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Vestibular Sense.Pptx Chapter 9 Majority of illustraons in this presentaon are from Biological Psychology 4th edi3on (© Sinuer Publicaons) Ves3bular Sense 1. Ves3bular sense or the sense of equilibrium and balance works for birds in air, fish in water, and terrestrial animals on land. 2. Sensory organ that senses gravity and acceleraon is contained in the inner ear. Three Semicircular Canals 2 Semicircular Canals The inner ear contains three semicircular canals, utricle and saccule. These organs are fluid filled (endolymph) and sense postural 3lts as well as linear mo3on in space. 3 1 Angular Movement Three semicircular canals, horizontal (h) which is leveled when the head is upright; anterior (a) is in the front and posterior (p) lie at the back orthogonal to each other. a Crus h p Commune Ampulla 4 Angular Acceleraon During angular acceleraon in any plane results in movement of the endolymph sensing this angular moon. www.kpcnews.net 5 Ves3bulocular Reflex The ves3bulocular reflex helps maintain the body by fixang the eyes on an object with movement of the head. Both angular and linear acceleraon signals are used in the ves3bulocular reflex. 6 2 Ampulla Three ampullae at the end of the three semicircular canals that contain the sensory hair cells (Humans = 7000 cells). Body rotaons are registered by hair cells when endolymph moves. Capula Ampulla Endolymph Endolymph Semicircular Hair cells canal Hair cells 7 Horizontal & Ver3cal Movement www.askamathemacian.com Horizontal and ver3cal acceleraon is sensed by saccule and utricle in the inner ear. 8 Utricle & Otolithic Membrane 1. Utricle (uterus, 3 mm) senses linear acceleraon in the horizontal plane. 2. Otolithic membrane (ellip3cal in shape) inside utricle is in horizontal plane. Hair cells oriented in many direc3ons register linear acceleraon. Face (eye level) Striola Back of the head 9 3 Saccule & Otolithic Membrane Macula inside the saccule (sack) is ver3cally oriented. Humans have 16,000 hair cells in the saccule and can sense ver3cal acceleraon in a number of ver3cal direcons. Head Striola Neck 10 Hair Cell S3mulaon Humans have 30,000 hair cells in utricle and 16,000 hair cells in the saccule. Orientaon of the hair cells in the maculae senses the direc3on of the movement. Endolymph Movement Otoconia Kinocilium (Ear dust) 0.5-10 µm Otolithic membrane Stereocilia Striola Kinocilium Ves3bulocochlear Hair cells from top Head Movement (forward) Nerve 11 Lateral Lines Much like the hair cells in the semicircular canals, utricle and saccule, lateral lines in fish sense changes in water to make appropriate bodily movements. Lateral Lines 12 4 Pathways Semicircular canals, utricle and saccule project to ves3bular nuclei in the brain stem. Some of these fibers pass directly to cerebellum and from there to motor apparatus adjus3ng the body to appropriate posi3ons or movements. 13 Vis3bulospinal Reflex 1. The ves3bulospinal reflex Neck adjusts the posture of body by 3lts in the neck, pelvis, knee and ankles. 2. Utricle and saccule sense Pelvis horizontal and ver3cal 3lts and con3nuously adjust the body through these Knee reflexes. Ankles 14 15 5 Ar3ficial S3mulaon 1. Low frequency s3mulaon of the sacs can produce nausea. 2. Low frequency s3mulaon of the semicircular canals produce dizziness and rhythmic eye movements with a slow and fast component (ves3bular or labyrinthine nystagmus). 3. Warm water in the ear can cause dizziness. 4. Alcohol drinking causes dizziness. 16 Diseases 1. Ver3go: Dizziness, caused as a pathological condi3on or due factors like spinning, movement in enclosed vehicles etc. 2. Benign Posi3onal Ver3go (mo3on sickness) 3. Benign Paroxysmal Posi3on Ver3go: caused some3mes by high impact aerobic exercise. 4. Ménière Disease: Water droplets in the semicircular canals, cause intermihent ver3go. 17 Dizziness & Size Look at the relave body size of a dolphin and a bushbaby, and compare semicircular canals in both animals. Absence of dizziness in the dolphin may be due to small semicircular canals. Dolphin Bushbaby Dolphin Bushbaby (primate) 18 6 .
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