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I . FRO M THE RECO RD S By O F A BRADBRO O K QU RTER , M R S C - . E S S I O N S o - S ,

II . S EIZE QU A RTIERS B AN D A S C E N D I N G y E E V L S D P RC AL UCA . PE IGREES ,

I I I . THE RECO RD S O F By A D TE TE E RCY C . U SHE N P N P R ,

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. A . BE U WALT O N - O N - THAME S E N GLAN D CHAS RNA , , .

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S I M PKI N M R H L HAM I L , . TO N KE N Co. L A S AL . T . TD..

LO N DO N .

From th e Re cords of

Quarter Se s sions .

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a The genealogist , being minute or

i ro co ic ff m c s p investigator, can a ord to neglect nothing : every scra p of paper bearing a name and date may be of use to him , but how much more so when details of place , occupation , misdeed , misfortune, etc ., are added .

Those who are interested in thissubjectshould consult a lso th e P R ( G . F . T . 0 edigree egister published by Sherwood , 5 , B f R B 1 08 ee ro oad , ro le , London , for Se ” 9 , w c c t ck y pt ” in hi h a u C m R . m y be fo nd a short articleon ri inal ecords 4 Quarter

The R ecords of Quarter Rich in S e ssmns are composed of Ge ne a logica l such details , and practically Evide nce every scrap of them con tains possible material for or evidence of ’ some one s genealogical position . The matter for the most part , deals with the , ” submerged tenth in its relation to the more solid , stable , or respectable classes of society :for if in the Parish R egister where to be born and die oor of rich and p is all the history , the intervening gap between birth and

ﬁlle d in dissolution may be , perchance , from the Quarter Sessions papers , for of “ tolive ff these last we may say , su er, pay , or ” a be social nuisance , is the enlivening narrative . The writer does not propose in this place to deal with the whole of the multi fa rious records (that will be another story) w or o be r r r hich are , sh uld , p ese ved by eve y Se s sion s 5

English county ; we may judge of their interest on the principle of “ex pede ” rcule m su e rﬁ cia l one He , the p survey of section only (and that a discarded section) reveals the value and importance of the remainder . Dealing with the whole Inv a lua ble to of a county, the documents Pa rish and papers are drawn from Historia ns. and refer to every village i t r and hamlet , and no published par sh his o y can be regarded as complete if its compiler have not studied these records , whence so much detail of general and personal interest is gleaned , or rather reaped , so copious is the supply . A good many years ago the necessity of providing more space for the a ccommoda tion of continually accumulating records led to the eviction from the R ecord R oom a t Aylesbury of a large quantity of rolls as

being use less for business purposes . After 6 Quarter examination by someone from the British M a useum , who did not c re to have them , they were handed over to the Buckingham hire Arch a eological Society Ne gle cte d sor what they were worth Re cords. (oﬁicia l statement) . Stored on shelves in the rooms of this Society, the evicted rolls remained for years without

r appa ently exciting the inquisitiveness , far less the interest , of anyone , until one day l the writer casua ly took down a roll , and on opening the begrimed and dusty bundle, read on the ﬁ rst paper the sign manual of

John Wilkes . This discovery led to closer investigation , which revealed that the col lection of documents was composed for the most par t of receipts and accounts for payments made by the County Treasurer .

er?R ’ These Treasur olls Tre a sure rs form but one section only Rolls. of the R ecords in the care of

R r a th e the Custos otulo um , and will lone be Se s s io n s 7

subject of this paper, with some mention of a few papers which have been wrapped up

. in these bundles , either carelessly or in error

Here we have evidence that the Trea s urer paid the parish constables for removing paupers , the expenses of maintaining the County Jail and caring for the prisoners therein , the cost of transport of troops ' ’ h e riﬂ through the county, the expenses of S s O ﬁice rs for apprehending vagrants and ’ criminals , Coroners charges and expenses of inquests , for keeping the wives and families of men who were serv ing in the s militia, for the keep of debtor in the jail , etc ., etc .

The documents in great Pa sse s for est abundance are the Va gra nts . 757m m ! orde rs a x e s or f , re quiring the parish constables to convey towards their place of legal settlement the 8 Quarter paupers or vagrants named therein) “ Each of these passes gives the name and signature of one or more magistrates , the names and n signatures of (ofte ) two parish constables , with at least one name of a pauper with the legal settlement . Most of these papers give ’ more than one pauper s name , two or more may appear, while instances of whole families are quite common , and the details of age and occupation frequently appear .

Stray specimens of these 15513553 are found in many parish chests , but seldom or never in any abundance , as the parish chest is not the place for them ; as evidence of expend ita re for which the County T reasurer had

a sse s to account , the proper place for the p as ’ R vouchers is with the Treasurers olls , and it is there that they are found in hundreds .

O n pages iii . and iv . will be found reduced fac - similes of both sides of such a voucher .

. 78. See Some Special Studies in Genealog y, p Sessions 9

“ The larger part, by far, Move d n of these removal orders a l( m tﬁ g concerns but few of the G; a t Ma in

parish constables ; for, as iloa ds the paupers were passed ch ie fl y along the great main roads , the parishes on these highways naturally had more pauper business for the constable than fell to the lot of the same offi cia l in a parish situated away from the great lines of tra ffi c.

In Bucks , the bulk of the paupers passed through the hands of the parish constables at Little Brickhill and Stony Stratford , the places where Watling Street enters and leaves the county on its ten - mile course through it ; and at Colnbrook and Taplow on the Bath Road . The constables whose sphere of usefulness included the places just

' mentioned did more ﬁa sszng than all the remaining constables in the county put together and multiplied by two . If the student of vagrancy wish to exhaust the 1 0 Quarter

subject , he must study the great trunk roads, especially the evidence contained in the ”mom ! orde rs which will be found to explain and supplement many an entry in the parish registers ; it may here be noted that the contents of the Quarter Sessions R ecords does not so much give genealogical infor mation as facts for enriching the pedigree chart, and showing that the persons of whom it is composed were real live people . Though the duty of Th e pa ssm g paupers was that Cripple of a parish constable , where Cont ra ctor the pa sszhg s were numerous

ofﬁ cia l not a special , who was necessarily the constable , seems to have been appointed , and to have retained the place for years .

ofﬁ cia l Crz le Confm ctor This was called the pp , “ and received a salary for relieving, passing, conveying and maintaining cripples and ” vagrants in and through the county . The na mes of the Cripple Contractors appear not Se s s io n s 1 1

only on their receipts but on other papers , and occasional mention of a wife or son may

c e . . make for genealogi al interest, g , at Easter, 1 6 M s 7 2, ary Hawkin (widow of William) ,

S e Cripple Contractor of tony Stratford , sign d a receipt for salary, having succeeded her late husband in the post . For many years one John Ping ofﬁ cia te d at Little Brickhill . Study of the register in

us 1 01 z b that parish tells that in 7 Eli a eth , ” collom a ke r daughter of John Ping, , and

z 1 Susannah , his wife , was bapti ed 3 July ;

1 6 . 1 and , again , 7 4, Feb 7, John Ping, aged “ 1 02 M a 1 60 , buried ; and on 4 y, 7 , John ” z Ping, an adult on a sick bed , bapti ed . T his last entry probably refers to our old ’ r friend s tardy admission to the chu ch , and

sa tis ﬁ e d h we may feel t at, after a well spent life , he died in the odour of sanctity . The above is a sample Supple me nting of the way the Quarter th e Pa rish Session R ecords may help

out d is evi ence in the reg ter, Quarte r for h a s e , though the writer turn d up several “ ’” ’ contractors or constables names in various registers , as a rule the register makes no reference to their occupation . In the register above quoted occur entries like

1 6 . A this 73 , June 22 poor woman that ” died in childbed at John Hands, buried .

John was son of Henry Hands , petty con stable and cripple contractor, proved by these county accounts . I n e x a m i n i n g th ese Th e Tra nsport records of county expenses , of Troops. one is struck by the fre

' que ncy with which military a ﬁ a irs crop up . There are many papers dealing with the transport of troops . A roll taken at ran

v iz . dom , , that endorsed Easter Sessions ,

1 735, contains thirty orders to the con “ ” stables of different parishes to impress , “ﬁ nd ” ” or , or require , wagons and horses for the use of troops on the march

e . . 1 1 . g , April , 735 Order to Constables Se s s ion s 1 3

of Woughton and Great Woolston

to supply two waggons , each drawn

ﬁ v e by horses , to convey baggage ’ of Capt . R oberts troop of horse

from P enny Stratford to Towcester. The allowance was one shilling per mile for each wagon , and two drivers accompanied each team . The tra nsport was usually ordered to be ready at an early

0 a .m . hour, 3 or ., at some inn Besides the names of the magistrates and the constables , these papers always give a description of the troops , whether horse or

th e foot , and the names of responsible ofﬁ ce rs e . . , and the signs of the inns , g , ” “ ” Bull , and Three Swans , Stony Strat “ ” “ ” W . ford ; Bull , and Bell , inslow, etc , etc . Some of these licensed houses still remain , to be crushed possibly by future “ ” licensing bills , the outcome of rabid political jealousy . From these papers can be gleaned items concerning regiments 1 4 Quarter

‘ which were disbanded , and material to enlarge the history of those whose records a re imperfect.

Who said that, outside Soldie rs in a the priesthood , there were Pe digre e . but two callings ﬁ t for a

n v iz . ﬁ h tin : gentlema , , g g and farming the two primaeval industries , War and the

re Chase , which modern society largely ling uish e s to its two extremes ? None will deny that the presence of a soldier in a pedigree , especially if he have seen active r se vice and participated in notable events , gives a tinge of romance and a touch of dignity which would otherwise be lacking. The pedigrees of the upper classes usually show soldiers in every generation there are also families of hereditary soldiers to be n found in the lower ra ks , and these Quarter Sessions R ecords again serve to remind us of those unknown and almost forgotten

e a r a d hero s , who h ve died in thei thous n s Se s s io n s 1 5 a ll r ove this globe , that we might have security and dominion and be great among nations . The genealogist can Su ort for the pp ’ regard with satisfaction Fa milie s such a paper as the fol of Militia me n. l o w i n g, wh i ch , b e i n g oﬁicia lly drawn up and doubtless subject to the scrutiny of an auditor, must needs be authenticated fact

1 61 . 1 a n. 1 61 . 7 A bundle labelled 7J , 7 ” Militia .

A n 1 5t . I L Act, g Geo , required every Overseer of th e Poor of that part of Great Britain called England to allow the family of every Militia man ordered into actual service such weekly allowance as shall be

P . ordered by any one J. , and such allowance to be reimbursed by the

Treasurer of the County. 1 6 Quarter

U K S . . B C , To wit To the Overseers of the P oor of the pa rislz of S tone in the

County of Bucks . aforesaid . 5 n of b 632212? InPursua ce , and y p 01 ’ i gefy s 21?V rtue of an Act of Parliament r u and y , for e H sb— th 1 n rd h is Wife O ne D a y for made the 33 year of one Child m o Da for o i ld M R e 1 n 1 n i ys tw Ch present ajesty s g , th s Case made and provided I for Five or more. whose Hand and Seal are here M ’ unto set, one of His ajesty s Justices of the Peace of and for Do this County, hereby , in his ’ M N re ajesty s ame , order and quire you to pay unto M a ry

H o cra t 01 m p f , the wife of 7

‘ ' H o cm z P a nsfz . p f , of your

M M a n A private ilitia ,

now in actual Service , the

' sum of One S /zz llzbzg a nd S ix

énce p per week , and also to their ﬁ ve children hereunder deleted and named (wh oa re under the age ue n Y a a r of Ten e rs, as appe s to

1 8 Quarter

The name of the man , the names of his wife and children , with ages of the last , the in parish the family lived , the date, etc ., all combine to make an interesting and useful l document, as we l as a record of the military service of the paterfamilias . Some of these forms are countersigned by the overseers , e . . M z g , the allowance to ary , wife of E ekiel

S te wke le . Verney, of y, is endorsed by Tos

W - Cooke and John ebb , Over Seares , and

R a attested by Foster y, of Aylesbury . During certain periods Pa sse s for the very numerous f a x e s Soldie rs a nd relating to soldiers and th e ir Fa milie s. soldiers’ families constitute melancholy evidence of the privations and ff hardships su ered by many brave men , e . . ig m . A nne g , p , large numbers of disabled soldiers were sent to their legal settlements by the agency of the Poor Law . Taking a r ﬁ nd M oll by chance , we , at ichaelmas , 1 08 H H 7 , enry ands , one of the constables of Se s s io n s 1 9

d Little Brickhill , accounting for ten maime

and sick soldiers , often with wives and

families , passed by him in three months ;

and his fellow constable, John Ping (pre

v iousl y noticed) , accounting for twelve

soldiers during the same period , and also ’ 1 1 for soldiers widows ; and in 73 , for twelve invalid soldiers during the ﬁ rst quarter of the

n . us year, their ames being given Let rescue some of them from oblivion even if only for ﬁ v e minutes and think with grateful respect

M a cke rle dw. H of John y, E arden , Thos .

W Wm . M est, Green , John Tooth , oris

K . R enney , Tho Walker, alph Ambury , etc .

Sometimes they died on the road , and many an entry in parish registers states the cir

cum sta nce .

Hundreds of these men whose courage

and staunchness , directed by the genius of John Churchill (who respected his soldiers

and they in their turn were devoted to him) , r o o won en wn for their c untry, were passed 2 0 Quarter crippled and invalided to their place of

. settlement Among them , surely, many a ” Corporal Trim , who , not so fortunate as “ ” . ﬁnd the original Jas Butler , to a kindly and sympathetic master in another Captain

Toby Shandy , and an appreciative Sterne to immortalise him , returned to his native village but to die .

O fﬁ ce re d by gentlemen Th e Socia l

’ and manned by blackguards Sinne rs Me ta has been the description morphosis. applied to Britain’s con quering hosts , and that courage and enter prise are attributes of many a social sinner is a proved truth . The Mutiny Act of 1 703 empowered the Queen to pardon capital

ff m e n o enders who would enlist, and these were keenly competed for by colonels , as they cost nothing and were usually of good physique . In 1 704 an A ct liberated insol vent debtors who would either serve or ﬁ nd a r ofﬁ ce rs rec uit, and the sought for the Se s sio n s 2 1

' bankrupts as ardently a s they did for the sheep stealer, poacher or homicide . The R olls we are considering furnish illustrations

e . . 1 81 of all this , g , 7 , August 7, expenses for

m . taking W Wynne , a convict, to have him

th . attested in the 4o Regiment, etc In this way many a man , doubtless , proved by his subsequent martial ardour the wisdom of saving him from the rope , for hanging , at that date , the penalty for many minor sins , destroyed numerous young lives who had never had a chance of exhibiting their better qualities .

a rs e tc. r The p , , e Re cords of fe f ﬁ ng t0 gee county Ja l; th e County s mention very many name , Ja il.

in fact, few of the common surnames in the county are absent ; probably an exhaustive search would reveal instances of all . The quarterly bread bills were made out in detail by the bakers supplying the prisoners, each baker giving the names of 2 2 Qu a rter

r r a nd the p isone s , divided into debtors felons , and the amount of bread had by each dates against each name show when the prisoner was admitted and discharged , and these lists may be looked upon as a continuous register of all the jail - birds .

’ ’ T h e s u r g e o n s a n d Surge ons apothecaries’ bills are more Bills interesting on account of n the obsolete terms used , than for any g e e a logical information they may impart ; for seldom is a name mentioned , beyond that , of course, of the surgeon or apothecary, and

Am ura th A m ura th here an an succeeds , for the professional mantle of the father de scended upon the shoulders of the son , la sfa the accounts .

a oth e Thos . Williams, of Aylesbury, p cary, has the following items in his account , paid by the Treasurer in 1 707

2 ! a m s u le u J , dres ing and c ring a sore g , and p rging

Wm . H 1 5. 8d, potion, artley, 5 Sessions 2 3

2 . z m H I S. 1 d. 3 Jan , a pectoral apo e , John ebert ,

2 a n u W i I s. 6d. 4 J , a j lip , h tbread ,

6 . 8 u Wm . 5. Feb , bol ses , Smith , 3 etc ., etc . In after years Wilson Williams , perhaps son of Thomas , sent in accounts and charged the justices for such articles as ’ f i la m ba tiv e Da fy s el xir , a , a mithridate , restringent confections , nervous electuaries ,

ca rinina tive l ste rs chalybeate tinctures , g y , " m - N A ll no doubt approved by the oﬁicia l

1 surgeon , (circa 735he was Noah Pitcher) , b F and passed y rancis Woodcock , county jailer for years , who was succeeded by his son , John Woodcock . Records of the com mon place shew us that dynasties of parish ffi clerks , jailers and other minor o cials exist and ﬂourish as dynasties may in royal positions . O th e r i t e m s in the Th e Ja ile r a nd accounts of the Jailer, which Ge ne a logy. may interest possible de

In 1 760A rchdale Williams signsthe bill . 24 Quarter sce nda nts , are payments for transporting felons to the plantations in America

A t 1 uo. Ha Easter, 735, transporting J y

5. craft, £2 2 Extraordinary provision for Philip

s . 6d. Thomas , sentenced to death , 7

w Conveying Juo. Dodg orthy to Winslow

I OS . to stand in pillory,

1 . In 724, more transporting of felons

1 8 . In 7 2, account of Thos Smith , for

conveying Geo . Tredwell to a hulk

w s . at Wool ich , £3 3 , and conveying

other convicts .

1 8 M e a or In 73 , taking John j in hold and

having to prison , expenses at Thos . H ’ “ ” ebbes , and at eight bells , ex ’ He a vill s . . penses at Will , etc , etc ,

at Bletchley .

8 . 1 8 Wm . Jan , 73 , expenses for taking Davis for horse stealing a t Bletchley .

2 6 Quarter

. 1 0. z . P of 4 Dec , 74 Eli henix, wife

William , states that about seven years ago she was married to Christopher Chappell , who served his apprenticeship to Adam

cordwa ne r Bri stre e t Smith , y , of g , in the

City of Peterborough , and that she was once sent thither by the Earl of Grafton by an order, and that the said city accepted her, that the said Chappell is dead , and she buried him in Peterborough , she then

W . cordwa ne r married ill Phenix , y , and that he has left her almost half a year, and she does not know to what parish or place he

. belongs , etc . Before Sam . Welles

The missing Phenix ma y have belonged to Stony Stratford , as the name occurs in

1 6 1 . M rs. the register there 4, July 4 Ann 9 ” . Phenix , a stranger at Three Swans , bur t ’ E a c h q u a r e r th e Gorone rs Coroners sent in a list of Inque sts . the inquests each had held ,

. giving date , place , name, verdict, etc Se s s io n s

These supplement the parish registers in ample style . The writer h a s looked up a few , of which the following are interesting samples

1 62 . Fe b F u 7 . 5, at enny Stratford , inq est on Sarah

Bowler, who was killed accidentally by a cow . This death is not entered in either Bletchley or Fenny Stratford (contiguous 1 parishes , Fenny having been up to 724 part of Bletchley) registers . The name is a common one and very plentiful now. O f course , the body may have been buried else where, but most likely it was buried at

P a nd enny not entered, as it was the custom to keep notes of the baptisms , etc ., and enter them up at the end of the year .

1 2 . O ct. 1 . u ou 77 Inq est on Robert Cook , f nd drowned at Fenny Stratford .

Again no entry in register . The name is that of quite a numerous class in the place .

1 1 78 . . 1 4, W . u M Feb at avendon Inq est on ary Cox , u a fo nd de d . 2 8 Quarter

r . . 1 6 M In Wavendon egister Feb , ary

. N o . Cox , buried mention of inquest

1 82 De c. 22 I u B t 7 . . nq est on John Parker , of le chley, u m l natic , hang ed hi self.

No entry in the register. A common local name .

1 82 0 u B . 7 . Nov . 3 . Inq est at Bow rickhill , on Thos H u obbs, fo nd dead .

Bow . N ov . 0 In Brickhill register 3 ,

h e nl . buried Thomas Hobbs, of S y, Poor No mention of the inquest, but information as ” to his legal settlement .

Au . 2 I u mu 1 783 . g 9 . nq est at Fenny Stratford on Sa el u m Carpenter, a l natic, who drowned hi self.

Ble fcﬁle : In y register Augst . 30. Samuel

Carpenter, of Fenny Stratford , labourer, was

0 . buried , aged 3 years Here , again, no mention of the tragedy.

1 8 . 1 . u B F a N 77. Sept 5 Inq est at letchley on r ncis ash, V died by isitation of God . Sessions 29

In the parish register Sept . 1 6. Francis 2 Nash , of Bletchley, gardener, aged 5 years , buried . In all the above examples the defects of the burial register as a chronicle of — - of cause death are manifested , and even warrant a doubt as to whether omission to register was not more frequent than we suppose . Genealogically considered , the ’ crowner s quest is not very illuminating . That a nam eless body died by the Visitation God of does not convey a great deal , but that S o- and - so was murdered by her husband imparts lurid interest to a possible pedigree . The subsequent career of the criminal may be tra ced in the indictment r rolls , and charges by the jaile for the ceremony of suspension and subsequent interment (unless his friends took the body away, or it was anatomised by the surgeons) may develop and end the story opened by the Coroner. 30 Quarter

1 782. Oct . 20. Inquest at N ewport P agnell on John Odell , slain by

Thos . Hurnda ll.

1 783 . June 23 . Inquest at Astwood on

David Ireland , slain by John Glide

well .

1 776. July 8. Inquest at Olney on

Wm . d . Ann Chandler, killed by Bri e

1 787. Aug . 1 . Inquest at Bra g g e nh a m A nn on , wife of Nicholas Day,

murdered by her husband .

Etc ., etc . Then there are orders for Count y payment for keeping a Childre n. ” County Child . In 1 708 John and Bridgett Coleshill were pa id “ th e a for keep of William , a male b stard W child , begotten on the body of Jane hite ” Goa le . bread , and borne in the County , etc , and in 1 725the same couple were remune Absola m rated for caring for James , a Ses sions 3 1 county child . Consigned to hireling ca re because of deserted and friendless condition , these children may in after life have become known by the surname of their adoptive off parents , and perhaps passed as their spring ; such episodes are by no means un common now , and were , doubtless , much commoner in the more casual and less exact ing time of the 1 8th century ; especially among the lower classes . Among the more interest Ce rtiﬁ ca te s of ing of the casual documents Conformity. included in the rolls are the ce rtiﬁ ca te s of conformity to the Church of England , granted to those suspected of being Papists or R ecusants . R ecusants in English la w are those who neglect or refuse to attend the public worship of the Estab lish e d Church . The penalties and disa bili

r ties of the papist recusant were ve y severe ,

I . z . and date from Eli , they could neither

r a inhe it, purch se, nor acquire land , nor hold 3 2 Quarter

oﬁice . , nor bring an action at law, etc ., etc The ce rtiﬁ ca te s of conformity must have caused much deceit and hypocrisy, both on the part of the grantor and grantee, but

’ we of the later ages m a y th a nk them for preserving to us a considerable amount of information ; the fac - simile ce rtiﬁ ca te on p . ii . may be regarded as typical , though the form was not always the same .

These ce rtiﬁca te s should be of great interest to descendants , as the recusant was usually of substance and worth harrying ; probably no one bothered much about pauper recusants . In the given specimen we ﬁ nd that Wm . Hartley preferred to g o ” to another parish to conform . In the follow ing case the recusant did the same .

d. R E Edmonds , minister, and obert

Thorp andWilliam Watkins , churchwardens ,

H ce rtiﬁ e d of ardwick , that Charles Pilsworth , of Oving, took the sacrament in Hardwick

th 1 . Church on s October, 729 The wit

34 Quarter

found , nearly all the others are numerous , and th e individuals in most instances can be ide ntiﬁ e d without much trouble ; three of the above names have representatives in

Olney at the present day . T he value of all records Ne e d of is in proportion to their Ca le nda rs. accessibility , and they may be accessible either by a calendar or index , or by reasonable powers of search granted to the individual . Outside London the whole business of personal search in nearly all classes of records requires consideration . ’ Well accredited and bOﬂd- ﬁ a e litera ry and historical searchers might be granted easier

A s facilities . for calendars and indexes , With the exception of those printed by the ” R t Middlesex County ecord Socie y, the writer is not aware that any Quarter Session h h e R e cords a v been dealt with , and it will easily be seen from the imperfect account here submitted that the labour and time S e sswns 35 necessary will never be paid for by the legal custodians , and the voluntary labourers in that vineyard are likely to be very few .

I I AM BR ADBRO O K W LL ,

Y BLETCHLE ,

BU CK ING HAM SHIRE . Seiz e Quartiers and

As cending Pedig ree s .

A n Ascending P edigree De ﬁ nition. is a pedigree of which the

Descendant is the Subject, the Object being to trace as many A ncestors as possible in every direction . In England a pedigree Th e Scie nce of ascendants , other than of those of the direct male He re dity. line , has , as a rule , neither

. l h l c , v egal , nor era di nor social alue It is

only of recent years that the wide - spread interest that now obtains has been taken in Quartiers 37

- in the question of heredity, the all powerful ﬂue nce that passes through male and female lines equally. The writer of this article hopes , far beyond creating in the reader a purely genealogical interest in female des cents , to suggest that genealogists should apply their art to the supreme object of assisting the scie ntiﬁ c investigation of — Heredity . The time will come and stu dents of Eugenics a re ha sten

Euge nics. ing to forwa rd it when mankind will think as much ” of w good breeding, in its literal , hich we

a nta o hope is complementary , and not g nistic , to its accepted sense , as do the owners of horses , dogs , cats , and even pigeons not to mention the common animals of the — r farm yard whose ascending pedig ees , many generations in length , are recorded in “ ” the archives of their respective fancies , and constitute the paramount factor in the hands of the breeder. 38

Though English He Contine l ta ‘ ra ldr f y, English Society, 7’ En h Sh g n a nd E n 5 a w k g li h L , ta e no He ra ldry . z cogni ance , except in those few cases which will readily occur to the reader, of ancestry , other than that of the direct male line , on the Continent rank and armorial bearings are derived from all the ancestors back to the fourth or ﬁ fth genera tion . The Continental test of gentility is the ability to prove descent from sixteen

- - great great grandparents , every one of whom is entitled to coat armour . The bearings of these families , marshalled in sixteen quar * te rin s m u g , ake p the escutcheon of their common descendant . Thus , to those con

d - of versant with Heral ry , a continental coat arms is an ascending pedi “ Tre nte de ux . a s a gree , so far surn mes

n d ﬁ v e are concer e , of gene rations . K nights of the Papal Order of

6 . See p . 7 Quartiers 39

S t. John of Jerusalem , and Canons of

Ca th e dra l h a d - Strasburg , to prove thirty two armigerous great - great - great - grandparents . A pedigree traced back in this way is called a proof of Seiz e (or Trente Se iz e ” Deux) Quartiers ; to be Qua rtie rs. able so to trace back is “ ” z called to show proof of Sei e Quartiers , and the sixteen great - g re a t g ra ndpa re nts ” z are called collectively the Sei e Quartiers , and each one of them , individually, a “ quartier . It must be remembered that this is an

Heraldic term . If the great - great - grand not parents , or any one of them , be armi ’ ’ it doe s not a l a ua s/zoula gerons , pp y, not be use d. To be able to show proof in England is very rare in the present day, but several

' cases are ine ntione d h e re a fte r. Few persons probably n e r a rria e . I t m g have , even if they can be r a traced , the g e test possible 40 Sei z e number of individu a l ancestors even as late owin as the eighth generation back, g to inter marriage having taken place between blood

. ﬁ rst relations The children of cousins , for

s - in tance , have six great grandparents where they might have eight , and the number of each preceding genera tion is similarly re duce d by one quarter . This intermarriage has been most marked in those classes in which choice in matrim ony has been re stricte d by reason of caste or religion , though before the 1 9th Century the difﬁ culty of getting about the country encouraged cross marriages between neighbouring and a nd already related families , this is still an important factor in islands and other circum scribed and outlying localities . As an in stance of the inﬂue nce of caste in this con

ction . ne , the German Emperor, Wilhelm II , in place of a possible 256 individual ancestors

h a s in his eighth generation , but an esti mated 1 1 6 ; for 51 2 in the previous line he

42 displaying and preserving Ascending Pedi grees .

is The Englishman , as Fa the r a nd sa tisﬁ e d dissa ti a rule , , or s Son. ﬁ e d , with his male line of descent, the tiny trickle of blood which connects him with the earliest known a n ce stor n . of his own ame This ancestor, however, supposing him to have lived in the

1 6th Century , is , after all , only one of a possible persons whose existence then was necessary to ensure that of each one of us to - day ; and of not one of this thousand or so can it be said that he or she contri buted one jot or tittle more th an another to their common descendant of his inherited faculties . For the mother’s contribution of the inheritance which constitutes an offspring ’ is exactly equal to the father s . The same having been true for every generation , it follows that an individual i nheritance is a Quartiers 43 ” m osia c of ancestral contributions) And ni l from any inde ﬁ te y remote forbear, from ’ the ﬁ rst paternal ancestor of the father s father’s father to the last maternal ancestor ’ ’ of the mother s mother s mother, may come , direct to the common descendant , without showing itself in any intervening generation ,

e some long lost, unrecord d , or forgotten characteristic of mind or body . For the two parents between them contribute only ’ one half of all the child s inherited faculties , each of them contributing one quarter . The four grandparents contribute between them one quarter, and so on through each gene ration . Thus there is always a void in the inheritance to be ﬁlle d in from a more re mote source .

A gain , to look at the Mothe r question from another a nd standpoint whether or no Da ughte r. the instinctive maternal

Professor I . A .Thomson . 44 S GlZ G love of a mother is greater for her daughters than for her sons ; whether or no a mother prefers to bear a daughter to a son ; it cer ta inly is so in a vast number of individual cases , though the questions be debateable , — perhaps , for the average there can be no

ih doubt that grandmotherly interest , and love for, the children , and , subject to the above reservation , the daughters of a daughter, are greater than for the children of a son . Thus we may conceive a stream of instinctive maternal love ﬂowing down the female line, surely a worthy correspondent to the hereditary title , surname , estate , or tradition which has descended from father

e ne ra tion to son , generation after g ﬁ Obviously the tracing of ascendants is simply the tracing of a number of single

It is necessary here to dissociate instinctiv e m a te m a l lov e t from the p ride a woman feels in bringing a male child into the

1 See al o e art le 2011 ered ar enden e n e ale ”s th ic s H it y T ci ”s i F m D n s now a ppe a ring P R . esce t _ in the edigree egister Quartiers 45 line pedigrees by ordinary genealogical methods . Our purpose here is to give a few helps to ﬁnding maiden names of female w ancestors , the knowledge of hich is , of

ﬁ rst course , the thing necessary for the tracing of new lines . The ability to trace a Royal Descent depends on a wide knowledge of one’s a scendants , and the writer will feel abun da ntl if y rewarded , by means of any hint in

e this article , a single chain may be connect d up between a living individual and the Blood

R oyal of Great Britain . A n early step should be Ma rria ge the marriage and obituary Notice s. notices from magaz ines and ’ . Ge ntle m a ns M a a z ine newspapers The g , 1 6 which began in 73 , is most easily searched , being indexed throughout and very generally available . But most of the daily and weekly newspapers , and monthly

z maga ines , published these notices in the 46 S GlZ G

eighteenth century, and the press of the locality should be drawn upon if ﬁle s can

. M r be found The late . Joseph Foster, in

‘ ‘ ’ ' Colle cza ne a Ge ne a lo ical e z H e m lcz zca his g , began to print, alphabetically , all the marriages from the 2 45653) R e ‘ ’ isze rs Tim e s Ge ntle m a ns M a a z ine g , the , the g ,

' ' ' ‘ H zsforzca l R e zsze r and the g , for the period

1 6 0— 1 881 5 , a venture which , if successful , would have placed a wealth of data at the disposal of the genealogist , the biographer, and the minor historian ; but, through lack “A — A of support , only the section lex “ a ppe a re dﬁ Another useful source Monume nta l of information is provided Inscriptions. by tombstones and other sepulchral monuments . In addition to the inscriptions , note the escutcheons on these

It would be interesting to know what has become of the

i M of u . o rig nal S . this st pendous compilation Itwas not included u ‘ u in the catalog e of M r. Fos ter sbooks and papers iss ed after his death . Quartiers 47

memorials and everywhere else , for that — matter for impalements.

Impa le me nts. A husband impales the

arms of his wife , if she

v be not an heiress that is to say , he di ides his escutcheon in two vertically, and places his own arms in the dexter side (the left, fa cin . g the shield) , and hers in the sinister The writer knows of a case in which a maiden name was found by means of an impaled coat, engraved on the foundation stone of a house built by the bearer of the arms . This article takes for

Wills. granted that the searcher has made abstracts of the wills of all persons belonging to , or likely M to belong to , the family in question . aiden names are not often to be found in the wills of members of the known family, but we have found a testator to name his wife’s

or father, mother, , more often , brother . Remembe r that the word brother comprised 48 S ElZ G

’ ’ sisters husbands, wife s brothers , and uterine brothers . Brothers of all these degrees were often appointed executors and overseers

na m e re 1a tionshi n . simply by , p not bei g stated K w eep a sharp atch , therefore , on executors and overseers , and , if necessary, look up their wills . Find out the exact relationship ” ” of every cousin , nephew, and kins ” man mentioned by the testator . M any of ’ ’ these may be on the wife s or mother s side . R emember that be ne ﬁ cia rie s may be rela n d tions and very near o es , sons and aughters even , though the fact of relationship be not stated by the testator . While on the subject of suspected relationship , remember that it m a y be advisable to trace , and read , the wills of three generations of the family under sus picion. This may also be necessary where the relationship is known . If the wills of the Will ” known family give no Ca le ndars. clue to th e m a iden names

50 Seiz e

R r Commonwealth , by the British eco d

ocorum . Society , have Indices L Some of the C alendars of the District Courts are in modern round hand , with the name of the parish added for each testator ; these may u be sed as indices , but are not , of course , alphabetical as regards place names .

Locorum Given the Index , the method is to read the will of every testator of the “ ” neighbourhood in which the known family was domiciled . The period to be covered must be left to the discretion of the searcher, (who must remember that in addition to a father mentioning his daughters , a brother ’ may mention his sisters and sisters children) , “m in the hope of the reference to , say, y daughter Anne , the wife of Thomas ”H “ ” Harding, arding being the known ascendant, and his marriage to the said w Anne being other ise undiscoverable , either i of by loss of the parish reg ster, neglect , or i n b the incompleteness n registratio , or y Quartiers 51 m arria ge having taken place in an unsus p e cte d parish . For the slightest acquaintance with Marriage Lice nses will show that parties went V ery far a ﬁ e ld to tie th e nuptial

e o knot, sometimes to the m tr polis of the s l e county or di trict , but mo e oft n to a parish with which neither bride nor bridegroom h a d any connection now trace able . But more of Marriage Licenses anon .

The Will R egisters of Pe culia r Peculiar Courts are pa rtien Courts . la rly conve nient for this d method , since all the testators ied in the same locality , and no preliminary index work is required. The wills of a small u Peculiar Co rt, for instance , that of D Corsham , iocese of Sarum , now preserved at Somerset House , illustrate the way in which local families intermarried , and afford a very useful supplement to the

Parish R egister. 52

Whatever be the nature Surna me s of the re cords consulted Us e d a s , Ba is a keep a look out for a sur pt m l “ name used as a Christian Na me s. w name , hich often proves to be the maiden name of the mother, but sometimes of a more remote relation .

Occasionally , however , the surname of an unrelated godfather or friend of the family — may be so used a practice which has n given endless a noyance to genealogists , and which should be checked at the present day for the sake of posterity . In such cases “ act as recommended under suspected ” e . 8. r lationships , on p 4 There is little indirect Pa rish help to be obtained from Re giste rs. Parish R egisters . Prior to 1 8th the century , except in some cases d uring the Commonwealth , the residences of the parties to a marriage were not , as a rule , given . Brides married away from Quartiers 53

their parental parish , either from what now appears to be caprice , or because they were n living with more distant relatio s , or in off guardianship , are absolutely cut in the Parish R egister from any connection with their parents . The Christian name of the bride’s father does not usually appear until the A ct of 1 83 7 made the use of a certain form necessary . In 1 81 2 the system of witnesses signing their names was instituted , and here there are clues abundant , though no relationship is stated . Marriage licences are

of the utmost value . They a r e p r e s e r v e d i n t h e ’ A ’ Bishops and rchdeacons Registries , and are occasionally found in the Will Registers

P e culia r Courts . M h owe v e r h a v e be n of any , , e printed , more or less fully , by the Harleian

. and other Societies Those of Lewes , from 1 86 5 onward , published by the Sussex R ecord Society , are a model of what such 54

an enterprise should be . As mentioned on a former page , these licences indicate the frequency with which marriages were solemnised at neutral churches , so to speak , the church or church es for which the licence was issued being added for some h years in parent esis . Thus they save an inﬁ nite amount of trouble in searching parish registers . M an y individuals of

Qua ke rs. Quaker de scent can trace an eight generation pedi gree of ascendants in a few hours at a correspondingly small cost . The following notes , which have special application to

e e our pr s nt purpose , are supplementary to “ ” R Mr. an article on Quaker ecords , by Josiah N The burial entry of a married woman — occasionally gives her parentage a valuable a ddition where evidence of her marriage

1 " ud Ch II . Some Special St iesin Genealogy, apter Quartiers 53

is not for thcoming . We know one case in which the maternal grandfather is ’ — mentioned in a child s burial entry a provi dential irregularity on the part of the recording clerk , since the marriage of its parents is not registered .

* M arriage ce rtiﬁ ca te s are often in the possession of the descendants of the parties where the actual marriage contract is unregistered . These ce rtiﬁ ca te s are right fully in private hands , and correspond to ” the marriage lines of the Established

Church . They are now written on printed R parchment forms , with a evenue stamp

- h in the top left and corner, and signed by the relatives and friends present . M any of these are to be seen at the Library of the

Society of Friends in London . The names of parents are constantly missing from the marriage entries in the earlier years of the Society and even so

- Ibid, pp . 459 . 56 late as 1 750. These later la cuna e may some times be ﬁlle d by reference to the birth register, where , if the incompletely described party is a birthright Friend , his or her parentage should be found . The writer knows an instance of omission both of birth of registration , and of the names parents

e in marriage registration , wh re facts of parentage have been handed down by unoﬁicia l written tradition . Also a case in which strong evidence of parentage was forthcoming through the re - appearance of certain unusual Christian names found in the earlier generations of the family and ”, the fact that the hypothetical son kept — up the trade a unique one in the Society in that county of his “hypothetical ” father .

of In all , or many these cases a reference to the Minute Books* would probably have difﬁ cult solved the y, but these are often

‘ F m S tudie s n . 2 So eSpecial j Genealogy, p 5,

known maiden names , the discovery of which , by other means , might have been , to difﬁ cult say the least , , is given in the suit “ ” U rlin 71 . A rnold , in which the com

U rlin plainant Simon , of Ampthill , in the

County of Bedford , gentleman , stated that “ 1 68 in about the month of June , 4, he was v ite d by Thomas Arnold , Doctor of Laws , to his house at Deene , in the County of

be Northampton , in order to a marriage

Fra m e s H a ile tween him and his now wife, y ,

U rsula Godda rd widow, and daughter of , ” Ursula widow. The Doctor, who was ’ odda rd s G brother, promised a portion of

i a nd 75 with his n ece , , on behalf of her “ mother, one hundred pounds to buy her clothes , and one hundred pounds to buy her ” a coach and horses , going on to say, that his said niece might or would be a much ” greater fortune . The wedding took place

C . Pro. f 1 1 C in han be ore 74, oll s Quartiers 59

— — date given but the dowry was not forth

coming ; hence the suit . In the Bill and A nswer it is stated that Ursula Godda rd

w a s lived in London , and the widow of

‘ ée n Godda rd a nd a Fra m e s Urlin R o , also th t ,

ﬁ rst 01 m H a lle C z by her husband , 7 y , iti en

e a h a d and Fre m n of London , two sons , d n‘ ﬁ nd R o e and A valuable , this , for a descendant of Simon U rlin in search of ne w ancestors The great diﬁiculty that Ge ne a logica l confronts the genealogist in Co- ope ra tion. search of ne w a sce ndants is the fact th at the information that he wants is often only to be found in a document

e e d which , if ind x d or calen ared at all , is so

u a nd treated under the nknown , , couse

u e n . Th e n quently, the m ch desir d ame o ly way in wh ich such inform a tion can be directed

h n a into its proper c a nel , part from those sheer ﬂuke s in which one thing it found

o k co- while l o ing for another, is by opera tion between searchers . From time to time 60 Seiz e every record reader should g o through his

h a r abstracts of C nce y suits , wills , parish

. a nd t n registers , etc , ex ract the a mes of

' married da ug h te rs a nd married sisters (to mention only that class of inform ation of e a nd e special value to the sce ant seek r) , and n m n t e s a i dex the u der h ir new urn mes , for

be ne ﬁ t the of anyone who now takes , or who in th e future may announce himself n as taki g a general interest in that surname , or being on the look out , perhaps , for that explicit match . It may be a great deal

e co- a to ask , but the syst m of oper tion in

n conﬁne d genealogical research , lo g to the ’ colum ns of N off s a ﬂa Que rie s and the

a z e h a s now b e n various m ga in s , e n orga ised , " and brought to pe rfe ctionﬁ It is h a rdly

sa s an exaggeration to y that , in every ca e, given average conditions of ca ste and nationality, someone , at some time or other, now has come across , and perhaps possesses ,

M . lying among his S S , the particulars of

" See The International Genealogical Directory . Quartiers 61

t that missing match , hat gap in the other ” - wise complete line of thirty twos , forming the apex of th at wedge - sh aped v a cancy in n t w it the chart of asce dan s , hich , but for , might be interestingly a nd honourably

ﬁlle d.

Now for th e Heraldic Ge ne a logy u. aspect . Given your a se en He ra ldry. a dants , by all me ns display the coats of arms of all the families entitled ’ d to them , but don t raw up an elaborate scheme of quarterings . English genealog y

d ih r allows you to trace , and take pri e , you

female lines , but English heraldry will have none of it. In this country only the onl arms of heiresses are quartered , and y

‘ a n a rm z e r m a ua rze r a rms a t a ll. lg y g Thus ,

r th e if two men , one a migerous and other

co- r not, marry two sisters , hei esses , the one may bear his wife’s arms on an escutcheon of pretence upon his own during her life

s n time , and his o s , by her, will quarter the

two coats after her death The other, 62

however, because he is not an armiger, cannot make use of the bearings of his

sh e be wife , heiress though , in any shape

n e n or form eith r can his childre , although they possess as m uch of th e inheritance of ’ their mother s fa mily as do their more fortunate cousins . The direct resul t of this rule is that one faulty coat invalidates all subsequent quarterings inherited through that faulty coat . “ ” Look at the table of seiz e quartiers on the

1 opposite page . If No . were not armigerous , their common descendant could not quarter any arms , given the requisite heiresses , even though all the other males were arm igers ;

o. 1 e N o. if N w re armigerous and not 3 , their representative could not quarter the arm s of No . 4 ; if Nos . 1 a nd 3 were

a m . entitled to coat r our and not No 5, the descendant m ight quarter the a rms of

. 2 Nos , 3 and 4, given the heiresses , but those of none th at come through No . 5, and so on. 63 71 11 DUK E O F RI CHMON D

61 11 D U K E 01‘ FW m m m RI C H M O N D G m w D m x a 0 F O m q 0 O M w w E H C z w K I o U R w a m D m m 1 e h 1 1 n d 5 s .

m w 1 . 5 fi o 0 2 o 9 b a m a 2 fi m a z fi 2 m w fi w m 5 o 5 o 5 q fi e 5 E fi 0 i m fi m U u 2 o 64 S ClZ C

To give a concrete ex Th e Con ample of the very few in tine nta l te st stances there must be of a pplie d to Englishmen having six our Duke s. * teen armigerous quarters , the writer has traced and analysed the great great - grandparents of th e 27 Dukes of not Great Britain and Ireland , of Royal blood , as far as possible without extensive w research , ith the following results Only eight living dukes could positively stand the Continental test of gentility, namely, those of

e inste r ' Abercorn , L ﬂ M Bedford , arlborough ,

Buccle u h R g ichmond , t Devonshire Westmins er, P erhaps the best instanceon recordof true blue q ua rtiers R L i outside oyal Families is that of ady Clement na Fleming ,

(1 . 1 6th E W w of 1 0th 799 , daughter of the arl of igton , and ife the O f Baron E lphinstone ( Scotland) . her sixteen q uarters there E was not one under the rank of an arl , and all were of the most " an en and llu r ou of e S o no l . ci t i st i s th c ”ttish bi ity A rt A . C. - D . 485. See The of Heraldry , by Fox avies , p

66 S eiz e

r a n r after the death of the latte , ope ation explained by the accompanying diagram .

The paternal arms are

ua r ri . Q te ng placed in quarters No . 1

and 4, and the maternal arms in Nos . 2 and 3 . This quarterly escutcheon will be the coat of a rms of the family until another match with an heiress has taken place . Th e fortuna te husband on th is occasion will bear the newly obtained arm s on an escutcheon of pretence . Their sons will quarter, but this time the paternal coat 1 will occupy Nos . and 4, and that of th e

N o. ﬁ rst heiress will remain in 2, but the arms of the second will be ma rshalled in Quartiers 67

N o. 3 . The advent of a third heiress would displace the parental arms from the fourth quarter. For a ny greater number of quarterings the escutcheon is divided d up as require , even or square numbers

n . bei g most practicable If necessary, how

r ever, the number of qua terings placed in the base of the shield may be less by one than the number in the rows above, and the paternal coat may always be repeated as a la st quarter to make up an even or otherwise convenient number . This is the

English and Irish way . In Scotland rt grand qua erings are used , as explained on p . 68.

The quarterings take precedence from

- z the top left hand corner, hori ontally, row

- by row, to the bottom right hand corner, or , to speak heraldically, from the dexter chief to the sinister base . Thus, in a Con tine nta l Seiz e Quartiers the sixteen quarte rings will correspond number for 68

number with the sixteen great - great - grand

a s 6 . parents, shown on page 3 A study of ’ “ the achieve ments in Burke s Heraldic ” Illustrations , and the accompanying pedi grees , will show how this comes to be the

‘ ca se ﬂ T he arms of an heiress Qua rte ring may contain quarterings of Qua rte rly their own . These may be Coa ts treated in several ways , the ﬁ rst being that of making a selection of the principal quarterings , the arms selected for the purpose being those of heiresses who married direct into the family . This should only be done where space is limited , such as

- of- in the coat arms on a carriage door, or on the family plate or china . The custom in ’ H - ua rte rs Scotch eraldry is to have grand q , r that is , quarters within quarters , thus leaving

A m P D - C Vol.I L P LI V . The r s and edigree of avies ooke , , late , offer a good example. R A m u t m a of The oyal r s , q ar erly of four, is a co mon ex mple a grand quartering. Quartiers 69 the actual achievement of every heiress intact, the plan which appeals most strongly w to the genealogist, since it sho s at a glance which quarterings bel ong to which heiresses . This fact is entirely lost in the correct Eng n lish method , which co sists in placing every m single coat, fro wherever derived , in an

‘ ' se iz e ua nze r equal quarter, in strict g order

(see table p . By this system it is im possible to tell where the bearings brought in from one quarter end a nd those pertaining

. ﬁ rst to the next begin Thus , the only of a large number of quarterings may be paternal and all the rest m aternal , or the very reverse may be the case , and the unaided reader

. be none the wiser This , however, is the n rule in E glish Heraldry , and must not be violated . d Bear in min , in con

He ire se s. s elusion , these points about heiresses :

1 . N o woma n is an heiress until th e 70 death of her father. He may marry a gain and have sons . “ 2 . A woman may become an heiress ” in her issue, or in her descendants , any

a h number of years fter her deat , by the extinction of the male lines of her family .

3 . A n heiress in heraldry is simply a transmitter of representation ; the word bears no relation whatever to worldly estate . She may be the penniless child of a

‘ penniless fa th e rﬁ . As to the methods of Me th ods of recording and displaying i a . D spl y ’ ascendants , the writer s s system is by a series of sheet , each con taining a ﬁ v e generation pedigree . The generations may be arranged vertically, as 6 z on p . 3 , or hori ontally, or by a com

Themost lucid directions for q uarte ring a re to be found in ” “ rie ﬂ E A rt b y , k Th e of Heraldry, and , more in Heraldry ” A C . - D . a i 1 8. . C . a nd T.J ), . pl ned ( net , ack by Fox avies Quartiers 71 bination of the the horiz ontal method is the common one , but has no advantages over the vertical .

1 . A ﬁ v e generation Th e Se rie s of pedig ree , beginning , if She e ts. vertical , at the left hand

, t t , s t side , if lateral a he top with the ix een

- - great great grandparents , who should be “ ” “ numbered A 1 to A and ending with the Subject of the whole scheme . “ ” “ 2. Sheets A 1 to A The fiv e “ ” “ ” generation pedigrees of Nos . A 1 to A 1 6 on the preceding sheet, being a sequence of ancestral pedigrees beginning (theoretically) with the 256 great - great - great - great - great great - grandparents of the Subject . These “ ” “ ” should be numbered B 1 to B 1 6 on the “ ” “ ” fi rst 1 2 sheet, B 7 to B 3 on the second , “ and so on to B 2 each sheet ending “ ‘ z C i R D n s " b See Sei e Quartiers onnected w th oyal esce t , y “ M x e Lo iz enr a w ll , rd arn a ; and Se e Qua er of e H y F h ”m ” rti s th Ki Qu of E l . n N .S . V .VL ngs and eens ng and Ge ealogist , ols 72 Seize with one of the 1 6 great - great - grandparents “ ” “ ( A 1 to A of the Subject . “ ” ” 3 . Sheets B 1 to B 256 will contain the fi v e generation pedigrees of the bearers

ﬁ r t f of these numbers, the s row o names “ ” “ being numbered from C 1 to C Any ancestors anterior to this group may be treated in the same way.

These ﬁ v e generation pedigrees can be

n z recorded on conve ient si ed sheets of paper, and escutcheons , to take the bearings of the

r . va ious families , may be placed in the margin

In the bottom line , and possibly the last line but one , all the children of the matches indicated in the previous line may be in cluded in a smaller hand , or type , with their marriages these sheets will thus become of equal interest to the descendants of those

The ancestors of K ing Edward VI I . in this generation “ i n " N e w are r n ed , a far a no , n e Genealo , Ser e , p t — s s k w i Th gist i s X X . ﬁ rst t Vols . X VI . The gap is in the twelf h generation back tha is th e t , in

74 S eiz e for those who like a method cut and dried for them , but it has the demerit of all stereotyped forms, in that it does not allow

z space, even in the folio si e (the forms are also sold in octavo) , for any but the barest names and dates , especially if the compiler does not possess the disappearing art of small and clear caligraphy, a useful asset to the genealogist , but conspicuously separable from antiquarian z eal and competence . For the particulars given on the A scendant

brie ﬂ Pedig ree should be fairly full, though y d d state , and such a pe igree may contain men of different grades of society and various ranks of achievement— celebrities to whom justice cannot be done in less than a doz en

so lines or , and nonentities who are disposed of in as many words ; plain John Smiths on

Tolle m a ch e s the one hand , and , shall we

- a - z say, on the other, with half do en sur names and as many baptisma l ones . The Quartiers 75 amount of matter to each ancestor must be kept in bounds . We presume that the reader keeps a narrative pedigree of every ” quartier, in which details of the career, on and so , merely alluded to on the aseen

. dant sheet, are recorded in full We do not encourage the Th e Whe e l attempt to get all the aseen or Ta rge t. dants on one sheet, unless “ ” the subject is very ill - supplied in this respect . Big sheets are a nuisance , whether rolled, or folded , or mounted . If it is de “ ” so sired to do , however, the wheel or “ ” target method is the most practicable .

This consists of a series of concentric circles , each of suﬁi cie ntly g reater diameter than the last, to take a generation of ascendants in the belt thus formed . (Concentric squares are better than circles , but the system can best be described in terms of — wheels and ta rgets the reader must apply 76 Seize

the method to squares .) Conce ntric The name of the Subject is S a re s. qu “ ’ ” written in the bull s eye , or hub if the wheel analogy be preferred ,

ﬁ rst the parents are inscribed in the inner,

ou. the grandparents in the next , and so “ ” To return to the wheel , two principal spokes ruled right through to the hub will divide the mother and her ancestry from

- the father and his two more , at right angles “ ’ ” to them but ceasing at the parents belt, ’ will partition off the father s paternal a n ce tr s y from his maternal , and do the same ’ n . o the mother s side , and so on as required

O r a g e n e al o g i c a l “ ” h - re e . T e T tree may be made , with ” the name of the subject

’ ~on1 t‘he trunk; those of his parents on the two m a :ma br nches , each of which forks

‘ into two more to receive his grandparents , n unscie ntiﬁ c and so o , but this is botani a s a r ca lly, a s well gene logically ; a rive Quartiers 77 ” with tributaries, and the subj ect at the — estuary, would be more true yes, and very true - to Nature .

P E RCEVAL LU CAS .

1 88 MARY B N R O A , LE O E D ,

O N . . LO ND N , W 78 Pate n ted

T h e Re cords of Patented

I nventions .

W h i l e scientists and Ya lue of th e s t u d e n t s o f t e ch n i c al Re cords. history consta ntly make use of the records of Patents for Inventions in tracing the interesting evolution and development of many things that have

e ne a lo helped to smooth the path of life , g gists and biographers in general , but

a l especi ly the former, appear to be almost unaware of this particular store of matter.

It is small, perhaps , compared with other r r classes of ecords, but ce tainly valuable to I nve n tio n s 79 all persons whose object it is to ascertain some facts relative to past generations and particular persons . The records in remark are the more valuable in that they disclose

' facts of quite a diﬁ e re nt nature from those

a i cont ned in the well known records , such as Parish Registers , wills , and the old legal records . While those all deal more or less wi th the mere perso nal existence of indi v idua ls of past generations and their con ne ction with the soil , the Records of Patented Inventions supply valuable in formation as to the daily occupations and predilections of those of our ancestors engaged in trade and manufacture , and throw some light on their abortive, and

' e ﬁ orts - sometimes successful , to pin prick

Father Time . With these records the reader must not R confuse the Patent olls , so well known now oﬂi to antiquaries , and being cia lly in l of printed ca endar, although records early grants of Patents for Inventions and similar franchises appear in those R olls . The grant of Letters

Hi a l storic . Patent for Inventions is , n and always has bee , a matter for the exercise of the R oyal pre rogative a s allowed and delimited by

Common Law , but it was not until the M 1 62 Statute of onopolies , 3 , which was declaratory of the Common Law in this

z difﬁ cult respect, and was squee ed with y from the arbitrary Stuart, that this exercise became so common as to be incorporated in our national economy . Prior to 1 623 the Tudor and Stuart monarchs had abused ,

unconstitu or perhaps more correctly, tiona ll y exercised , their supposed rights in this respect, and monopolies had frequently been granted for common com m oditie s long after their introduction to use . The Statute referred to stopped this course by declaring the Common Law to

8, Pate n ted with the work , which will be appreciated when it is stated that at the present time to petitions for grants are made annually, of which about half are

sa tisﬁ e d persevered in and , and that the various steps in procedure in each case t ake from four to eighteen months , or longer . Prior to the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1 852 there was no comprehensive and exclusive Oth ee for P atents , and the records were manuscript , and hidden from the general public in the

Oﬁice s various Crown , but under that Act the old records were printed and a free

Public Library instituted . Pa te nt Ofﬁ ce This Library is in existence Libra ry. now, and forms part of the P th atent O ee in Southampton Buildings,

Chancery Lane . Besides containing all the records of British and Foreign Patents, of the Library comprises one , if not the ne st f a w ﬁ , collection o technic l orks and I nve n tion s 83 periodicals in the world . In several respects the institution is a pattern to be copied , and an example to be emulated by the British Museum It is open from

1 0 a .m . to 1 0 p .m . (Saturdays included) to any member of the public, native or foreigner, of respectable appearance , without ticket, on merely signing name and giving address ; the records and books are open for inspection on the shelves to the inquirers without necessity for order tickets and con sequent waiting ; the library is never closed for cleansing, and stationery, including paper, is freely supplied .

1 8 The records since 52,

The Re cords. at which time a new system

wa s inaugurated , are of little , if any , interest to the genealogist, as they only affect the present and im mediately past generations , and therefore will not be touched on here . Those prior 1 8 2 to 5 are complete in themselves, and P 84 atented known as Old Law records . Grants from 1 61 7 to 1 852 are ofﬁ cia lly numbered 1 to consecutively, in order of date .

1 61 The date 7 is an arbitrary one , and that at which the M S . Index formerly kept by the Clerk of the Patents com

m e nce d. The alphabetical

Na me Inde x. name index to these grants

was copied from , or based on M . , the S Index referred to , and was d 1 8 l printe in 54 in one vo ume , the entries therein comprising full name of grantee , “ ” with number, date , and title of the invention This printed Index will be found on the Index tables in the open area of the Libra ry . Before obta ining a grant now it is necessary to ﬁle

S e cifi ca tions . e cifi ca tion p a Sp , particularly describing and de fining th e invention , and accompanied by drawings, if necessary , so that the public may under sta nd how to exercise the invention when I nve n tio n s 85

the grant expires , and to appreciate what is protected while it is in force . These Spe ciﬁ ca tions are ofﬁ cia lly printed and now bound in volumes , each consisting of

200 e cifi ca tions Sp , arranged in presses near the entrance door of the Library . Prior to 1 852 these Spe cifi ca tions were file d after i grant, in accordance w th a proviso in the document making the grant void if not

w ﬁ ftie s complied ith , and during the all th ese Spe ciﬁ ca tions were printed as Blue

Books, and are now contained in order of number in a series of 690boxes arranged in presses on the left in entering the Library . S pe ciﬁ ca tions were not ordinarily ﬁle d prior

te m . A to p nne , and in the case of a grant e ciﬁca tion without a Sp , the print consists of a copy of the grant itself, containing only a more or less lengthy and descriptive indication of the mere nature of the ” invention , by means of the title thereof, from which it is impossible to ascerta in a ccura tely the invention . 86 Pate n ted

It often happens that Subje ct Ma tte r a local historian is endea Inde x. v ouring to obtain informa tion relative to an invention that local tradition avers found origination or develop ment in a certain district, and , also , it must occasionally happen that a genealogist has a traditional knowledge of an invention said to have been conceived by some unknown ancestor in a family the subject of th e h research , and w ich a search in the various names in the pedigree has failed “ to identify . In these cases the Subject

Matter Index is useful . This is a printed index in which under headings a nd sub ~ headings are arranged particulars of the grants according to the manufactures to which they relate , the said particulars com n prising title , number, date, and ame of grantee . This index for the period 1 61 7

1 8 m a 52 consists of two volumes , and y be found upon the public index ta bles . I nve n tio n s 87

For gra nts prior to 1 61 7 Gra nts Prior the Patent R olls in the to 1 61 7. R ecord Oth ee must be con ulte d s , as all grants of Patents for Inventions are recorded on those R olls with other matters . The Patent O ﬁice Library does not comprise copies of the ofﬁ cia lly printed R calendars of the Patent olls , but they may be consulted at the R ecord Oth ee or British

M useum . A list of early grants of Patents n R for Inventio s , extracted from the olls , “ H appears , however, in a work , The istory P ” of the atent System , by the Librarian ,

E . Wyndham Hulme , Esq ., a copy of which , reprinted from the Law Quarterly ” Review, may be found in press

There is in the Library , Th e Loca lity at present in press Re turn.

an obscure , little used , printed volume which is of great value to the local historian , and of value occasion a lly to the genealogist and biographer. 88 Patented

n 1 8 This volume is a retur , printed in 59,

zle . showing the locality, the domicile, of

1 61 - 1 8 8 grantees 7 5 , the cities, towns , and parishes being arranged in order of the total number of gra nts made to them respectively for the whole period , which ,

- however, is sub divided into periods , each consisting of 50 years prior to 1 800 and

s a single year later, the number of grant in each period to each locality being set

. h a s down This return an index, and serves really as a topographical key to the grants . As nothing more than the number of grants made appear in this return , no particulars being given whereby any par ticula r ide ntifi e d grant may be , it is necessary in using the return to take the printed Spe cifi ca tions for the period in which the return records a grant or grants , and then to examine consecutively each Spe cifi ca tion until that of the grant or grants ma de to such residents is or are

90 Pate n ted

1 N grant of 753 , by examining the ame Index to ascertain if Hulls had obtained any other grants . Now, a local historian of Campden might be unaware of Hulls’

or achievements , , indeed , that such a person ever existed , but on discovering that a grant had been made to a resident of Campden and identifying that grant, so obtaining the

H n 1 6 name ulls and a key to the gra t of 73 , the researcher is enabled to credit this obscure town with the evolution of the steamboat, and a key to a rich store of locally interesting matter, hidden or lost in the locality itself, and not appearing in any of the local records . A good instance of the Iusta noe s aid the Patent R ecords Showing sometimes give to the Ya lue . g e ne a log 1st and b1 og ra ph e r is e x e m pliﬁ e d in a Patent granted to one

Geo . Sinclair in 1 722 . It is recited therein that the grantee had practised physic in I nve n tion s 9 1

Jamaica, and had a plantation there which , 1 1 in the year 73 , was destroyed by the

Spaniards , and that soon afterwards he was ta ken at the Bay of Campeachy and carried t M prisoner to the Ci y of exico , where he was received into the favour of the Viceroy and served him as physician between four and

e ﬁ v years , until , by the false suggestion of S the Chief panish Physician , the goods and

z money of the grantee were sei ed , and he imprisoned for six months, until he found an opportunity to escape on board an

English vessel bound for Bah amas . Then

1 1 Wm . again , in a Patent of 72 to one Hard

z ing, citi en and blacksmith of London , it is recited that the grantee had stated that he had for many years resided in Jamaica . Here in the one case we have an invaluable account of a tempestuous period in the life of a person of some attainments , and in all probability otherwise unrecorded , and in the other case a useful key for solving a 9 2 Patented mysterious hiatus in the usual records of a ’ certain person s life . Having obtained know Te chnica l ledge of a certain grant to Works.

an old time worthy, and read the bare and le gal description of the

s e ciﬁ ca tion invention as contained in the p , the searcher will naturally wish to get

r fu ther information regarding the invention ,

r O for instance , its fate , contempora y pinion it respecting , the part played by it in the

r development of the pa ticular art, etc . For so doing the Patent Oth ee Library affords

ﬁne st n the opportunity in E gland , for here, P R together with the atent ecords , are copies of almost all English and many Foreign technical works of all periods , shelved

the according to technical subject, each shelf plainly ticketed and open to the searcher, as

be ne his own library would , without the ce ssit y of ordering, etc, Thus a cursory I nve n t ions 93 search can be made through all the works dealing with a certain subject , in order to gather all the notices therein of a certain development in as little time as is often requisite to secure a peep at one work alone in the British M useum . Moreover in this Library are many extremely rare and obscure pamphlets and trade publications , dealing with old patented manufactures and origin ating from the patentees themselves , or parties interested , much of the information in which works may often well be incor pora te d in present day genealogical and

r . biographical monog aphs For instance, in the Library is to be found a publication of 1 6 pages issued by the patentees of the coin detector referred to , in the nature of an advertisement and such that probably no

t . other copy exis s This publication proves , in this instance , that soon after the grant the patented a rticle was on sale at certain 94 Pate n ted

places in the kingdom , although at the present time not one of the articles seems to be in existence and all knowledge thereof in the world of commerce is lost . Printed author and sub Indice s to je ct indices to the works Works. in the Library will be ’ found at the central librarian s desk . The 1 8 8 former is in one volume, printed in 9 , and the latter is in fourteen parts , posted to date . To ﬁnd any work the number against it in the indices must be turned up “ ” in the Press Book , and the number and letter against the entry therein is the ide nti

ﬁ ca tion of the press, and part of the press in which the work will be found . Owing

cla ssiﬁ ca tion to the press before referred to , however, it is frequently unnecessary to consult the indices last mentioned . Additional information respecting patented invention and notes upon it I nv e ntlons 95 sometimes be found in Newton’s London ” 1 8 0- 1 866 d Journal , 2 , a periodical evoted to notices of patented inventions and publica “ tion of the spe ciﬁ ca tions thereof. The R r M 1 epertory of A ts and anufactures , 794

1 86 2, is , perhaps , still more valuable to the inquirer, as it covers an older period and contains notices of many unprotected in v e ntions . Both these publications will be

ide ntiﬁ ca tion C 0 found under the 4 , on the top gallery of the Library . The R ecords of Patents He re dita ry for Inventions frequently Te nde ncie s. give valuable , but other wise obscure , instances to the student of hereditary tendencies in the most interesting aspect thereof, namely , personal gifts and f leanings o mind not otherwise disclosed . Although patents do not exhibit the

ditTe re nt relationship between patentees , the ge nea logist with his outside knowledge 96 may often identify instances of father and son and other relations obtaining grants f in di ferent periods , often for inventions connected with the same industry .

Y C . R US PE RC HE N , ’ Cba rte re a P a te nt Ag e nt.

1 0 A W K O U , W R IC C RT ,

H O O IGH H LB RN ,

O O W.C . L ND N ,

98 I nde x

X N M IN DE O I N U M .

PA GE

Abe i corn Du 64 D e vonshii e u , ke of , D ke of Abraham 30 Dodg worthy A bsola m 30 Drummond i E d n Adams ii . mo ds u ” 1 E VI I Amb ry 9 dward . , M a r ms 63 E l h m stone Anglesea q of p , Baron Arnold 58 Fisher Bates 33 Fitz Hugh Be df01 d u of 6 , D ke 4 Fleming Bell 1 7 Forsythe Boswell 33 Franklin Bowler 2 7 Glidewell Bradford 89 Goddard . 0 u Brice 3 Gordon , D ke of Buccle u h u of 6 L g ; D ke 4 ady C . J e nte r 2 8 E Carl Grafton, arl of Ca v e ndish D . 6 , Lady 3 Green Cavendish Bentinck , Greville Lady C . 63 II a nds Cha m pa g né 63 Harden Chandler 30 Harding Cha ppell 2 6 Hartley Coleshill 30 Hatl e y Cook 2 7 Hawkins Cooke Haycraft 2 2 8 6 H e a vill Cox 7, , 3 Davies Cooke 68 Hebbes Davis 2 4 H ebert Dawney 33 He e la s Day 30 Hobbs 99

PAGE PAGE

1 6 1 1 3 , 7 Roberts Hull 33 Robinson iii . 8 0 90 Hulls 9, 9 Sinclair Hurnda ll 0 2 2 26 3 Smith 3, 4 , 0 u 4 1 Ireland 3 Sto rton , Lord E of . 6 T 2 4 Jersey , arl 3 homas K 1 2 enney .. 9 Thorp 3 K L L u 6 o 1 . err, ady o isa 3 T nson i i L u 6 1 9 einster , D ke of 4 Tooth L L . 6 T w 24 ennox , ord Geo 3 red ell Lloyd 63 Twysde n 63 M n 6 U rlin 8 acart ey 3 5 , 59 M a cke rle 1 U E of 6 y 9 xbridge , arl 3 k 1 8 M a c e rne ss ii . V erney

M uk 6 V L C . 6 arlborough , D e of 4 illiers , ady 3 M 6 a axwell .. 3 Wakem n 33 M e a jor 2 4 Walker 1 9 2 8 2 2 Nash , 9 Watkins 3 O dell 30 VVe bb 1 8 O ld 33 Welles 26 O sborne 33 West 1 9 L C . 6 u 6 Paget , ady 3 Westminster , D ke of 4 Parker 2 8 Whitebread 30 Partridge 33 Wh itbread 2 3 2 6 i o E 6 Phenix W gt n , arl of 4 h 0 Phipps iv. Wil elm II 4 2 2 2 2 Pilsworth 3 , 33 Williams , 3 I I 1 6 Ping , 9 Wilkes Pitcher 2 3 VVoodcock 2 3 u of 6 . Portland , D ke 3 Wright ii Ray 1 8 Wynne 2 1 Du 6 6 Richmond, ke of 3 , 4