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ISSN : 1979 – 679X E-ISSN : 2528 - 7141 Buletin Palma (Bulletin of Palmae) Volume 18 No. 1, Juni 2017 Terakreditasi No. 625/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/03/2015, Tanggal 15 April 2015 Buletin Palma memuat artikel hasil-hasil penelitian kelapa dan palma lainnya. Buletin ini diterbitkan dua kali setahun oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan. Redaksi menerima sumbangan tulisan dari luar. Naskah yang diterima adalah yang belum pernah dipublikasikan di media cetak lain dan hendaknya mengacu pada Pedoman Menulis yang terdapat pada sampul belakang di bagian dalam. Redaksi berhak untuk menyunting naskah tanpa mengubah isi dan makna tulisan atau menolak suatu naskah. Naskah yang tidak diterbitkan tidak akan dikembalikan kepada penulis. Penanggung Jawab : Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan (Director Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development) Tim Penyunting Ahli Ketua : Prof.Dr.Ir. Novarianto Hengky, MS (Pemuliaan/Breeding) Anggota : 1. Dr.Ir. Meldy L.A. Hosang, M.Si (Entomologi/Entomology) 2. Prof.Dr.Ir. Elna Karmawati, MS (Entomologi/Entomology) 3. Prof.Dr.Ir. Supriadi, M.Sc (Fitopatologi/Fitopathology) 4. Dr.Ir. Ismail Maskromo, M.Si (Pemuliaan/Breeding) 5. Ir. Nurhaini Mashud, MS (Fisiologi/Physiology) 6. Ir. Lay Abner, MS (Pasca Panen/Postharvest) 7. Ir. Jelfina C. Alouw, M.Sc. PhD (Entomologi/Entomology) 8. Dr. Steivie Karouw, S.TP. M.Sc (Pasca Panen/Postharvest) Penyunting Pelaksana : 1. Djunaid Akuba, S.Sos 2. Alfred Manambangtua, SP 3. Adhitya Yudha Pradana, M.Si Diterbitkan oleh : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan, Bogor Alamat Redaksi : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma, Manado. Jln. Raya Mapanget, PO. Box 1004, Manado-95001 Telepon : (0431) 812430, Fax. (0431) 812017 E-mail : [email protected] Homepage : http://www.balitka.litbang.pertanian.go.id PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PERKEBUNAN Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 1 Cimanggu, Bogor 16111 Telp. (0251) 8336194, 8313083 – Fax (0251) 8336194 E-mail : [email protected] ISSN : 1979 – 679X E-ISSN : 2528 - 7141 Buletin Palma (Bulletin of Palmae) Volume 18 No. 1, Juni 2017 DAFTAR ISI Halaman Karakteristik Biodagradable Film Pati Sagu dengan Penambahan Gliserol, CMC, Kalium Sorbat dan Minyak Kelapa 1 - 7 Steivie Karouw, Rindengan Barlina, Maria L. Kapu’allo, dan Jerry Wungkana Komunitas Hymenoptera Parasitoid pada Areal Hutan Sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) di Maluku 9 - 21 Rein Estefanus Senewe, Hermanu Triwidodo, Pujianto, dan Aunu Rauf Keragaman Karakter Agronomi pada Populasi Intra dan Inter Famili Dura Elit Koleksi Taman Buah Mekarsari 23 - 32 Azis Natawijaya, Sintho WA, Ismail Maskromo, M. Syukur, Alex Hartana, dan Sudarsono Ulat Bulu Orgyia sp. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae), Hama Potensial pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit 33 - 42 Meldy L.A. Hosang, Jelfina C. Alouw, dan Fadjry Djufry Variabilitas Genetik Plasma Nutfah Kelapa Sawit Asal Angola dan Seleksi Genotipe Berbasis Famili dan Individu untuk Pembentukan Breeding Population Baru 43 - 51 Ismail Maskromo, Azis Natawijaya, Syafaruddin, Fadjry Djufry, dan M. Syakir ii Karakteristik Biodegradable Film Pati Sagu dengan Penambahan Gliserol, CMC, Kalium Sorbat dan Minyak Kelapa Properties of Sago-Based Biodegradable Film Prepared by Addition of Glycerol, CMC, Potassium Sorbate and Coconut Oil STEIVIE KAROUW, RINDENGAN BARLINA, MARIA L. KAPU’ALLO DAN JERRY WUNGKANA Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma Jln. Raya Mapanget, Kotak Pos 1004 Manado 95001 E-mail: [email protected] Diterima 9 Januari 2017 / Direvisi 27 Maret 2017 / Disetujui 8 Mei 2017 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat fisik, warna dan laju transmisi uap air serta sifat antimikroba biodegradable film pati sagu dengan penambahan gliserol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), kalium sorbat dan minyak kelapa. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap, pada tahap pertama gliserol dan CMC digunakan beberapa konsentrasi berturut-turut, yaitu (1%, 1,5%, 2,0% dan 2,5 %) dan (0,75%, 1,0%, 1,25% dan 1,5%). Kombinasi perlakuan terbaik tahap pertama digunakan untuk penelitian tahap kedua. Pada penelitian tahap kedua dilakukan penambahan bahan antimikroba kalium sorbat dan minyak kelapa pada beberapa konsentrasi, berturut-turut (1,0; 1,5 dan 2%) dan (0,3 dan 0,6%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bertambahnya konsentrasi gliserol menghasilkan biodegradable film dengan kuat tarik yang makin tinggi dan daya mulur makin turun. Pada konsentrasi gliserol yang tetap, nilai kuat tarik meningkat dan daya mulur menurun dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi CMC. Biodegradable film yang diproses menggunakan 1,0% gliserol dan 1,0% CMC memiliki daya mulur terendah hanya 109,90%. Kombinasi gliserol dan CMC ini selanjutnya digunakan untuk pembuatan biodegradable film yang ditambahkan minyak kelapa dan kalium sorbat. Biodegradable film yang diproses dengan penambahan minyak kelapa memiliki plastisitas yang lebih baik dibanding dengan penambahan kalium sorbat. Warna biodegradable film cenderung lebih kuning dibanding tanpa penambahan kalium sorbat. Biodegradable film yang dihasilkan dengan penambahan kalium sorbat dan minyak kelapa belum menunjukkan penghambatan terhadap Eschericchia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kata kunci: Biodegradable film, pati sagu, gliserol, carboxymethil cellulose, kalium sorbat, minyak kelapa. ABSTRACT The objectives of the research was to evaluate physical properties, color, water vapor transmission rate and antimicrobial activity of sago-based biodegradable film made by adding of glycerol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), potassium sorbate and coconut oil. The research was conducted on two steps which did continuosly. During the first step the research was held on various of concentration of glycerol (1, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%) and concentration of carboxymethil cellulose (CMC) (0.75; 1.0; 1.25 and 1.5 %). The formula which produced the best characteristic of biodegardable film was then used in the second step. In the second step of study, the antimicrobial material (coconut oil and potassium sorbate) were utilized in processing of sago-based biodegradable film. The concentration of potassium sorbate and coconut oil were (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and (0, 0.3 dan 0.6%), respectively. The research results showed that, the biodegradable film obtained on 1.0% of glycerol and 1.0% of CMC having lowest elongation around 109.90%. It was then used for the second step for preparation of biodegradable film. Biodegradable film which were resulted by additon of coconut oil having plasticity better than the ones using potassium sorbate. Addition of pottasium sorbate effected the yelllow color of the biodegradable film. The biodegradable film prepared by utilized of potassium sorbate and oil were found not effectively to inhibit Eschericchia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords: Biodegradable film, sago starch, glycerol, carboxymethyl cellulose, potassium sorbate, coconut oil. PENDAHULUAN negatif yang ditimbulkannya. Kemasan plastik tidak dapat diurai oleh mikroba, sehingga Plastik merupakan salah satu jenis kemasan merusak lingkungan. Saat ini telah berkembang yang sangat populer di masyarakat. Pemakaian penggunaan kemasan ramah lingkungan, di kemasan plastik yang makin meluas tidak antaranya kemasan yang mudah terurai dibarengi dengan kesadaran terhadap dampak (biodegradable film) (Talja et al., 2007). 1 Buletin Palma Volume 18 No. 1, Juni 2017: 1 - 7 Bahan dasar untuk pembuatan biodegradable edible film dengan menambahkan bahan anti- film adalah hidrokoloid dan lipid. Hidrokoloid mikroba alami dari ekstrak galangal sebanyak yang digunakan dapat berupa protein dalam 0,6-0,9%. Asam laurat merupakan asam lemak bentuk gelatin atau karbohidrat seperti pati, dominan pada minyak kelapa yang terbukti alginat, pektin, gum arab dan modifikasi karbo- memiliki kemampuan sebagai antimikroba (Enig, hidrat lainnya. Berbagai jenis bahan yang memiliki 1999). Kandungan asam laurat minyak kelapa kandungan pati tinggi telah digunakan sebagai sekitar 48,24% (Karouw et al., 2013) memungkin- bahan dasar pembuatan biodegradable film. Pati kan untuk digunakan sebagai bahan antimikroba sagu memiliki kelebihan sebagai bahan dasar pada pembuatan biodegradable film dari pati sagu. pembuatan biodegradable film karena mudah ter- Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui sifat fisik, gelatinisasi pada suhu rendah, memiliki viskositas warna dan laju transmisi uap air serta sifat yang tinggi, mudah untuk dicetak dan sineresis- antimikroba biodegradable film pati sagu dengan nya rendah (Anggraeni, 2011). penambahan gliserol, carboxymethyl cellulose Karakteristik biodegradable film sangat (CMC), kalium sorbat dan minyak kelapa. dipengaruhi oleh bahan dasar pati dan komposisi campurannya. Film berbahan pati dan pektin BAHAN DAN METODE memiliki elastisitas tinggi, tetapi bersifat rapuh sehingga mudah patah (Abdorreza et al., 2011) dan hidrofilik (sangat sensitif terhadap air). Karakter Penelitian dilaksanakan sejak bulan Maret- tersebut menyebabkan masalah apabila akan Desember 2015. Preparasi biodegradable film digunakan sebagai pengemas. Solusi yang dapat dilakukan di Laboratorium Pasca Panen, Balai dilakukan untuk memperbaiki sifat rapuh film Penelitian Tanaman Palma Mando. Analisis sifat berbahan pati, yaitu penambahan plasticizer yang fisik, warna dan laju transmisi uap air dilakukan di memiliki berat molekul rendah dan non volatil. Laboratorium Rekayasa, Jurusan Pengolahan Hasil Penambahan plasticizer dapat memperbaiki flek- Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, sibilitas dan kapasitas peregangan (stretch ability) Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Pengujian serta meningkatkan
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  • Beitrag Zur Lepidopterenfauna Von Ägypten (Lepidoptera), Teil 1

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    Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 34 (4): 175–184 (2014) 175 Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna von Ägypten (Lepidoptera), Teil 1: Familien Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae; sowie Erebidae: Unterfamilien Lymantriinae und Arctiinae Stefan Lewandowski und Kerstin Lewandowski­Krenz Stefan Lewandowski und Kerstin Lewandowski­Krenz, Rupprechtstraße 15, D­80636 München, Deutschland; [email protected] Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag werden die Sammel­ & Saldaitis 2006). Daher erschien es den Autoren sinn­ er gebnisse von drei Reisen, jeweils im Herbst der Jahre 2009, voll, die nun auf diesen drei Reisen gesammelten Da ten 2011 und 2012 in unterschiedliche Landesteile von Ägyp­ als aktuelle Nachweise zu publizieren. In diesem ers­ ten zusammengefaßt, sowie neue Erkenntnisse zum Kom­ plex von Orgyia dubia (Tauscher, 1806) vorgestellt. Or gyia ten Teil werden daher 24 aktuell nachgewiesene Ar ten splendida (Rambur, 1842) stat. rev. wird in den Art sta tus unterschiedlicher Familien aufgeführt. Ferner wer den, erhoben. in Folge von Funden von Präimaginalstadien einer Art aus der Gattung Orgyia Ochsenheimer, 1810 der Un ter­ Contribution to the fauna of Lepidoptera of Egypt fa mi lie Lymantriinae der Erebidae, deren ta xo no mi­ (Lepidoptera), Part 1: Families Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Sphingidae, Lasiocamp idae; sche Situation diskutiert sowie neue Erkenntnisse zum and Erebidae: subfamilies Lymantriinae and Arctiinae Komplex von Orgyia dubia (Tauscher, 1806) vor ge stellt. Abstract: After three autumn travels to different areas of Verwendete Abkürzungen Egypt in 2009, 2011 and 2012, some Lepidoptera species of the fauna are presented. New information on the species­ BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, Großbritannien, group of Orgyia dubia (Tauscher, 1806) is given.
  • Lymantria (Nyctria) flavida by Paul W

    Lymantria (Nyctria) flavida by Paul W

    he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover design by J. Marie Metz and Chuck Benedict. Photo of Lymantria (Nyctria) flavida by Paul W. Schaefer. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. A REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES OF LYMANTRIA HÜBNER [1819] (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE: LYMANTRIINAE) FROM SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE REGIONS OF ASIA, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES, SOME POTENTIALLY INVASIVE TO NORTH AMERICA Michael G.
  • Lifecycle of Lepidoptera

    Lifecycle of Lepidoptera

    LIFECYCLE OF LEPIDOPTERA: CHAPTER 2 11 LIFECYCLE OF LEPIDOPTERA he typical life cycle follows a holometabolous, four-stage sequence— during the night, but some of the night-flying species fly during the Tadult, egg, caterpillar (larva), and pupa—in which development during evening. No night-flying butterflies occur in the Pacific Northwest. the pupal stage involves the metamorphosis from a caterpillar to an adult. The time of season and the length of time for the flight period of a species may also exhibit a diagnostic pattern. Most species fly at certain times of the year and may be active for a period of 3 to 6 weeks, ADULT whereas a few species may have individuals in flight throughout much Moths and butterflies are the sexually mature adult life stage of of the year. For instance, the arctiid Lophocampa argentata will be in Lepidoptera. The adult serves three main functions in the life cycle: mating, flight during the last few days of July and the first 3 weeks of August, dispersal, and oviposition. Many moths feed on nectar or a liquid sugar with a peak in flight around the end of the first week in August. The source for energy required for flight. Some species of macromoths do males of the geometrids Operopthera bruceata and Operopthera danbyi not have functional mouthparts and cannot feed. Consequently, they are will be in flight only from the middle of November to the last week relatively short-lived and will exhibit a short flight period. of December. The geometrid Sabulodes aegrotata has been observed in flight beginning the last week of January through the spring, summer, Dispersal and flight activity Not all moths have wings, and not all and fall, and up to the last week in November.