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Russian Research and Development Activities on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Workshop on Russian Research and Development Activities on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials August 21, 1997 PROCEEDINGS Organizing Committee: I.A. Ovid’ko (Russia) and M.C. Roco (U.S.) Richard W. Siegel, WTEC Panel Chair Evelyn Hu, Panel Co-Chair Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC, Editor International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC PANEL ON NANOPARTICLES, NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS, AND NANODEVICES Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Department of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Department of Energy of the United States government. Richard W. Siegel (Panel Chair) Herb Goronkin John Mendel Materials Science and Engineering Dept. Motorola EL 508 Eastman Kodak Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 2100 East Elliott Road 1669 Lake Avenue 110 Eighth Street Tempe, AZ 85284 Rochester, N.Y. 14652-3701 Troy, New York 12180-3590 Lynn Jelinski David T. Shaw Evelyn Hu (Panel Co-Chair) Louisiana State University Electrical & Computer Eng. Center for Quantized Electronic Structures 240 Thomas Boyd Hall Dept. University of California Baton Rouge, LA 70803 330b Bonner Hall, N.Campus Santa Barbara, CA 93106 SUNY Buffalo Carl Koch Buffalo, NY 14260 Donald M. Cox Materials Science & Engineering Dept. Exxon Research & Engineering (retired) North Carolina State University 14 Beechwood Place 233 Riddick, Box 7907 Watchung, NJ 07060 Raleigh, NC 27695-7907 INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC at Loyola College (previously known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, JTEC) provides assessments of foreign research and development in selected technologies under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF). Loyola’s International Technology Research Institute (ITRI), R.D. Shelton, Director, is the umbrella organization for WTEC. Elbert Marsh, Deputy Assistant Director for Engineering at NSF’s Engineering Directorate, is NSF Program Director for WTEC. Several other U.S. government agencies provide support for the program through NSF. WTEC’s mission is to inform U.S. scientists, engineers, and policymakers of global trends in science and technology. WTEC assessments cover basic research, advanced development, and applications. Panels of typically six technical experts conduct WTEC assessments. Panelists are leading authorities in their field, technically active, and knowledgeable about U.S. and foreign research programs. As part of the assessment process, panels visit and carry out extensive discussions with foreign scientists and engineers in their labs. The ITRI staff at Loyola College helps select topics, recruits expert panelists, arranges study visits to foreign laboratories, organizes workshop presentations, and finally, edits and disseminates the final reports. Dr. R.D. Shelton Mr. Geoff Holdridge Dr. George Gamota ITRI Director WTEC Division Director ITRI Associate Director Loyola College Loyola College 17 Solomon Pierce Road Baltimore, MD 21210 Baltimore, MD 21210 Lexington, MA 02173 WTEC Workshop on RUSSIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS August 21, 1997 St. Petersburg, Russia FINAL PROCEEDINGS Organizing Committee: I.A. Ovid’ko (Russia) M.C. Roco (USA) Institute of Machine Science Problems Directorate for Engineering Russian Academy of Sciences U.S. National Science Foundation Bolshoi 61, Vas.Ostrov Arlington, VA 22230, USA St. Petersburg 199178, Russia fax: (703) 306-0319 fax: (812) 217 8614 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] WTEC Editor Geoffrey Holdridge, WTEC Director Loyola College, 4501 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21210 USA fax: 410-617-5123 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 1-883712-55-6 December 1999. This document was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Department of Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Department of Energy of the United States government under NSF Cooperative Agreements ENG-9416970 and ENG- 9707092 and ONR Grant N00014-97-1-0531, awarded to the International Technology Research Institute at Loyola College in Maryland. The government has certain rights in this material. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States government, the authors’ parent institutions, or Loyola College. ABSTRACT This report is a collection of the papers presented at the joint World Technology Evaluation (WTEC), National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Institute of Machine Science Problems (IMSP) workshop on Nanoparticles and Nanostructures in St. Petersburg on August 21, 1997. The workshop was devoted to nanostructure research in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The papers included here represent an overview of nanotechnology in Russia and the FSU. While availability and accessibility of equipment is limited in Russia and the FSU, scientists continue to make important contributions to nanostructure research. Similarly, scientists in Russia and other FSU countries are important contributors to key ideas stimulating research in functional nanostructures. The workshop also made clear the importance of strong collaborations between Russia and other European countries. Several of these collaborations are discussed in the proceedings. Topics discussed in these papers include (1) synthesis of nanophase materials, (2) nucleation of nanophased material by shock impact, (3) hydrogen-induced transformations of metals, (4) chemical synthesis with nanostructured templates, (5) assemblies of nanostructured materials through the assembly of so-called superatoms. Applications for nanostructured materials, including superior strength and medical materials, additives to reduce friction, water filters, and novel superconducting and semiconducting devices, were also discussed. International Technology Research Institute (ITRI) R.D. Shelton, Principal Investigator, ITRI Director George Mackiw, Deputy ITRI Director George Gamota, ITRI Associate Director J. Brad Mooney, TTEC Division Director Robert Margenthaler, BD Division Director World Technology (WTEC) Division Staff Involved in this Study Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor Bobby A. Williams, Financial Officer Catrina M. Foley, Administrative Assistant Christopher McClintick, Head of Publications Roan E. Horning, Head of Information Technologies Michael Stone, LINUX Systems Administrator Rob Capellini, Student Assistant Rob Tamburello, Student Assistant Xinye Zhang, Student Assistant Judith M. Dobler, Editor December 1999. Copyrights reserved by individual authors as noted hereinreproduced by permission. The U.S. government retains a nonexclusive and nontransferable license to exercise all exclusive rights provided by copyright. The ISBN number for this report is 1-883712-55-6. This WTEC report is distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce as NTIS report # PB99-150518. A list of available JTEC/WTEC reports and information on ordering them from NTIS is included on the inside back cover of this report. i FOREWORD The Workshop on Nanoparticles and Nanostructures held in St. Petersburg on August 21, 1997, was sponsored jointly by the World Technology (WTEC) Division of the International Technology Research Institute at Loyola College in Maryland, USA, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Institute of Machine Science Problems (IMSP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This was part of a two-year, worldwide WTEC study of research and development activities in nanoparticles, nanostructured materials and nanodevices, nanostructure science and technology. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the scientific and technological trends and to create opportunities for interdisciplinary and international collaboration. At the St. Petersburg workshop, fourteen experts from Russia presented overviews or special research achievements in the area of nanotechnology in Russia. Two presentations from U.S. representatives provided the goals and framework of the WTEC study. The presentations included some results from the U.S. evaluation workshop (May 8-9, 1997) and a discussion of support for nanotechnology at NSF. In addition, a technical presentation on functional nanostructures was presented before the beginning of the effective review, as an illustration of the major research opportunities in the field of nanotechnology. The one-day workshop focused on several themes: particle synthesis, sintering, nanocrystalline metals, characterization, and functional nanostructures, as well as the channeling of funding for research. Mechanisms of international collaboration were also addressed. We would like to thank all participants for their assistance in the preparation of these proceedings. Organizing Committee I.A. Ovid’ko M.C. Roco IMSP, Russian Academy
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