, and October to November. Food Plant: Malus spp., Pyrus spp., and other fruit-trees.
15. O. triangularis Nomura (Yakushima-dokuga)
Lymantria sp. Nomura, 1938a, p. 429, f. 8 (•‰). Orgyia triangularis Nomura, 1938b, p. 433, f. 1 (•‰); Kuroko, 1955, f. 7 (•‰).
•‰ genitalia: uncus long, apex roundish; valva forked as in thyellina, apices pointed; juxta similar to the preceding, but posterior part a little broader; aedoeagus similar to the two preceding species. This beautiful insect had only been known by the unique male, but very recently recorded by Kuroko (1955) from Hiko-san, N. Kyushu. I could examine 1 a from Yakushima and 1 a from Mt. Myoko, Hyogo Pref. (28 Aug. 1954, coll. Y. Yamamoto). The last mentioned locality is the northern limit of distribution at present known. The female is unknown. It is nearest to O. cometaris (Butler) (Ann. Mag. Nat. list., (5) 19: 223, 1887) from the Solomon Islands.
Distribution: Honshu (unrecorded), Kyushu, Yakushima. Period of Appearance: July, September, October ( Hiko-san) ; August
(Myð¯kð¯-san) ; April and November (Yakushima). Food Plant: unknown.
Genus Laelia Stephens
Laelia Stephens, 1827, p. 52; Hampson, 1892, p. 444; Strand, 1910, p. 109; id., 1915, p. 306.
16. L. coenosa (Hð¹bner) (Sage-dokuga, Suge-oo-dokuga, Oo-suge-dokuga,
Suzukyi-usuiro-dokuga, Shina, suge-dokuga, Taiwan-suji-dokuga)
Bombyx coenosa Hð¹bner, 1808, p. 120.
Laelia coenosa Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Strand, 1911, p. 122, pl. 19i; Bryk, 1934,
p. 96; Pierce, 1941, p. 43, pl. 12, f. 8.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, Amur, Ussuri, Formosa, China, Tonkin, Saghalien, Europe. Food Plant: Salix, Populus. The Japanese representative of this species is identical with sangaica from North China. 14 INOUE Vol. 9
subsp. Sangaica Moore
Laelia sangaica Moore, 1877, p. 92; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 441. Laelia coenosa (part.) Pryer, 1884, p. 49; Leech, 1889, p. 621; id., 1899, p. 120; Staud- inger, 1901, p. 117; Matsumura, 1905, p. 42; Kawada, 1932, p. 1.163, f. 2296; Matsu- mura, 1933, p. 132; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 28, f. 3 ; Kawada, 1950, p. 733, f. 2061. Laelia gigantea Butler, 1885, p. 117; Leech, 1889, p. 621; id., 1899, p. 121; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 441; Matsumura, 1905, p. 42; id., 1933, p. 133; Collenette, 1934, p. 116. Laelia coenosa sangaica Strand, 1911, p. 122; Bryk, 1934, p. 97; Collenette, 1938, p. 220. Laelia coenosa gigantea Strand, 1911, p. 122; Bryk, 1934, p. 98.
•‰ genitalia: uncus strong, beaked; valva simple, with either side irregular but nearly parallel, apex roundish; juxta roundish; aedoeagus small and strong, cornuti two strong spines.
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 15. Laelia coenosa sangaica Moore. a. uncus, lateral view.
The black spots on forewing are variable, and the following two aberrant forms are frequently found in Japan, together with the normal form:
ab. paucipuncta Strand
Laelia coenosa f. paucipuncta Strand, 1911, p. 122; Matsumura, 1931, p. 710, no. 468; id., 1933, p. 132. Laelia coenosa paucipunctata (!) Matsumura, 1925, p. 112.
Forewing with at most four black dots, forming almost straight line.
ab. suzukii Matsumura
Laelia suzukii Matsumura, 1921, p. 881, pl. 62, f. 18 (s) ; id., 1931, p. 711, no. 474; id., 1933, p. 134; Gaede, 1934, p. 283; Bryk, 1934, p. 98.
Laelia coenosa f. gigantea Matsumura, 1931, p. 710, no. 468 (•‰) (nec Butler) Laelia coenosa ab. impunctata Matsumura, 1930, p. 136, pl. 11, f. 21.
Laelia coenosa f. impunctata Matsumura, 1933, p. 132. 149 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I
In this form forewing has no black dots. In Japan this insect is very common on level lands, hills and mountains. Distribution : Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Korea, Saghalien, N. China. Period of Appearance : June to July. Food Plant : Phragmites, Oryza sativa and other low plants.
17. L. japonibia Strand (Yamato-sage-dokuga)
Laelia japonibia Strand, 1911, p. 122, pl. 19i (•‰) & 22e (•Š) ; Swinhoe, 1923, p. 94;
Matsumura, 1931, p. 711, no. 472 (s) ; id., 1933, p. 133, Bryk, 1934, p. 98.
This species was founded on a pair collected by Seitz in "Japan", but as far as I know, there is no additional specimen in public or private collections. Matsumura's figure (1931) is apparently a copy of the female illustrated by Strand (1911). He describes (1933), "This was collected in Honshu, but it seems to be rare," but there is no evidence to consider the type-locality Honshu. There is not a single specimen in the Hokkaido University, and so Matsumura could not have examined the actual specimen. The type-locality given by Strand is perhaps an error of other neighbouring country.
Distribution : •gJapan•h.
Period of Appearance and Food Plant : unknown.
Genus Arctornis Germar
Arctornis Germar, 1810, p. 18; Strand, 1911, p. 123; Collenette, 1949, p. 689. Redoa Walker, 1855b, p. 826; Collenette, 1938, p. 212; id., 1949, p. 689. Leucoma sect. II. Redoa Hampson, 1892, p. 487.
I will cite the key given by Collenette (1949, p. 689), which will facilitate the separation of the genera related to Arctornis : 1. Hind tibia with one pair of spurs ...... 3. 2. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs ...... 7• 3. Vein R2 from cell ...... 5. 4. Vein R2 from stalk of R3 to R5 ...... Pellucens B.-Baker (Type lactea B.-Baker). 5. Vein M2 and M3 separate in f orewing ...... Leucoma Stephens (Type salicis L.). 6. Vein M2 and M3 stalked ...... Caragolina Strand (Type costalis Moore). 7. Areole not present ...... Arctornis Germar (Type L-nigrum Muller). 8. Areole present ...... 9. 9. Vein R2 from cell and joining stalk of R3 and R4 to form the areole ...... Redoa Walker (Type submarginata Walker). 10. Vein R2 from R1 and joining R3 to R5 to form the areole ...... Kanchia Moore (Type subvitrea Walker). 150 INOUE Vol. 9
The only distinctive feature between Redoa and Arctornis is with or without the areole, but, as described below, the Japanese representative of A. L-nigrum always has the areole, and moreover, these genera have very similar structure of male genitalia, which prove them to be congeneric. In appearance they also have common characteristics : white, ;smoothly scaled, without markings, except for a dark discal dot or dash, etc. I will therefore treat Redoa a synonym of Arctornis, since it is hardly possible to draw line between them. a genitalia: Uncu's with base broad, but apical part narrowed, being produced into a process ; valva ample, rather weakly sclerotized, harpe from the base of sacculus slender, free arm, scobinate or dentate.
Fig. 16. Arctornis L-nigrum asahinai subsp. nov. 17. Arctornis alba chichibense (Matsumura). 18. Arctornis kumatai sp, nov., uncus & right valva. 19. Arctornis cygna (Moore) from Sikkim, uncus & right valva.
18. A. L-nigrum (MUller) (Eru-mon-dokuga)
Bombyx L-nigrum Mð¹ller, 1764, p. 40. Bombyx nivosa Schiffermuller et Denis, 1775, p. 52. Bombyx v-nigrum Fabricius, 1775, p. 577.
Laria L-nigrum Graeser, 1888, p. 124. Leucoma vau-nigra Hampson, 1892, p. 487. Arctornis L-nigrum Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Strand, 1911, p. 123, 20a; Swinhoe, 1922,
p. 478; Collenette, 1938, p. 211; Bryk, 1934, p. 111. Leucoma L-nigra Swinhoe, 1903, p. 305.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, China, Yunnan, E. Siberia, Armenia, Europe. Food Plant: various kinds of deciduous trees, viz. Tilia, Betula, Quercus, Fagus and Ulmus. The Japanese representative will be named as follows : 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 151
subsp. asahinai nov.
Laria L-nigrum (part.) Leech, 1889, p. 622. Arctornis L-nigrum (part.) Leech, 1899, p. 145; Matsumura, 1905, p. 43; Strand, 1911, p. 123; Matsumura, 1909, p. 63, pl. 10, f. 14; Swinhoe, 1922, p. 478; Matsumura, 1931, p. 695, no. 397; id., 1933, p. 111; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 29, f. 4; Kato, 1934, pl. 17, f. 7; Kawada, 1932, p. 1161, f. 2291; id., 1950, p. 732, f. 2060; Inoue, 1955b, p. 23.
The L-mark on discocellulars of forewing heavier and its dorsal stroke longer than the nominate race, nearly always rectangular or even sharper, because of the sharper angle of D2 and D3 than in the nominate race. Forewing always with an areole present, while in the European specimens it is in general absent.
Holotype (•‰) and allotype (•Š) : Takao-san, Tokyo, 18 Aug. 1950 (H.
Inoue).
Paratypes : type-locality, 6 July 1951, 1 •Š(S. Nomura) ; type-locality, 30
June 1951, 1 •Š(M. Ohtake) ; Befu, Makiyamamura, Kochi Pref., 30 Aug. 1954,
1 •‰ (T. Inoue) ; Utsunomiya, 20 Aug. 1955, 1 •‰ (T. Tanaka). All the types are preserved in my collection. Very common on mountains and hills of Honshu and Shikoku. Hitherto has not been recorded from Kyushu, but according to Mr. Kuroko, it is fairly common on Hiko-san. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (unrecorded). Period of Appearance : June to August. Food Plant : unknown in Japan.
19. A. alba (Bremer) (Hineshviro-dokuga, Chichibu-shiro-dokuga)
Aroa alba Bremer, 1861, p. 478; id., 1864, p. 41, pl. 3, f. 18.
Laria albs Graeser, 1888, p. 124.
Leucoma subvitrea (part.) Leech, 1889, p. 621 (nec Walker).
Arctornis alba Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Strand, 1911, p. 123, pl. 22e; Swinhoe, 1922,
p. 476; Bryk, 1934, p. 112; Bryk, 1948, p. 14. Redoa sinensis Moore, 1877, p. 92.
Leucoma alba Leech, 1899, p. 143; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 380.
Leucoma suigensis Matsumura, 1927, p. 27 (syn. nov.).
Leucoma suigense (!) Matsumura, 1931, p. 713, no. 428 (•Š).
Stilpnotia suigensis Gaede, 1932, p. 99; Matsumura, 1933, p. 152.
? Arctornis transparens Bryk, 1948, p. 15, pl. 1, f. 20 (•Š).
After comparing male genitalia, Mr. Kumata (in litt., 31 Aug. 1955) kindly informed me of the fact that suigensis is merely a worn specimen of albs albs (Bremer). Distribution: Japan, Korea, China, Amur, Ussuri. The Japanese race will be called as below :
subsp. chichibense (Matsumura)
Leucoma subvitrea (part.) Pryer, 1884, p. 49; Leech, 1889, p. 621 (nec Walker). Arctornis albs (part.) Matsumura, 1905, p. 43; id., 1909 p. 67, pl. 10, f. 22; id., 1931, 152 INOUE Vol. 9
p. 695, no. 396; id., 1933, p. 111; Kawada, 1950, p. 732, f. 2059; Ishihara etc., 1953, p. 21. Leucoma chichibense Matsumura, 1921, p. 883, pl. 65, f. 5 (6); id., 1931, p. 711, no. 475. Leucoma chichibensis Matsumura, 1927, p. 26. Stilpnotia chichibensis Gaede, 1932, p. 99; Matsumura, 1933, p. 150. Stilpnotia chichibense Bryk, 1934, p. 116.
•‰ genitalia : uncus with apex pointed, much shorter than in the preceding species, valva ampler, harpe acutely curved upwards at one-third from base,
pointed. The Japanese representative of this species is superficially identical with that from the Amur-Ussuri district and Korea, but at a glance distinguishable in the structure of male genitalia : harpe of valva much longer and tip sharply defined and uncus more strongly produced. I will, therefore, consider chichibense the Japanese race, rather than a valid species. Although Strand (1911) men- tioned that the discal spot of forewing is sometimes absent and named such a form as ab. depuncta, in all the Japanese specimens I have seen (approximately 25 males and females) this spot is entirely vanished. Unrecorded from Kyushu, but through the courtesy of Mr. Kuroko I have examined the following specimens in the collection of Hiko-san Biological Labora- tory : Hiko-san, 22 July 1938, 1 (K. Yasumatsu) ; 27 Aug. 1953, 1 (H. Kuroko). Distribution : Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (unrecorded). Period of Appearance : May, and July to August. Food Plant : unknown.
20. A. kumatai sp. nov. (Sukashi-dokuga)
Leucoma cymbicornis Leech, 1899, p. 142; Matsumura, 1905, p. 43 (nec Butler). Leucoma cygna (part.) Swinhoe, 1903, p. 378; Matsumura, 1931, p. 712, no. 477 (nec Moore). Stilpnotia cygna (part.) Strand, 1911, p. 124; Matsumura, 1933, p. 150; Bryk, 1934, p. 117; Kawada, 1950, p. 732, f. 2058 (nec Moore). Arctornis albs Hirayama, 1937, p. 74, pl. 35, f. 10 (nec Bremer). Redoa alba (part.) Inoue, 1955a, p. 14 (nec Bremer).
Closely related to cygna Moore from Formosa, India and China, but fore- wing with costal margin and termen more roundish, tornus less pronounced, each scale on an average larger, scaling more or less thicker, more weakly iridescent, cell spot of forewing almost always distinct in both sexes. 6 genitalia : uncus with apex squared, while in cygna it is roundish and bluntly pointed; valva a little shorter, harpe slenderer and its apex sharply pointed. From the preceding species it is distinguished in the following points: fore- wing with costal margin less roundish, apex sharper, scaling of both wings thicker, in female not semi-transparent as in albs, face f uscous brown, while in albs it is ochreous ; uncus and harpe quite distinct in shape. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 153
Holotype (•‰): Takao-san, Tokyo, 8 June 1950 (S. Sugi).
Allotype (•Š) : Type-locality, 16 July 1949 (H. Inoue).
Paratypes : type-locality, 5 a, 3 (May, June, July and August) ; Sobo- san, Kyushu, 16 July 1930, 1•‰ (Honi and Fujino) ; Befu, Makiyama-mura,
Kochi Pref., 30 Aug. 1954, 1•Š (T. Inoue). The types are in coll. Inoue, ex- cepting the following paratypes in coll. Kyushu Univ.: Hiko-san, Fukuoka Pref.,
14 July 1931, 1 •‰ ; 12 July 1931 1 •‰ ; 14 July 1931, 1 •‰ (N. Takachiho) ;
8 Sep. 1937, 1•Š (K. Yasumatsu) ; 22 July 1938, 1 •Š (K. Yasumatsu) ; 22-27
Aug. 1943, 3 •Š(Esaki et Yasumatsu) ; 4 Aug. 1948, 1 •Š(A. Habu). Very common at the southern part of Japan, but found in the Kanto district, too. On Takao-san, Tokyo, this insect is found simultaneously with the preceding species. We have no information about its occurrence in the northern district. Distribution : Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Period of Appearance : May to September. Food Plant: unknown.
Genus Numenes Walker
Numenes Walker, 1855a, p. 662; Hampson, 1892, p. 455; Strand, 1910, p. 109; id., 1915, p. 316. Pseudomesa Walker, 1855b, p. 923.
21. N. disparilis Staudinger (Shiro-obi-dokuga, Yakushima-shiro-obi-dokuga)
Numenes disparilis Staudinger, 1887, p. 200, pl. 11, f. 2; Graeser, 1888, p. 124; Leech, 1889, p. 628; id., 1899, p. 127; Staudinger, 1901, p. 116; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 432; Strand, 1911, p. 126, pl. 20 c ( 5, .) ; Swinhoe, p. 82; Bryk, 1934, p. 139.
Distribution: Japan, Amur, China. This beautiful insect is divided into the following two subspecies in Japan :
subsp. albofascia (Leech)
Lymantria albofascia Leech, 1889, p. 629, pl. 31, f. 8 (•‰).
Numenes disparilis (part.) Leech, 1889, p. 628; id., 1899, p. 127; Swinhoe, 1903, p. 432;
Matsumura, 1905, p. 41; Swinhoe, 1923, p. 82; Matsumura, 1931, p. 717, no. 501
(•‰) ; id., 1933, p. 141; Kato, 1934, pl. 16, f. 1 & 2 ; Hirayama, 1937, p. 75, pl. 36, f. 1 & 2.
Numenes disparilis albo f ascia Strand, 1911, p. 126, pl. 20c (•‰) ; Bryk, 1934, p. 140; Kawada, 1950, p. 731, f. 2055; Ishihara etc., 1953, p. 21.
Arctia hayashii Matsumura, 1911, p. 2, pl. 30, f. 2 (•Š) ; id., 1930, p. 70.
Numenes disparilis ab. biseparata Strand, 1911, p. 126, pl. 22g (•Š). Numenes disparilis f. hayashii Matsumura, 1931, p. 717, no. 501 (•Š) ; id., 1933, p. 141.
Numenes disparilis f. biseparata Bryk, 1934, p. 139. 154 INOUE Vol. 9
•‰ genitalia : uncus bifurcate, both lobes widely separate, rounded, with
margin minutely dentate; valva similar to Lymantria, fused, extended in a
narrow process ; cornuti a bunch of short spines.
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 20. Numenes disparilis albofascia (Leech).
Since biseparata and hayashii were named for the normal females of subsp. albofascia, it is not necessary to keep these names. Fairly common on mountains of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu; males are usu- ally attracted by light, but females rather rarely. According to Mr. Kuroko, it is found at rare intervals on Hiko-san, N. Kyushu, between July and September , and presumably reproduces two generations a year. Distribution: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Period of Appearance : July to August. Food Plant : unknown.
subsp. yakushimana Nomura
Numenes disparilis biseparata forma Nomura, 1938a, p. 428, f. 6 (•‰).
Numenes disparilis yakushimana Nomura, 1938b, p. 434, f. 2 (•‰) .
This race is characterized by orange-yellow hair on head, thorax and fore legs, and its larger size and broader white lines . I have examined 7 a a and 1 from Yakushima and confirmed the characteristics given for this island race by Nomura. Distribution : Yakushima. Period of Appearance : June to July. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 155
GROUP II. Inareolatae
Forewing with no areole, or rarely R2 arising from R1 and anastomosing with R3 and R4 or given off R3 to anastomosing with R4 and form an areole.
Genus Leucoma Stephens
Leucoma (Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1, 1806) ; Stephens, 1829, p. 64. Stilpnotia Westweed et Humphreys, 1849, p. 90; Strand, 1911, p. 123; Collenette, 1949, p. 689.
•‰ genitalia : uncus long; valva strongly sclerotized, fused, Costa extended as an arm, sacculus broad, roundish ; aedoeagus stumpy.
22. L. salicis (Linnð¥) (Yanagi-dokuga, Yanagi-shiro-dokuga, Doi-dokuga)
Phalaena Bombyx salicis Linne, 1758, p. 502. Liparis salicis Bremer, 1864, p. 41; Pryer, 1884, p. 50.
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 21. Leucoma salicis (Linne). 22. Leucoma candida (Staudinger), right valva.
Leucoma salicis Graeser, 1888, p. 124; Pierce & Beirne, 1941, p. 43, pl. 12, f. 9. Stilpnotia salicis Leech, 1889, p. 622; id., 1899, p. 142; Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Matsu- mura, 1905, p. 43; Strand, 1911; p. 124, pl. 20a; Nagano, 1919, p. 256; Matsumura, 1925, p. 112; id., 1933, p. 151; Bryk, 1934, p. 113. Stilpnotia doii Matsumura, 1927, p. 38; Gaede, 1932, p. 99; Matsumura, 1933, p. 150; Bryk, 1934, p. 116 (syn. nov.). Leucoma doii Matsumura, 1931, p. 712, no. 478.
•‰ genitalia : uncus with the process long, rounded; costal arm slender, nearly pointed, sacculus with dorsal margin even, ventral margin triangularly
produced, sharply pointed. 156 INOUE Vol. 9
This species is very common in Hokkaido and the central mountainous region of Honshu. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kuriles, Saghalien, Korea, China, E. Siberia, Asia Minor, Russia, Armenia, Europe; N. America (introduced). Period of Appearance : June to July. Food Plant : Salix spp., Populus spp.
23. L. candida (Staudinger) (Buchi-hige-yanagi-dokuga, Yanagi-dokuga-modoki)
Stilpnotia salicis var. candida Staudinger, 1892, p. 308; Leech, 1899, p. 142; Staudinger, 1901, p. 117; Matsumura, 1905, p. 43. Stilpnotia candida Wileman, 1911, p. 395; Nagano, 1915, p. 135, pl. 7; id., 1916, p. 46, pl. 4, f. 20-24, pl. 9, f. 24, p. 12 (English descr.) ; id., 1919, p. 256, Swinhoe, 1922, p. 462; Kawada, 1950, p. 731, f. 2057 (may be salicis). Stilpnotia salicis candida Strand, 1911, p. 123; Bryk, 1934, p. 115. Stilpnotia salicis f. candida Matsumura, 1931, p. 712, no. 480; id., 1933, p. 151. Leucoma salicis candida Collenette, 1936, p. 330.
This species has long been considered as the East Asiatic race of salicis , but as Wileman (1911) and Nagano (1915) pointed out it is distinct from salicis by the feature of larvae. Wileman's description is as follows : •gI bred imagines of candida in August, 1902, from larvae taken at Hakodate. They are different from larvae of salicis, and candida should therefore be separated as a distinct species.•h The adult of candida is distinguished from salicis in the colour of the dorsal surface of the antennal shaft, which in candida is speckled with fuscous and
Venation : Fig. 23. tvela auripes (Butler), •‰. white, while in salicis it is entirely white, by the denser scaling , and also in the structure of the male genitalia, viz, dorsal margin of sacculus minutely dentate in candida, but smoothly rounded in salicis . This species seems to be common in Hokkaido , but very rarely found in Northern Honshu. 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 157
Distribution : Hokkaido, Honshu, Korea, Amur, China, N. Yunnan. Period of Appearance : July to August. Food Plant: Malus Tschonoskii, Populus Sieboldi, Salix spp.
Genus Ivela Swinhoe
Ivela Swinhoe, 1903, p. 388; Strand, 1911, p. 124.
Forewing with R3 and R4 often coincident, but in ochropoda they are nearly always separated at near apex.
•‰ genitalia : uncus long ; valva small, ample, roundish, inner surface with a bunch of spines; j uxta a large plate ; aedoeagus rather short, simple.
I have transferred from Group I to II, because of absence of the areole .
24. I. auripes (Butler) (Kiashi-dokuga)
Leucoma auripes Butler, 1877, p. 402; id., 1878, p. 9, pl. 24, f. 1; Pryer, 1884, p. 49; Leech, 1889, p. 622; Matsumura, 1905, p. 43; id., 1909, p. 47, pl. 8, f. 2. Sitvia denudata Swhnnhoe, 1892, p. 202 (nec Walker). Arctornis auripes Leech, 1899, p. 144. Ivela auripes Swinhoe, 1903, p. 388; Strand, 1911, p. 124, pl. 20b; Nagano, 1916, p. 49, pl. 4, f. 12-19, pl. 9, f. 15, p. 13 (English descr.) ; Matsumura, 1917, p. 698, pl. 44, f. 1; id., 1931, p. 709, no. 466; Kawada, 1932, p. 116'0, f. 2289; Matsumura, 1933, p. 131; Hirayama, 1933, pl. 28, f. 5 ; Kato, 1934, pl. 17, f. 8 ; Collenette, 1938, p. 220; Kawada, 1936, p. 188; Bryk, 1934, p. 121; Kawada, 1950, p. 731, f. 2056.
•‰ genitalia : uncus with apex slender, rounded; valva with dorsal and ventral margin parallel, a small bunch of short spines on inner surface; juxta nearly squared; aedoeagus with apex broad. It is common in Hokkaido and Honshu, and sometimes gives a serious injury to Cornus-trees. This moth does not come up to light, but weakly flies in daytime around its food plant. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Korea, China. Period of Appearance : June to July. Food Plant : Cornus contriversa, C. brachypoda, Styrax japonica , S. Obassia.
25. I. ochropoda (Eversmann), comb. nov. (Hime-kiashi-dokuga)
Stilpnotia ochropoda Eversmann, 1847, p. 76, pl. 5, f. 1-3; Staudinger, 1892 , p. 309; id., 1901, p. 117; Strand, 1911, p. 124, pl. 22d; Swinhoe, 1922, p. 462; Matsumura , 1933, p. 151; Bryk, 1934, p. 117. Leucoma ochropoda Graeser, 1888, p. 125; Matsumura, 1931, p. 712, no. 479; Hirayama , 1937, p. 74, p. 35, f. 9. 158 INOUE Vol. 9
•‰ genitalia : uncus much slenderer and tip sharper than in the preceding; valva ovate, long spines located at the center, shorter ones placed at its ventral
side; juxta emarginate at the dorsal and ventral margins ; aedoeagus tapered, apex bluntly pointed.
From the structure of the male genitalia this species is better transferred
from Leucoma to Ivela; in other features it is also generically identical with I.
•‰ genitalia : Fig. 24. Ivela auripes (Butler). 25. Ivela ochropoda (Eversmann).
auripes, the genotype. However, much smaller size, thicker scaling, shape of valva, etc. easily distinguish it from auripes. Very common in Hokkaido, but rarely found in the central mountainous region of Honshu. Distribution: Hokkaido, Honshu, Ussuri, E. Siberia. Period of Appearance : beginning to middle of August (Hokkaido) ; end of July (Honshu). Food Plant : unknown.
PLATE 1 (Venation).
Fig. 1. Dasychira pseudabietis (Butler), •‰ .
2. Orgyia thyellina Butler, •Š
, 3. Chibidokuga nigra (Hampson), •‰ .
4. Laelia coenosa sangaica Moore, •‰ .
5. Arctornis L-nigrum asahinai ,subsp. nov., •‰ . 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 159 160 INOUE Vol. 9
PLATE 2 (Venation).
Fig. 6. Arctornis kumatai sp. nov., •‰.
7. Numenes disparilis albofascia (Leech), •‰.
8. Leucoma salicis (Linnð¥),
•‰. 9. Ivela ochropoda (Eversmann), •‰. 1956 JAPANESE LYM4NTRIIDAE, I 161 PLATE 3
Fig. 1. Dasychira aurifera Scriba, •Š.
2. Dasychira argentata Butler, •‰ (smaller and paler than the normal •‰ ).
3. ditto,•Š .
4. Dasychira pseudabietis (Butler), •‰ (very small, corresponding with ara-
kawae).
5. Dasychira conjuncta Wileman, •‰ .
6. Dasychira nachiensis Marumo, •Š.
7. Dasychira virginea Oberthð¹r, •‰.8
. Chibidokuga nigra (Hampson), •‰ .
9. Orgyia recens approximans Butler, •‰ .
10. Orgyia triangularis Nomura, •‰ .
11. Laelia coenosa sangaica Moore, •Š
12. Leucoma salicis (Linnð¥), •‰ (Tokyo).
13. ditto, •‰ (Hokkaido).
14. Leucoma candida (Staudinger), •‰ .
15. Arctornis kumatai sp. nov., •‰ (paratype).
16. Ivela ochropoda (Eversmann), •‰.
17. Arctornis albs chichibense (Matsumura), a . 1956 JAPANESE LYMANTRIIDAE, I 163