Eine Analyse Von Schulbüchern Im Fach Biologie

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Eine Analyse Von Schulbüchern Im Fach Biologie Wissenschaftsgeschichte im Unterricht Eine Analyse von Schulbüchern im Fach Biologie Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Biologisch-Pharmazeutischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von: Michael Markert, M. Sc. geboren am: 17. Februar 1981 in: Saalfeld Gutachter 1. Gutachter und Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Uwe Hoßfeld (Jena) 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Klein (Frankfurt am Main) 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Georgy S. Levit (Halifax, Jena) Datum der Disputation 17. Dezember 2012 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis 6 Tabellenverzeichnis 7 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 1 Einleitung 9 2 Der Publikumsdiskurs im Fach Wissenschaftsgeschichte 16 2.1 Überblick ................................... 16 2.2 Fachselbstverständnis ............................. 18 2.2.1 Vergangenheit... ............................ 18 2.2.2 ...und Gegenwart ........................... 22 2.3 Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Öffentlichkeit ................. 25 2.3.1 Das Publikum (in) der Wissenschaftsgeschichte .......... 25 2.3.2 Die Auseinandersetzung mit ‚populärer‘ Wissenschaftsgeschichte . 28 2.3.3 Wissenschaftsgeschichte in der naturwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung 33 2.4 Zusammenfassung ............................... 37 3 Naturwissenschaftliche Bildung - Eine Annäherung 40 3.1 Konzepte .................................... 40 3.1.1 „Deficit model“ und „contextual model“ .............. 40 3.1.2 Das Konzept der „nature of science“ (NOS) ............ 48 3.2 Forschungsverständnisse in der Wissenschaftspädagogik .......... 51 3.2.1 Konsens und Alternativen ...................... 51 3.2.2 Pädagogische Praxis ......................... 56 3.3 Zusammenfassung ............................... 59 4 Geschichte in der Naturwissenschaftsdidaktik 63 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.1 Überblick ................................... 63 4.1.1 Unterrichtliche Formen von Wissenschaftsgeschichte ........ 63 4.1.2 Funktionen von Wissenschaftsgeschichte .............. 65 4.2 Konzepte .................................... 69 4.2.1 Historiographisch orientierte Konzepte ............... 69 4.2.2 Geschichte, „nature of science“-Konsens und pädagogische Praxis 74 4.3 Analysen vorhandener Geschichte ...................... 78 4.3.1 Geschichte als Lehrbuchtext ..................... 78 4.3.2 Mythos und Ausbildung ....................... 81 4.4 Zusammenfassung ............................... 84 5 Geschichte im Schulbuch als Forschungsobjekt 86 5.1 Das Schulbuch als Medium naturwissenschaftlicher Bildung ........ 86 5.1.1 Pädagogische Merkmale des (Biologie-)Schulbuches ........ 86 5.1.2 Das Schulbuch als (‚populärer‘) naturwissenschaftlicher Text . 93 5.2 Heuristik für die Analyse von Geschichte im Schulbuch .......... 96 5.2.1 Frameworks .............................. 96 5.2.2 Fragestellungen ............................100 5.2.3 Auswahl der Schulbücher .......................104 5.3 Zusammenfassung ...............................106 6 Analyse der Geschichte im Schulbuch 108 6.1 Die Form der Geschichte im Schulbuch ...................108 6.1.1 Verweis-‚Typologie‘ ..........................108 6.1.2 Häufigkeiten ..............................118 6.2 Die Didaktik der Geschichte im Schulbuch .................121 6.2.1 Struktur ................................121 6.2.2 Funktionen ..............................125 6.2.3 Geschichte als Thema in Schulbüchern ...............128 6.2.4 Werke und Verlage - Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede .....133 6.3 Geschichte im Schulbuch und „nature of science“ .............139 6.3.1 NOS-Understanding nach Wang...................139 6.3.2 „Explicit contextualized NOS instruction“ .............141 6.3.3 „Implicit NOS instruction“ ......................146 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.4 Der ‚HOS-Konsens‘ ..............................149 6.4.1 Wissenschaftsgeschichte im Biologieschulbuch als Konsens ....149 6.4.2 Der (fach-)pädagogische Kontext des ‚HOS-Konsens‘ .......151 6.5 Zusammenfassung ...............................155 7 Wissenschaftsgeschichte als Gegenstand und Fach 160 7.1 Der ‚HOS-Konsens‘ aus Perspektive der akademischen Wissenschaftsge- schichte....................................160 7.1.1 Das Geschichtsbild des ‚HOS-Konsens‘ ...............160 7.1.2 Die Eigendynamik des ‚HOS-Konsens‘ als Repräsentationsform von Geschichte...............................167 7.2 Das Verhältnis zwischen pädagogischer Wissenschaftsgeschichte, natur- wissenschaftlicher Bildung und dem Fach Wissenschaftsgeschichte ....173 7.2.1 Zustandsbeschreibung ........................173 7.2.2 Konsequenzen und Potenziale ....................178 7.2.3 Das Fach Wissenschaftsgeschichte und sein Gegenstand in der Öf- fentlichkeit ...............................187 7.3 Zusammenfassung ...............................191 8 Fazit und Ausblick 195 9 Literatur 201 A Untersuchte Schulbücher und Begleitmaterialien 227 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis 3.1 Cloughs NOS-Konzept im Kontext der beiden Publikumsmodelle ..... 54 3.2 Deficit model und contextual model ..................... 60 6.1 Durchschnittliche relative Häufigkeiten historischer Verweise .......119 6.2 Absolute Häufigkeiten der Verweistypen ..................120 6 Tabellenverzeichnis 3.1 A Hierarchy of Deficit ............................ 47 4.1 Allchins „SOURCE“-Modell für die Textanalyse .............. 83 6.1 Übersicht über die untersuchten ‚Typen‘ historischer Verweise und ihre Merkmale. ...................................118 7 Abkürzungsverzeichnis HOS ........... history of science ............................................... 76 HPS ............ History and Philosophy of Science .............................. 49 NOS ........... nature of science . ............................................ 49 PUS ............ Public Understanding of Science ................................ 13 SL ............. Scientific Literacy .............................................. 40 SoV ............ Sonstige Verweise . .......................................... 115 T1 ............. Verweistyp 1 . ............................................... 111 T2 ............. Verweistyp 2 . ............................................... 111 T3 ............. Verweistyp 3 . ................................................ 113 8 1 Einleitung „Wenn wir uns keine Geschichten vom Mond erzählt hätten, hätte es überhaupt keinen Zweck gehabt hinzufliegen. [...] Warum sind wir hingeflogen? Weil wir uns seit mehreren hundert Jahren erzählt hatten, dass wir es tun würden.“ Terry Pratchett (2007: 33) Ausgangspunkt Die öffentliche Präsenz von Wissenschaftsgeschichte ist erstaunlich – insbesondere in den letzten Jahren. Verantwortlich dafür zeichneten Roman- und SachbuchautorInnen wie Dava Sobel, Daniel Kehlmann und Bill Bryson, die Geschichten über vergangene Wissenschaft schrieben und damit hohe Auflagen und eine große feuilletonistische Auf- merksamkeit erzielten. Auch über solche Erfolge hinaus begegnet man überall Wissen- schaftsgeschichte. Portraits über frühere WissenschaftlerInnen und ihre Entdeckungen gehören geradezu zu den Standards in populärwissenschaftlichen Fernsehsendungen und Zeitschriften. Diese mediale Präsenz steht weder isoliert, noch gründet sie sich in einem ‚reinen Unterhaltungswert‘. Sie tritt vielmehr besondere deutlich an der Schule als zentra- ler Bildungsinstitution auf. Mit größter Regelmäßigkeit und über Jahre hinweg erhält jede Schülerin und jeder Schüler im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht Einblick in vergangene Wissenschaft. Er lernt berühmte Wissenschaftler (und nur selten Wissenschaftlerinnen) und ihre Entdeckungen kennen: Darwins Evolutionstheorie, Einsteins Relativitäts- theorie, Galileis Fallgesetz, Lavoisiers Sauerstofftheorie, Linnes Nomenklatur, Men- delejews Periodensystem, Mendels Regeln, das Plancksche Wirkungsquantum, usw. Solche ‚Errungenschaften‘ sind eine wesentliche Grundlage der modernen Industrie- gesellschaften und deshalb ein kostbares kulturelles Gut. Mit ihnen und ihren Folgen für die Zivilisationsentwicklung rücken aber auch die entsprechenden Forschungsprozesse in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit. Mendels ‚Erbsenzählerei‘ im Brünner Klostergarten beispielsweise wird in Biologieschulbüchern von Sätzen wie diesem begleitet: „Die Grundsätze seiner Versuchsanordnung können noch heute als Musterbei- spiel gelten: möglichste Vereinfachung der Fragestellung, Beschränkung auf 9 1 Einleitung nur wenige Erscheinungen, Variieren der Versuchsbedingungen, Durchführung von Kontrollversuchen.“ (Blümel et al. 2000: 130) Hier werden explizit Aussagen zu einem bestimmten wissenschaftlichen Forschungsprozess getroffen und auf andere derartige Prozesse übertragen. Doch warum soll es für Schüle- rInnen wichtig sein zu wissen, wie wissenschaftliche Forschung funktioniert? Dafür lassen sich mehrere Gründe angeben:1 Einmal sind solche Prozesse Teil der Gesellschaftsentwick- lung und damit für sich bedeutsam. Sie zu kennen gehört schlicht zur Allgemeinbildung. Ein ‚Blick hinter die Kulissen‘ erleichtert zum zweiten aber auch den Zugang zu Wis- senschaft, weil er deren menschliche Seite aufzeigt und im Unterricht motivierend wirkt – nicht zuletzt mit Blick auf zukünftige Wissenschaftsgenerationen. Zum dritten ist die Vermittlung eines Verständnisses von Forschungsprozessen aber auch eine zentrale Auf- gabe der naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung. Dieses Verständnis soll nicht nur dabei helfen, neue oder auch lebensweltrelevante naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse besser bewerten zu können, sondern auch die Partizipation an gesellschaftlichen Entscheidungsprozessen über Naturwissenschaften ermöglichen
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