Contemporary Archaeological Looting: a Criminological Analysis of Italian Tomb Robbers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Contemporary Archaeological Looting: a Criminological Analysis of Italian Tomb Robbers City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2018 Contemporary Archaeological Looting: A Criminological Analysis of Italian Tomb Robbers Marc Balcells Magrans The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2538 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CONTEMPORARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL LOOTING: A CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN TOMB ROBBERS by MARC BALCELLS MAGRANS A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 ©2018 MARC BALCELLS All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Jana Arsovska January 11, 2018 Chair of Examining Committee Dr. Deborah Koetzle January 11, 2018 Executive Officer Dr. Jana Arsovska Dr. Rosemary Barberet Dr. Roddrick Colvin Supervisory Committee iii THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Abstract CONTEMPORARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL LOOTING: A CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN TOMB ROBBERS by Marc Balcells Magrans Chair: Dr. Jana Arsovska Looters (in Italian, tombaroli), whether underground or underwater, have preyed on the Italian archaeology for centuries. The literature on both archaeological looting and, more specifically, the Italian case, has been widely developed by other disciplines, mostly archaeology. In spite of this body of literature, the number of studies discussing issues related to tombaroli is minimal, and the criminological contribution is nonexistent. After examining important gaps in the literature, this study explains the nature of the relationship between tombaroli and organized crime and how organized criminals learn and adapt during their careers. These topics have been both misrepresented and sporadically dealt with in the existing literature. Drawing on a multidisciplinary body of literature on Italian archaeological looting and interviews with looters, law enforcement officials, archeologists, prosecutors, journalists, criminologists, and authors, this study demonstrates that although Italian archaeological looting is a crime that is organized, it is not a problem of organized crime. In fact, its relationship to traditional Italian criminal organizations seems sporadic and anecdotal at best. Looting, an eminently group activity, is mostly perpetrated in teams, who perfectly fit the definition, albeit simply, of organizations. As such, tombaroli can learn as a whole group from the interactions among their members and adapt to the actions of law enforcement and other challenges. Through practice, tombaroli acquire and orally share a great deal of practical knowledge; this is different from the scientific knowledge of archaeologists. iv Tombaroli change their ways of committing their crimes and learn new modus operandi, such as changing their timing when offending, adapting their work to rural areas, changing how they store and transport looted antiquities, and adopting new technologies. This study includes an historical analysis of Italian archaeological looting across centuries. This research project might interest law enforcement agencies, policymakers, archaeologists, NGOs, civil society and scholars. Because it offers in-depth insights about tombaroli, one of the most important risks archaeologists have to face in order to protect their future discoveries, it is expected that this study and its recommendations might potentially have significance in several fields such as archaeology, criminology, and policing. v To my father; to my mother; to Toni vi We live on an island surrounded by a sea of ignorance. As our island of knowledge grows, so does the shore of our ignorance. John Archibald Wheeler vii PREFACE I do not know the number of researchers that can pinpoint the moment their interest in researching a topic began. I do know, however, that my story begins with a journal article I was reading on a sunny July afternoon in Umbria, Italy while I was completing a certificate program in cultural heritage. In the article, Proulx (2011a) states: Additionally, since the activity of looters and traffickers is necessarily furtive, such actors make difficult subjects to reach for interview about the social organization of their criminal endeavors. To date, few if any criminologists have been able to penetrate the underlying social dynamics of the illicit antiquities trade, making the collection of microlevel, contextual information on looting a challenge (p. 2). From that day on, I fell in love with the understudied topic of Italy’s tombaroli, and I set my goals deciphering, through criminology, as much as I could. Tombarolo (or in plural, tombaroli) is the Italian term that designates archaeological looters, which derives from the Italian word tomba, meaning tomb. It refers primarily to tomb robbers operating in Italy, although the term clandestine, translated as illegals, has also been used to describe them (Thomas, 2012). I arrived without any knowledge to the field of cultural heritage crime through combining my degrees in law, criminology, and human sciences with my love for the classical world, its history and its art. That first summer in Italy I was able to roam its fields and archaeological sites and see firsthand the problems illicit diggings pose for archeologists. Since that summer of 2011, I have visited the country every summer and established a base of relationships with many people who are passionate about preserving Italy’s cultural heritage. viii Even as I write these lines today, I remain surprised by the amount of emails, calls, and connections needed to locate and speak with a tombarolo. Indeed, as readers will see in the introduction to this dissertation, researching populations align themselves on the supply side of the spectrum, such as drug producers or tombaroli, , can be daunting. But knowledge about tombaroli is badly needed: Italy is, in the words of one of my interviewees, the land of the gratta e vince, the “scratch and win,” because buried under each layer of soil is an uncountable cultural heritage just waiting to be found. In fact, as I managed to observe during fieldwork, pieces were not as deeply buried, as many would imagine. Tombaroli know it, and that is exactly their raison d’être. Just read the following case, which illustrates precisely how tomb raiders have been pivotal co-conspirators in selling Italy’s past. In 1980 in Arpi, in the region of Puglia, which forms the heel of the Italian peninsula, tomb raiders found a tomb later nicknamed by archaeologists the tomb of the Medusa. The tombaroli, using a bulldozer, found the frontal part of the tomb, which remained unearthed, and stole most of the valuables. They stole all the significant pieces that they found in this exceptional, third-century-BC tomb. It was so thoroughly emptied that the organization in charge of cataloguing it, the Italian ministry for cultural heritage, only found fragments which lacked archaeological relevance. Furthermore, although the organ in charge of the site decided in 1989 to build a protective structure around the tomb, tombaroli have broken into the precinct many times, damaging the archaeological remnants (Graeppler & Mazzei, 1996; Pastore, 2001) with brute force or imagination. They even managed to excavate a tunnel from a neighboring vineyard straight to the tomb. The most important pieces from this site were not found by archaeologists, but by police officers in the trunk of a car. The case of the tomb of the Medusa is illustrative of the phenomenon of archaeological looting. ix FIGURE 1. An illegal excavation perpetrated by tombaroli at the necropolis of Cerveteri. Source: the author (2017) This research project is another step towards achieving a body of empirical knowledge in the field of cultural heritage crimes, and more specifically, on the broader topic of antiquities looting. As such, this doctoral dissertation uses a criminological approach to demystify the tombaroli by accurately depicting them and analyzing their specific role in looting Italy’s archaeological heritage. This is different from the media’s tendency to romanticize the tomb raiders. I only hope the project helps bringing some light to such an obscure field and contributes to bridging the gap between fact and fiction. I am proud that I have been able to reach out to tombaroli and ask them about their criminal activities with the intention of analyzing their responses and obtaining scholarly knowledge from them devoid of the sensationalism that often impregnates the discourse of tombaroli in the media. Over the years of working on this project, it has become clear to me x that although researchers and tombaroli devote our time to very different projects, we both “dig” to uncover something. Skilled, old tombaroli will tell you that they do it to save antiquities from the darkness of Earth’s hidden confines. My justification? To boldly go where no criminologist has gone before, hoping that at the same time that this helps preserve our ancient cultural heritage . That is why I consider this research project as a metaphor for an excavation. After a proper introduction, a literature review and a section on the methods used, we will also uncover some results to analyze as if we were raiders entering a tomb that has been long hidden, awaiting our visit. I only hope you enjoy this experience as much as I have. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not be more thankful for what is probably the most memorable adventure I have ever been part of: quitting my job as a defense attorney, traveling to the USA, and embarking on a PhD which would eventually take me inside Etruscan tombs in the heart of Italy. During all these years I have surrounded myself with incredible human beings and institutions that have helped me, and this is my tiny tribute to all of them.
Recommended publications
  • Unifying Spatial and Temporal Methodologies to Understand Archaeological Looting in Egypt
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: BUILDING A BASELINE: UNIFYING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL METHODOLOGIES TO UNDERSTAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL LOOTING IN EGYPT Michelle R.D. Fabiani, Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Dissertation directed by: Dr. Laura Dugan, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Archaeological looting – the illegal excavation or removal of an antiquity from the ground or structural complex of an archaeological site – is a persistent issue in many countries. National and international laws, agreements, conventions, and statutes all proscribe the looting transporting, possession, and sale of antiquities illegally removed from archaeological sites. Looting has also generated a lot of academic attention, with scholarship developing in archaeology, sociology, criminology, and law (among others). Despite such legal proscriptions and scholarly contributions to understanding this phenomenon, current efforts have been unable to produce tangible solutions for preventing this crime. Not only has there not yet been extensive scholarship to understand the link between looting and contextual forces, there is a dearth of research on the most effective ways to study these interconnected variables. Using a framework of routine activity theory, this dissertation proposes a new possible approach that considers spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal relationships to establish baseline data on patterns of archaeological looting attempts in Lower Egypt from 2015 to 2017 relative to sociopolitical, economic, and environmental stress — and to begin to address this research gap. Specifically, this dissertation proposes a methodology for collecting and coding data on archaeological looting attempts from satellite imagery. It then applies a series of spatial (clustering, proximity), temporal (SEM, VAR, ARDL), and spatio-temporal methods (clustering, hot spots analysis, spatial time series) to these data to demonstrate the importance of analyzing this phenomena multidimensionally.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue-Guided-Tours-Kids.Pdf
    C A T A L O G U E G U I D E D T O U R S K I D S E D I T I O N The Colosseum, the largest amphitheater in the world Duration: 2 hours Our guide will be waiting for you in front of the Colosseum, the largest and most famous amphitheater in the world. You will discover together what happened inside this "colossal" building where about 50,000 spectators could enter to watch the gladiator shows offered by the Roman emperors until the fifth century. Place of incredible fun for the ancient Romans. Exotic animals, gladiators acclaimed and loved as heroes, spectacular death sentences and grandiose naumachiae. We will unveil many curiosities and false legends about the largest amphitheater in the world. The Palatine, from the Hut of Romulus to the Imperial Palace Duration: 2 hours A long time ago, between history and legend, Rome was born ... but where exactly?! On the Palatine Hill! We will start from the mythical origin of the Eternal City, when the two brothers Romulus and Remus fought for its dominion, discovering that everything started from small wooden huts, to arrive in an incredible journey through time and archaeology to the marbles and riches of the imperial palaces, admired throughout the ancient world. You will meet kings and emperors, but also shepherds and farmers! Castel Sant'Angelo, the Mausoleum of Hadrian Duration: 2 hours Our guide will be waiting for you in front of the Castle's main door to let you discover the secrets of one of the most famous monuments of ancient Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and the International Efforts Against Looting of Antiquities
    Cornell Law Library Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers Faculty Scholarship 2-19-2009 Protecting against Plunder: The nitU ed States and the International Efforts against Looting of Antiquities Asif Efrat Cornell Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers Part of the Arts and Entertainment Commons, Commercial Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the International Trade Commons Recommended Citation Efrat, Asif, "Protecting against Plunder: The nitU ed States and the International Efforts against Looting of Antiquities" (2009). Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers. Paper 47. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/47 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Protecting against Plunder The United States and the International Efforts against Looting of Antiquities Asif Efrat ∗∗∗ Word Count: 21,297 Abstract. In 1970 UNESCO adopted a convention intended to stem the flow of looted antiquities from developing countries to collections in art-importing countries. The majority of art-importing countries, including Britain, Germany, and Japan, refused to join the Convention. Contrary to other art-importing countries, and reversing its own traditionally-liberal policy, the United States accepted the international regulation of antiquities and joined the UNESCO Convention. The article seeks to explain why the United States chose to establish controls on antiquities, to the benefit of foreign countries facing archaeological plunder and to the detriment of the US art market.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Brodie Regulation Perspectives.Pdf
    Historical and Social Perspectives on the Regulation of the International Trade in Archaeological Objects: The Examples of Greece and India Neil Brodie* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................ .. 1051 11. REGULATION AT THE SOURCE OF THE ARTIFACT .......... 1054 A. Example 1: The Greek Cycladic Islands .......... .. 1056 B. Example 2: India .............................................. .. 1059 111. DISCUSSION .................................................................. 1062 I. INTRODUCTION It is a well-established fact that the international antiquities market is responsible for the destruction and vandalism of archaeological and cultural sites worldwide.1 Material removed from these sites is traded across jurisdictions until it can be sold legally and acquired as "art" by private and institutional collectors in North America, Europe and, increasingly, East Asia.2 One consequence of this trade is that most countries outside the United States have now passed laws that protect archaeological heritage by proscribing the unauthorized excavation of antiquities, the export of antiquities, or both.3 Opinions are divided, however, as to the effectiveness and * McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER United Kingdom 1. See e.g., ROGER ATWOOD, STEALING HISTORY: TOMB RAIDERS, SMUGGLERS, AND THE LOOTING OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 11, 241 (2004); NEIL J. BRODIE ET AL., STEALING HISTORY: THE ILLICIT TRADE IN CULTURAL MATERIAL 8 (2000); PATRICK J. O'KEEFE, TRADE IN ANTIQUITIES: REDUCING DESTRUCTION AND THEFT 14-16 (1997). 2. BRODIE ET AL., supra note 1, at 33. 3. See 3 LYNDEL V. PROTT & PATRICK J. O'KEEFE, LAw AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE: MOVEMENT 429-530 (1989). 1051 1052 VANDERBIL T JOURNAL OF TRANSNA TlONAL LA W {VOl. 38;/051 even the desirability of such strong regulations at the source of the artifacts.4 Opponents of such regulation argue that the prohibitions deter people from declaring antiquities that are discovered by chance.
    [Show full text]
  • For Recording Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa.', Geosciences., 7 (4)
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 29 September 2017 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Rayne, L. and Bradbury, J. and Mattingly, D. and Philip, G. and Bewley, R. and Wilson, A. (2017) 'From above and on the ground : geospatial methods for recording endangered archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa.', Geosciences., 7 (4). p. 100. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7040100 Publisher's copyright statement: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0). Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk 1 Type of the Paper (Article, Review, Communication, etc.) 2
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Bulletin 20 17 1 - Quarter Quarter 1
    quarter 1 - 2017 Statistical Bulletin quarter 1 Statistical Bulletin Statistical publications and distribution options Statistical publications and distribution options The Bank of Italy publishes a quarterly statistical bulletin and a series of reports (most of which are monthly). The statistical information is available on the Bank’s website (www.bancaditalia.it, in the Statistical section) in pdf format and in the BDS on-line. The pdf version of the Bulletin is static in the sense that it contains the information available at the time of publication; by contrast the on-line edition is dynamic in the sense that with each update the published data are revised on the basis of any amendments received in the meantime. On the Internet the information is available in both Italian and English. Further details can be found on the Internet in the Statistics section referred to above. Requests for clarifications concerning data contained in this publication can be sent by e-mail to [email protected]. The source must be cited in any use or dissemination of the information contained in the publications. The Bank of Italy is not responsible for any errors of interpretation of mistaken conclusions drawn on the basis of the information published. Director: GRAZIA MARCHESE For the electronic version: registration with the Court of Rome No. 23, 25 January 2008 ISSN 2281-4671 (on line) Notice to readers Notice to readers I.The appendix contains methodological notes with general information on the statistical data and the sources form which they are drawn. More specific notes regarding individual tables are given at the foot of the tables themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • HCS — History of Classical Scholarship
    ISSN: 2632-4091 History of Classical Scholarship www.hcsjournal.org ISSUE 1 (2019) Dedication page for the Historiae by Herodotus, printed at Venice, 1494 The publication of this journal has been co-funded by the Department of Humanities of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and the School of History, Classics and Archaeology of Newcastle University Editors Lorenzo CALVELLI Federico SANTANGELO (Venezia) (Newcastle) Editorial Board Luciano CANFORA Marc MAYER (Bari) (Barcelona) Jo-Marie CLAASSEN Laura MECELLA (Stellenbosch) (Milano) Massimiliano DI FAZIO Leandro POLVERINI (Pavia) (Roma) Patricia FORTINI BROWN Stefan REBENICH (Princeton) (Bern) Helena GIMENO PASCUAL Ronald RIDLEY (Alcalá de Henares) (Melbourne) Anthony GRAFTON Michael SQUIRE (Princeton) (London) Judith P. HALLETT William STENHOUSE (College Park, Maryland) (New York) Katherine HARLOE Christopher STRAY (Reading) (Swansea) Jill KRAYE Daniela SUMMA (London) (Berlin) Arnaldo MARCONE Ginette VAGENHEIM (Roma) (Rouen) Copy-editing & Design Thilo RISING (Newcastle) History of Classical Scholarship Issue () TABLE OF CONTENTS LORENZO CALVELLI, FEDERICO SANTANGELO A New Journal: Contents, Methods, Perspectives i–iv GERARD GONZÁLEZ GERMAIN Conrad Peutinger, Reader of Inscriptions: A Note on the Rediscovery of His Copy of the Epigrammata Antiquae Urbis (Rome, ) – GINETTE VAGENHEIM L’épitaphe comme exemplum virtutis dans les macrobies des Antichi eroi et huomini illustri de Pirro Ligorio ( c.–) – MASSIMILIANO DI FAZIO Gli Etruschi nella cultura popolare italiana del XIX secolo. Le indagini di Charles G. Leland – JUDITH P. HALLETT The Legacy of the Drunken Duchess: Grace Harriet Macurdy, Barbara McManus and Classics at Vassar College, – – LUCIANO CANFORA La lettera di Catilina: Norden, Marchesi, Syme – CHRISTOPHER STRAY The Glory and the Grandeur: John Clarke Stobart and the Defence of High Culture in a Democratic Age – ILSE HILBOLD Jules Marouzeau and L’Année philologique: The Genesis of a Reform in Classical Bibliography – BEN CARTLIDGE E.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Open Source Data to Detect Archaeological Looting And
    Interferometric SAR and Machine Learning: Using Open Source Data to Detect Archaeological Looting and Destruction RESEARCH ARTICLE HASSAN EL-HAJJ *Author affiliations can be found in the back matter of this article ABSTRACT CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Hassan El-Hajj, PhD Candidate Archaeological heritage in the Near East is under an ever increasing threat from multiple Classical Archaeology vectors such as looting and systematic destruction, militarization, and uncontrolled Department, Philipps- urban expansion in the absence of governmental control among others. Physically Universität Marburg, monitoring endangered sites proves to be infeasible due to the dangerous ground Biegenstrasse 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany conditions on the one hand, and the vast area of land on which they are dispersed. In recent years, the abundant availability of Very High Resolution (VHR) imaging satellites [email protected] with short revisit times meant that it was possible to monitor a large portion of these sites from space. However, such images are relatively expensive and beyond the means of many researchers and concerned local authorities. In this paper, I present an KEYWORDS: approach that uses open source data from two of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Coherence Maps; Near East; Archaeological Looting; Copernicus Constellation, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 in order to generate disturbance Archaeological Destruction; patches, from which looting and destruction areas are classified using Machine Cultural Heritage; Open Source Learning. Such an approach opens the door towards sustainable monitoring over large swaths of land over long periods of time. TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: El-Hajj, H. 2021. Interferometric SAR and Machine Learning: Using Open Source Data to Detect Archaeological Looting and Destruction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antiquities Market: It’S All in a Price
    heritage & society, Vol. 7 No. 1, May, 2014, 32–46 The Antiquities Market: It’s All in a Price Neil Brodie Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, University of Glasgow, UK Abstract Antiquities have cultural and economic value. Scholarly experts create cultural value, and by creating cultural value they also unintentionally establish economic value. So although antiquities are collected as culturally-important objects, they have also been bought for investment purposes as tangible assets, though with mixed results. Collectors and investors must face the problem of how to assess accurately the cultural and economic value of an antiquity, though again the intervention of scholarly experts is crucial. Scholars themselves benefit finan- cially from even indirect involvement with the antiquities market, and their work can be appropriated and exploited financially as intellectual property. Anti- quities trading is often illicit, and in such conditions profits made from the anti- quities market are proceeds of crime, though that fact is generally overlooked. Resumen Las antigüedades tienen valor económico y cultural. Los eruditos crean valor cultural y, al hacerlo, también generan involuntariamente valor económico. Por lo tanto, aunque las antigüedades se coleccionan como objetos cultural- mente importantes, también se han comprado con fines de inversión como bienes tangibles, aunque con resultados ambivalentes. Los coleccionistas y los inversores deben enfrentar el problema de cómo evaluar con exactitud el valor cultural y económico de una antigüedad, aunque nuevamente la inter- vención de los eruditos es fundamental. Los eruditos se benefician económic- amente hasta de la participación indirecta en el mercado de antigüedades y su trabajo puede apropiarse y aprovecharse económicamente como propiedad intelectual.
    [Show full text]
  • Etruria 2019 Brochure Needs
    Etruscan Places OF NORTHERN LAZIO AND UMBRIA Join us in Italy, October 21–28, 2019 Imagine a land of volcanic lakes, sandy beaches, rugged hills, thermal springs, Roman roads, and medieval hill towns. Its olive oil, chestnuts, hazelnuts, freshwater fish, black truffles, seafood, wild mushrooms, game, pork products, lamb, and sheep cheeses are among the best you’ll find anywhere in Italy. … www.elifanttours.com / [email protected] / +1-347-868-6345 Etruscan Places OF NORTHERN LAZIO AND Join us for an exciting tour to the Etruscan places just north of Rome. The tour covers the territory between Rome’s northern edge and Orvieto, just inside the Umbrian border, 75 miles to the north. It’s a sort of “flyover” country, ignored by tourists in their dash north to Tuscany. All the more reason to stop and explore this land of volcanic lakes, sandy beaches, rugged hills, thermal springs, Roman roads, and medieval hill towns. Its olive oil, chestnuts, hazelnuts, freshwater fish, mushrooms, game, pork products, lamb, and sheep cheeses rival any in Italy. Long before the Romans, sophisticated native peoples were living in cities and building extravagant cemeteries (“cities of the dead”). The best known and most influential were called Etruscans, but we’ll meet others too, such as the forgotten Faliscans. Our itinerary offers plenty of archaeo-culinary interest in both isolated (and very picturesque) sites and the medieval towns that inherited the ancient legacy. That legacy continues today, remarkably unspoiled. The tour covers the southern Etruscan territory In October, when we visit, the wild beauty of the natural landscape will be enhanced between Rome and the southern borders of Tuscany and Umbria.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cta Œ Cumenica
    2020 N. 2 ACTA 2020 ŒCUMENICA INFORMATION SERVICE OF THE PONTIFICAL COUNCIL FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN UNITY e origin of the Pontical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is closely linked with the Second Vatican Council. On 5 June 1960, Saint Pope John XXIII established a ‘Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity’ as one of the preparatory commissions for the Council. In 1966, Saint Pope Paul VI conrmed the Secretariat as a permanent dicastery CUMENICA of the Holy See. In 1974, a Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews was established within the Secretariat. In 1988, Saint Pope John Paul II changed the Secretariats status to Pontical Council. Œ e Pontical Council is entrusted with promoting an authentic ecumenical spirit in the Catholic Church based on the principles of Unitatis redintegratio and the guidelines of its Ecumenical Directory rst published in 1967, and later reissued in 1993. e Pontical Council also promotes Christian unity by strengthening relationships CTA with other Churches and Ecclesial Communities, particularly through A theological dialogue. e Pontical Council appoints Catholic observers to various ecumenical gatherings and in turn invites observers or ‘fraternal delegates’ of other Churches or Ecclesial Communities to major events of the Catholic Church. Front cover Detail of the icon of the two holy Apostles and brothers Peter and Andrew, symbolizing the Churches of the East and of the West and the “brotherhood rediscovered” (UUS 51) N. 2 among Christians on their way towards unity. (Original at the Pontical
    [Show full text]
  • Bardellino, Infatti, Viene Legalizzato E Si Lega Con Il Gruppo All'epoca
    Camera dei Deputati —33— Senato della Repubblica XIII LEGISLATURA — DISEGNI DI LEGGE E RELAZIONI — DOCUMENTI Bardellino, infatti, viene legalizzato e si lega con il gruppo all’epoca dominante in Sicilia facente capo a Stefano Bontade. Lo stesso Bardellino, coadiuvato dall’altro diarca del clan Mario Iovine, accresce notevolmente il suo peso quando si schiera all’interno della Nuova Famiglia con una posizione anche di preminenza, nella lotta ai cutoliani. I cutoliani che pure erano riusciti a fare proseliti nel casertano vengono completamente annientati – ad eccezione di pochi soggetti, lasciati confluire nelle fila dei casalesi (si v. il gruppo Di Girolamo di Aversa) ed ad eccezione del gruppo operante in Marcianise e zone viciniori di cui si parlera` – ed il gruppo dei casalesi acquisisce la forza sufficiente per porsi come il principale referente di tutte le organiz- zazioni delinquenziali casertane. Con Bardellino nasce una struttura di tipo confederativo; i clan anche operanti in realta` piu` distanti – si pensi a quelli dell’area mondragonese o sessana – vengono di fatto risucchiati nella struttura unitaria, che pur lasciando una sua autonomia alle singole entita`si organizza con una sorta di cupola, il cui centro e` proprio nel gruppo dei casalesi. L’organizzazione camorristica casertana ruoto`, unita e compatta, intorno alla figura di Antonio Bardellino fino alla fine del 1987. E con Bardellino che il clan opera il salto di qualita` e comincia ad intessere significativi rapporti con il mondo della locale politica e delle istitu- zioni, controllando, ad esempio, le attivita` dei comuni di Casale e di San Cipriano. Ai primi del 1988, inizio`, con l’omicidio di Domenico Iovine, all’interno di essa, un conflitto tra i gruppi egemoni facenti capo ad Antonio Bardellino e a Mario Iovine, che culmino` nell’uccisione di Bardellino, nel maggio del 1988, in Brasile, da parte di Mario Iovine.
    [Show full text]