AKULTURASI HUKUM ISLAM DAN BUDAYA LOKAL (Studi Terhadap Tradisi Masyarakat Batak Angkola Padangsidimpuan Perspektif Antropologi” Ditulis Oleh Puji Kurniawan

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AKULTURASI HUKUM ISLAM DAN BUDAYA LOKAL (Studi Terhadap Tradisi Masyarakat Batak Angkola Padangsidimpuan Perspektif Antropologi” Ditulis Oleh Puji Kurniawan PERSETUJUAN HASIL UJIAN PENDAHULUAN Tesis yang berjudul “AKULTURASI HUKUM ISLAM DAN BUDAYA LOKAL (Studi Terhadap Tradisi Masyarakat Batak Angkola Padangsidimpuan Perspektif Antropologi” ditulis oleh Puji Kurniawan. Nim. 11.2.00.1.01.01.0028 telah dinyatakan lulus pada Ujian Pendahuluan yang diselenggarakan pada Kamis, 18 September 2014. Tesis ini telah diperbaiki sesuai dengan saran dan komentar para penguji sehingga disetujui untuk diajukan ke Ujian Promosi. Jakarta, 29 September 2014 TIM PENGUJI: 1. Prof. Dr. Suwito, MA (.........................................) (Ketua Sidang/ Merangkap Penguji) 2. Prof. Dr. H. M. Bambang Pranowo, MA (.........................................) (Penguji I) 3. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA (.........................................) (Penguji II) 4. Dr. Asep Saepudin Jahar, MA (.........................................) (Pembimbing/ Merangkap Penguji) KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, puji serta syukur kepada Allah SWT atas limpahan nikmatnya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini. Shalawat dan salam semoga senantiasa tercurahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad beserta keluarga, sahabat dan para pengikut ajarannya. Tesis ini disusun sebagai tugas akhir sekaligus syarat meraih gelar Magister dalam bidang syariah (MA.Hk) di Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sedalam- dalamya kepada berbagai pihak yang telah banyak membantu sehingga tugas ini dapat terselesaikan, diantaranya: 1. Ayah dan Ibu (Alm) serta keluarga tercinta yang senantiasa mengiringi dengan doa yang tulus dan motivasi serta semangat dengan harapan semoga penulis diberikan kemudahan dan kelancaran dalam menyelesaikan studi. 2. Prof. Komarudin Hidayat, MA. Selaku Rektor UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dan Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra selaku Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada bapak-ibu dosen atas ilmu, bimbingan, dan motivasinya, juga kepada seluruh civitas akademik Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta yang telah banyak membantu dan memberikan iklim belajar yang kondusif. Semoga menjadi amal baik. 3. Dr. Asep Saepudin Jahar, MA. Selaku pembimbing yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktunya untuk membimbing dan berdiskusi serta memberikan motivasi. 4. Prof Dr. Suwito, MA, Dr. Yusuf Rahman, MA, Bapak dan Ibu Dosen di Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta yang telah mengajarkan ilmu, bimbingan dan berbagi pengalaman hidup bagi penulis. 5. Petugas Perpustakaan dan seluruh staf civitas akademika Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 6. Kelurga besar Bpk H. Ngatimun dan Ibu Hj. Suyati, uwak sekaligus orang tua yang telah memberikan dukungan, nasehat serta terus motivasi penulis untuk menyelesaikan studi. 7. Keluarga besar Istana Hasadaon, Bpk Jonner Rambe Gelar Sri Paduka Ompu Daulat Raja Agung Panuturi Hasadaon (Raja Istana Hasadaon Batang Angkola Tapanuli Selatan), Basa Sahala Harahap Gelar Sutan Enda Kumala Angkola (Raja Bagas Godang Pijorkoling Padangsidimpuan), Khaerul Alam Harahap Gelar Sutan Lembaga Alam (Raja Luat Pijorkoling Padangsidimpuan) beserta seluruh raja-raja Batak Angkola Padangsidimpuan. 8. Adik-adik tersayang; Ahmad Suheri, Ardi dan Lisa Putri Utami yang senantiasa menjadi penyemangat dalam kehidupan penulis. 9. Teman-teman seperjuangan yang tidak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu persatu, thanks for all. 10. Semua pihak yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu, semoga amal baiknya mendapat balasan pahala dari Allah SWT. Ami>n ya> rabb al-al’a>mi>n. i Akhirnya, penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian ini masih jauh dari sempurna karena kekurangan dan keterbatasan. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat diharapkan untuk penyempurnaan penelitian ini. Jakarta, September 2014 Penulis Puji Kurniawan ii Abstrak Tesis ini membuktikan bahwa percampuran Islam dalam tradisi Batak Angkola di Padangsidimpuan menunjukkan Islam dan tradisi lokal merupakan satu kesatuan yang utuh dan bersinergi dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Hal itu dilihat dari bentuk kepribadian masyarakat dalihan natolu (tunggu tiga). Agama sebagai sebuah narasi yang lebih besar masuk ke dalam dunia lokal dan mencoba mengapresiasi tradisi sebagai sarana pengembangan Islam. Islam menjadi agama yang mentradisi dalam masyarakat. Relasi antara Islam dan tradisi lokal telah membentuk habitat baru yang disebut tradisi Islam lokal. Dialektika antara Islam dan budaya menempatkan religi dan ritual lokal sebagai medan kontestasi, seperti tradisi marpege-pege dan mangupa. Kedua tradisi ini merupakan tradisi warisan leluhur yang telah dikenal masyarakat Batak Angkola jauh sebelum Islam masuk ke tanah Batak. Kedatangan Islam memberikan pengaruh terhadap nilai-nilai adat. Pergeseran nilai-nilai adat pasca masuknya Islam, dari kepercayaan lokal ke nilai keagamaan memberikan warna tersendiri, tanpa mengubah bentuk sistem adat. Pergumulan hukum Islam dan budaya lokal merupakan proses timbal balik yang produktif dan kreatif, sehingga tradisi tidak berdiri sendiri tapi terkait dengan keyakinan, pengetahuan, pengalaman (realitas) dan kondisi spritualitas masyarakat. Penelitian ini mendukung pendapat Lodewiyk Willem Christian van den Berg (1845-1927) dalam teori reseptio in complexu yang mengatakan bahwa umat Islam yang berlaku adalah hukum Islam. Pendapat yang hampir sama juga disebutkan Joseph Schacht (1902-1969) yaitu adat memberikan kontribusi yang besar dalam formasi hukum Islam. MB. Hooker (1975), Peter L Berger (1929), juga menyebutkan bahwa agama merupakan sistem simbolik yang memberikan makna dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan berfungsi sebagai pedoman tingkah laku sosial. Jhon R Bowen menyebutkan Indonesia yang plural dengan beragam tradisi dan norma adat tidak terlepas dari pengaruh agama. Penelitian Ratno Lukito juga membuktikan bahwa hukum Islam dan hukum adat dalam sebagian besar kasus di Indonesia hidup secara berdampingan. Tesis ini menolak teori receptie Snouck Hurgronje (1867-1936), yang menyebutkan hukum Islam dapat diperlakukan bila telah diterima oleh hukum adat. Tesis ini juga menolak pendapat J.N.D Anderson (1908-1994) dalam tulisannya Reflection on law natural, divine and positive yang menyebutkan arena konflik yang muncul di dunia timur dan barat seperti Afrika, Malaysia maupun Indonesia adalah antara hukum natural dan hak-hak fundamental manusia yakni Hukum adat dengan hukum Agama. Posisi tesis ini membuktikan tradisi Batak Angkola tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Integrasi hukum Islam dan budaya lokal Batak Angkola telah menjadikan Islam dan budaya menjadi kesatuan yang utuh dan bersinergi dalam kehidupan masyarakat Padangsidimpuan sesuai dengan falsafah “hombar adat dohot ibadat”. Kebudayaan memiliki paradigma dan sistem tersendiri. Agama v hanya sebagai penuntun dalam mengakrabi realitas budaya dan tradisi Batak Angkola di Padangsidimpuan. Falsafah Batak Angkola menunjukkan prinsif Islam terdapat dalam budaya Batak Angkola dan merupakan bentuk integrasi Islam kedalam budaya, sehingga adat beradaptasi dengan agama. Hal ini terlihat dalam tardisi marpege-pege dan tradisi mangupa. Penelitian ini bersifat fenomenologis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam persfektif antropologi. Struktur pengumpulan dan klasifikasi data dilakukan dengan memadukan studi dokumentasi dan data dilapangan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi langsung yakni observasi partisipasi dan wawancara. vi Abstract This thesis proves that the acculturation between Islam and Batak Angkola tradition in Padangsidimpuan shows that Islam and local tradition can be united and synergized in the community life within the philosophy of dalihan natolu. Religion as a bigger narration enters into the local world, appreciates and uses local tradition as a tool to spread its religious values. This makes the values of Islam rooted within the community. The relation between Islam and local tradition has form a new habit called local Islam tradition. The reciprocal relation between Islam and culture put the religion and local rites in the contestation arena, such as seen in the practice of marpege-pege and mangupa. Both traditions are ancestral heritage which had been widely practiced among Angkola Batak people long before the advent of Islam in the region. The advent of Islam influenced the traditional values; it shifted the practice of local belief toward religious values without altering the traditional system. The struggle between Islamic law and local culture was a productive and creative reciprocal process, which in turn integrated tradition with the belief, knowledge, experience, and spiritual condition of the community. This research supports Lodewiyk Willem Christian van den Berg (1845-1927) with his theory of reseptio in complexu which said that for Muslim community the acceptable regulation was Islamic law. Almost similar opinion was put forward by Joseph Schacht (1902-1969) which argued that traditional values contributed to the formation of Islamic law. M.B. Hooker (1975) and Peter L. Berger (1929) also explained that religion was a symbolic system that gave meaning to the community life and served as guidelines for social behavior. Jhon R. Bowen stated that Indonesia with its plural traditions and traditional norms was not free from religious influence. A research project by Ratno Lukito also had proved that Islamic law and traditional law in Indonesia, in many cases, were practiced hand in hand. This thesis disagrees with receptive theory by Snouck Hurgronje (1867-1936) which argued that Islamic law would
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