International Political Theory Titles in the Series Include

International Political Theory

Series Editor: Gary Browning, Professor of Politics, Department of International Relations, Politics and Sociology, Oxford Brookes University, UK The Palgrave International Political Theory Series provides students and scholars with cutting-edge scholarship that explores the ways in which we theorise the international. Political theory has by tradition implicitly accepted the bounds of the state, and this series of intellectually rigorous and innovative monographs and edited volumes takes the discipline forward, reflecting both the burgeoning of IR as a discipline and the concurrent internationalization of traditional political theory issues and concepts. Offering a wide-ranging examination of how international politics is to be interpreted, the titles in the series thus bridge the IR-political theory divide. The aim of the series is to explore international issues in analytic, historical and radical ways that complement and extend common forms of conceiving international relations such as realism, liberalism and constructivism.

Titles in the series include:

Keith Breen and Shane O’Neill ( editors ) AFTER THE NATION Critical Reflections on Nationalism and Postnationalism Gary Browning, Raia Prokhovnik and Maria Dimova-Cookson (editors ) DIALOGUES WITH CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL THEORISTS Gary Browning GLOBAL THEORY FROM KANT TO HARDT AND NEGRI Tony Burns and Simon Thompson ( editors ) GLOBAL JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF RECOGNITION Alexandros Kioupkiolis FREEDOM AFTER THE CRITIQUE OF FOUNDATIONS Marx, Liberalism, Castoriadis and Agonistic Autonomy Michaela Neacsu HANS J. MORGENTHAU’S THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Disenchantment and Re-Enchantment Anthony O’Loughlin OVERCOMING POSTSTRUCTURALISM Rawls, Kratochwil and the Structure of Normative Reasoning in International Relations Howard Williams KANT AND THE END OF WAR A Critique of Just War Theory Huw Lloyd Williams ON RAWLS, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL JUSTICE The Freedom of Peoples Stephen Winter TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACIES A Political Theory

International Political Theory Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–20538–3 hardback 978–0–230–20539–0 paperback ( outside North America only ) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Cosmopolitanism in a Multipolar World Soft Sovereignty in Democratic Regional Powers

Johannes Plagemann Research Fellow, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies © Johannes Plagemann 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-48821-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50400-8 ISBN 978-1-137-48822-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137488220 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Für Nina und Clara This page intentionally left blank Contents

Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x

Introduction 1 1 Cosmopolitanism, Sovereignty, and Multipolarity 5 1.1 Regional and rising powers in international political theory 9 1.2 Cosmopolitanism 19 1.3 Cosmopolitan sovereignty and practice dependency 35 2 The Transformation of Sovereignty 45 2.1 Sovereignty on the subnational level 47 2.2 Sovereignty on the transnational level 49 2.3 Sovereignty on the supranational level 52 3 The Transformation of Sovereignty in Brazil 55 3.1 Subnational level 56 3.2 Transnational level 64 3.3 Supranational level 76 3.4 Brazil: conclusion 94 4 The Transformation of Sovereignty in India 100 4.1 Subnational level 102 4.2 Transnational level 118 4.3 Supranational level 130 4.4 India: conclusion 149 5 The Transformation of Sovereignty in South Africa 154 5.1 Subnational level 156 5.2 Transnational level 166 5.3 Supranational level 176 5.4 South Africa: conclusion 193 6 Soft Sovereignty and Fact-Sensitive Cosmopolitanism 199 6.1 Soft sovereignty and complex multipolarity 201 6.2 Complex multipolarity and cosmopolitanism 219 6.3 A moderate, plural, and embedded cosmopolitanism for a complex and multipolar world 228 vii viii Contents

Conclusion 240

Appendix 246 Notes 248 Bibliography 264 Index 291 Acknowledgements

I thank the people with whom I conducted interviews in South Africa, Brazil, India, and Germany for generously sharing their experiences with me. As a researcher based at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, I have appreciated immensely the helpful input from my colleagues as well as the generous funding for field research. I am also appreciative of the support of Dirk Nabers and Robert Kappel. As a guest scholar at the Centre d’études et de recherches internationals (CERI) in Paris, I had the opportunity to concentrate on developing the book while enjoying an inspiring working atmosphere. In Johannesburg, colleagues at the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) were more than helpful. Miriam Ronzoni and her Sofja-Kovaleskaja grant generously funded the editing process. My brother Florian and my friend Sara Braun helped with the revision process of the typescript. Paula Bradish greatly improved it. During field research in São Paulo, Antônio Ewbank and Olga and Nico Fallmeier were more than welcoming. In Delhi, Henrik Maihack made the trip a phenomenal experience. Thanks are also due to Hasko von Kriegstein in Jerusalem and Julian Culp in Frankfurt whose philosophical thinking improved the book immensely.

ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADC Autonomous District Councils AEC Asian Economic Community ALBA Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América ALCA Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (Free Trade Area of the Americas) ANC African National Congress APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASF African Standby Force AU African Union BASIC Coalition comprising Brazil, South Africa, India, China in global climate negotiations BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BNDE Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico (Brazilian Development Bank) BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa C17 Coalition of environmental NGOs that sought to influence the South African government’s strategy prior to COP17 CASA Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones (Southamerican Community of Nations) CCMAS Comissão de Coordenação dos Ministros de Assuntos Sociais (Commission for the Coordination of Ministers of Social Affairs) CDS Consejo de Defensa de Unasur (Unasur Defense Council) CELAC Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) CII Confederation of Indian Industry CiMi Conselho Indigenista Missionário (Indigenous Missionary Council) CMC Consejo del Mercado Común (Common Market Council) CMG Grupo Mercado Común (Common Market Group) CNPCT Comissão Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Povos Comunidades Tradicionais (National Commission on Sustainable Development of Traditional Communities)

x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xi

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CONTRALESA Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa COP17 17th Conference of the Parties of the UN framework on Climate Change COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CRPM Comisión de Representantes Permanentes del Mercosur (Mercosur Commission of Permanent Representatives) CSO Civil Society Organization DFA South African Department of Foreign Affairs (later renamed DIRCO) DIRCO South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam EAC Eastern African Community EU European Union FCCP Foro de Consulta y Concertación Política (Mercosur Forum for Foreign Policy Coordination and Consultation) FCCR Foro Consultivo de Municipios, Estados Federados, Provincias y Departamentos (Consultative Forum of Municipalities, Federal States, Provinces, and Departments) FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry FOCEM Fondo de Convergencia Estructural del Mercosur (Mercosur Fund for Structural Convergence) Fonplata Fundo Financeiro para o Desenvolvimento da Bacia do Prata (Fund of Plata Basin) FUNAI Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation) GDP Gross Domestic Product GIFE Grupo de Institutos Fundações e Empresas (Group of Institutes, Foundations and Enterprises) IBSA India, Brazil, South Africa Dialogue Forum ICC International Criminal Court IFP Inkatha Freedom Party IIRSA Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Suramericana IMF International Monetary Fund xii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

INESC Instituto de Estudos Socioeconômicos (Insitute for Socioeconomic Studies) ISA Instituto Socioambiental ISAGS Instituto Suraméricano de Gobierno en Salud ISM Instituto Social del Mercosur (Mercosur Social Institute) ISS Institute for Security Studies IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MDS Ministry of Social Development MEA Indian Ministry of External Affairs Mercosur Mercado Común del Sur (Southern Common Market) MKSS Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (Organization for the Empowerment of Workers and Peasants) NAC National Advisory Council NAM Non-Alignment Movement NEDLAC National Economic Development and Labour Council NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGO Non-governmental Organization NP National Party NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OMC Open Method of Coordination OPDS Organ on Politics, Defence, and Security Cooperation PAC Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAP Pan-African Parliament PESA Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas Act PNPCT Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais (National Policy on Sustainable Development of Traditional Communities) PSC Peace and Security Council PT Partido dos Trabalhadores R2P Responsibility to Protect RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme RTI Right to Information Act RWA Resident Welfare Association RwP Responsibility while Protecting SA Scheduled Areas SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii

SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCBRIG SADC Brigade SADCLA SADC Lawyers’ Association SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area SANCO South African National Civic Organization SEPPIR Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualidade Racial (Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality) SIPO Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ ST Scheduled Tribes TAC Treatment Action Campaign TLGF Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act TMC All India Trinamool Congress TPR Tribunal Permanente de Revisão (Permanent Review Court) TRA Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act UDF United Democratic Front UN United Nations UNASUR Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Union of South American Nations) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNSC United Nations Security Council UPA United Progressive Alliance WCAR World Conference against Racism WTO World Trade Organization