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Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Impersonal, Missing Person And lu Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Tables .- xi list of Figures xii Abbreviations and Conventions xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Discussion on Complement Clauses 1 1.1.1 Complement Clauses Defined 1 1.1.2 Studies of Complement Clauses in English 2 1.1.3 Complement Theory: Cross-Linguistic Generalisations 7 1.1.4 Complementation in Finnish 9 1.2 Basic Outline of the Thesis 11 1.2.1 General Discussion 11 1.2.2 The Corpus 12 2 Impersonal, Missing Person and Existential Clause Types.. 14 2.1 Missing Person: Generic Third Person 14 2.2 Impersonal 17 2.3 Missing Person Versus Impersonal 19 2.4 Existential Clauses 21 2.4.1 Partitive 'Subject' 23 2.4.2 Partitive Ex-argument in Negation 23 2.4.3 Restriction on Pronominal Ex-argument 23 2.4.4 Indefinite Ex-argument 24 2.4.5 No Verb Agreement 24 2.4.6 Unmarked Constituent Order 24 2.4.7 Agentive Plural Ex-arguments may only be Partitive: Lack of Control... 25 2.4.8 Lackoflndividuation 26 2.4.9 No Adverbs 27 2.4.10 Existential Clause Expresses Typical Activity and Location 27 2.4.11 Usage of the Existential Clause in Discourse: Backgrounding 28 2.4.12 Restriction on Verbs 29 2.4.13 Existential Clauses and General Linguistic Theory 30 3 Grammatical Relations and Case Marking 31 3.1 Grammatical Case •. 31 3.1.1 The 'Accusative' Problem 31 3.1.2 Grammatical Relations 32 3.2 Subject 33 3.2.1 Morphological 'Coding Properties' of a Proto-typical Subject 33 3.2.2 The Syntactic 'Behavioural Properties' of the Proto-Typical Subject.... 34 A: Omission in the Impersonal 34 B: Replacement by Possessive Suffix in Non-Finite Participle Subordination 34 C: Antecedent for Possessive Suffixes 35 i) Subject as the Antecedent in a clause with two arguments 35 ii) Subject as the Antecedent in a clause with three or more arguments 36 Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch http://d-nb.info/1013651405 IV iii) Subject as the Antecedent in complex sentences 37 iv) Non-subject arguments as the Antecedent 38 v) Possessive suffixes in conditions of marked constituent order... 39 vi) Possessive suffixes which precede their Antecedent 39 3.2.3 Summary of the Subject Properties 43 3.3 Object 43 3.3.1 Morphological 'Coding Properties' of the Object 44 3.3.2 Syntactic 'Behavioural Properties' of the Object 45 A: Nominalisation 45 B: Participle Complement Clause 46 C: Third Infinitive Complement Clause 46 3.4 The 'Partitive Object' 46 3.4.1 Nominalisation 48 3.4.2 Participle Complement Clause 48 3.4.3 Third Infinitive Complement Clause 49 3.5 Extended Grammatical Relation 49 3.5.1 Local Cases Governed by the Verb: Core Arguments 50 A: Case Alternation 50 B: Adverbs and Post-Positional Phrases 51 C: Case and Idiosyncratic Meaning 51 D: Obligatoriness 52 E: Complements of Arguments 52 3.5.2 The Scale from Argument to Adjunct 53 3.5.3 The Syntactic 'Behavioural Properties' of the Extended Grammatical Relation 57 A: Nominalisation 57 B: Participle Complement Clause 57 C: Third Infinitive Complement Clause 57 3.6 Complement Clauses as Arguments 58 The Partitive Case 62 4.1 Uses of the Partitive: With Object ..62 4.1.1 'Inexhaustive' Quantity 62 4.1.2 Irresultative Aspect 65 A: Past Tense 65 B: Perfect 66 C: Non-past Tense 66 D: Habitual 67 E: 'Momentary' verbs 67 4.1.3 Negation 68 4.1.4 Individuation 69 4.1.5 A Definition of Partitive and'Accusative'Case 70 4.1.6 History of the Partitive 72 4.2 Partitive Case and Quantifiers 73 4.2.1 Quantifiers of Measure 73 4.2.2 Negative Quantifier of Measure 75 4.2.3 Collective Quantifiers 75 4.2.4 Numerals 76 4.2.5 Indefinite Quantifiers 77 4.2.6 Definite Quantifiers 79 4.2.7 Summary 79 4.3 Partitive Case, Aspect and Temporal Adjuncts 79 4.3.1 'Temporal Bounds'... 80 4.3.2 'TemporalMeasures' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.80 4.3.3 Quantifiers and'Temporal Measures' 81 4.3.4 'Momentary' Verbs and Temporal Adjuncts 82 4.3.5 'Dependent Bounds' 83 4.3.6 Summary 83 4.4 Partitive Case, Quantifiers and Temporal Adjuncts 84 4.5 Partitive Case and the Hierarchy of Transitivity 85 4.6 Uses of the Partitive: With Existential Clause 87 4.6.1 'Inexhaustive' Quantity 87 4.6.2 Negation 89 4.6.3 Iteration of a'Momentary'Verb 90 4.6.4 'Durative'Verbs 90 4.6.5 Hierarchy of Transitivity 95 4.7 Uses of the Partitive: With Intransitive Subject 95 4.7.1 Iteration 96 4.7.2 'Inexhaustive' Quantity of the Referent of the Noun 97 4.7.3 'Durative' Verbs 100 4.7.4 Discussion 100 4.7.5 Hierarchy of Transitivity 101 4.8 Uses of the Partitive: With Transitive Subject 101 4.8.1 Non-Individuated Object 102 4.8.2 Quantifier 103 4.8.3 Locational Object 103 4.8.4 Discussion 105 A: Indefiniteness 105 B: No Verb Agreement 105 C: Constituent Order 105 D: Backgrounding 107 E: Iteration of a'Momentary' Verb 107 F: No Object 107 G: Discussion 108 4.9 Summary 109 5 Complement Clauses 110 5.1 EtiaComplementiser Clauses Ill 5.1.1 Syntactic Properties Ill 5.1.2 Semantic Properties 112 5.1.3 Dummy Pronoun Se 113 A: Syntactic Properties 113 B: Syntactic Function 114 C: Semantic Function 115 D: Verbs which Use the Dummy Pronoun 117 5.1.4 Argument Structure and Syntactic Function 119 5.1.5 Cross-Linguistic Perspective 120 5.2 Participle Complement Clauses 121 5.2.1 Syntactic Properties 122 A: Form 122 B: Tense, Aspect, and Mood 122 C: Negation 123 D: Subject 123 E: Subject Raising 124 5.2.2 Semantic Properties and Differences from the että Clause 125 5.2.3 Argument Structure and Syntactic Function '. 127 5.2.4 Cross-Linguistic Perspective 127 5.3 Other Finite Complement Clauses 128 5.3.1 Question Complement Clauses 128 5.3.2 Kun Complement Clauses 130 VI A: Verbs which Govern.a Kun Complement Clause 130 B: Alternative Conjunctions 131 C: Difference from an Adjunct Clause 131 D: Indeterminate Examples • 132 5.4 Infinitive Complement Clauses 133 5.4.1 Syntactic and Semantic Properties 133 5.4.2 Syntactic Function and Argument Structure 135 A: Infinitive Complement Clause as Subject 135 B: Infinitive Complement Clause as Same Subject Object 135 C: Infinitive Complement Clause as Different Subject Object 136 5.4.3 Cross-Linguistic Perspective 137 5.5 Third Infinitive Complement Clauses 137 5.5.1 Syntactic Properties and Argument Structure 137 5.5.2 Third Infinitive Inessive Complement Clause 139 5.5.3 Third Infinitive Illative Complement Clause 140 5.5.4 Third Infinitive Elative Complement Clause 141 5.6 Nominalised Complement Clauses 141 5.6.1 Syntactic Properties 142 5.6.2 Semantic Properties 143 A: General Semantic Properties 143 B: Difference From an Infinitive 143 C: Difference From a Finite Clause 145 D: Activity Nominalisations 146 E: Nominalised Propositions 146 F: Impersonal Nominalisations 147 5.6.3 Two Genitive Suffixes for Two Different Nominalisations 148 A: Preliminaries 148 B: Two Genitive Suffixes 149 C: The Nominalisations 149 5.6.4 Syntactic Function and Argument Structure 151 5.6.5 Cross-Linguistic Perspective 151 5.7 The Complement Clause Types Compared 152 Clause and Sentence Types 155 6.1 Primary Verbs with Canonical Case Marking 155 6.1.1 Complement Clause as Subject (S/A) 155 6.1.2 Complement Clause as Object (O) 156 6.1.3 Complement Clause as Extended Grammatical Relation (E) 157 6.1.4 Complement Clause as an Argument of an Impersonal 157 6.2 Clause Types which Govern a Complement Clause as Subject 158 6.2.1 'Causative of Feeling' 158 A: Impersonal 159 B: Participle Complement Clause 159 C: Possessive Antecedent 160 D: Complement Clauses 162 6.2.2 Infinitive Complement Clause as Subject of an Adjectival Predicate 163 6.3 Same Subject Complement Clauses: Necessive Clause 164 A: Impersonal 168 B: Participle Complement Clause 169 C: Possessive Antecedent 170 D: Argument of the Infinitive 172 E: Case of the Argument is Governed by the Infinitive 173 F: Genitive Case Appears where there is an Infinitive 173 G: Constituent Position 174 vu H: Semantic Implication of the Interpretation of the Genitive as an Argument of the Infinitive 175 I: Nominative Subject of the Infinitive 175 J: No Genitive Argument where there is no Infinitive 176 K: Why Genitive Subject? 176 L: Beneficiary (Dative) Argument? 176 6.4 Different Subject Complement Clauses 180 6.4.1 Permissive Clause -. 180 A: Object Properties 180 B: Is the Genitive Noun Phrase an Argument of the Main Verb? 181 C: Impersonal 181 D: Possessive Antecedent 182 E: Existential Clause 184 F: Object of the Infinitive 184 6.4.2 Third Infinitive Complement Clause 184 A: Object Properties 185 B: Impersonal 186 C: Possessive Antecedent 186 D: Existential Clause 187 E: Object of the Third Infinitive 187 6.4.3 Participle Complement Clause 188 A: Object Properties 188 B: Impersonal 188 C: Possessive Antecedent 189 D: Existential Clause 190 E: Object of the Participle 190 6.4.4 Comparison of the Different Subject Clause Types 191 A: Non-Subject properties 191 B: Subject properties 192 C: Relationship of Complement Clause to Main Verb 192 D: Summary 192 7 Semantic Verb Classes 194 7.1 Verbs of Wanting 196 7.1.1 Haluta 196 7.1.2 Toivoa 198 7.1.3 Haluttaa: Causative Verb of Wanting 199 7.1.4 General Discussion on the Verbs of Wanting 199 A: Same Subject Complement Clauses B: Different Subject Complement Clauses 201 C: Nominalisation 201 D: Haluttaa 202 7.2 Verbs of Demanding 202 7.2.1 Käskeä 203 7.2.2 Pyytää 205 7.2.3 Vaatia 207 7.2.4 General Discussion on the Verbs of Telling 208 A: Different Subject Complement Clause 208 B: Different Subject Complement Clause with Missing Person Subject 210 C: Same Subject Infinitive Complement Clause 210 D: Complement Clause which Represents 'Z' 212 7.2.5 Pakottaa: Verb of Forcing 212 7.2.6 Kehottaa: Verbs of Urging 214 7.2.7
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