Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais Faculdade De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História REPRESENTAÇÕES POLÍ

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Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais Faculdade De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História REPRESENTAÇÕES POLÍ 1 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Departamento de História REPRESENTAÇÕES POLÍTICAS DA GUERRA FRIA: AS HISTÓRIAS EM QUADRINHOS DE ALAN MOORE NA DÉCADA DE 1980 . Márcio dos Santos Rodrigues 2011 2 Márcio dos Santos Rodrigues REPRESENTAÇÕES POLÍTICAS DA GUERRA FRIA: AS HISTÓRIAS EM QUADRINHOS DE ALAN MOORE NA DÉCADA DE 1980 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Historia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Linha de Pesquisa: História e Culturas Políticas Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta . 2011 3 907.2 Rodrigues, Márcio dos Santos R696r Representações políticas da Guerra Fria [manuscrito] : as histórias em 2011 quadrinhos de Alan Moore na década de 1980 / Márcio dos Santos Rodrigues. – 2011. 212 f. Orientador: Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências. 1. Moore, Alan . 2. História – Teses. 3. História em quadrinhos – Teses. 4.Guerra fria - Teses . I. Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia. III. Título. 4 Representações políticas da Guerra Fria: As Histórias em Quadrinhos de Alan Moore na década de 1980 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Historia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Banca Examinadora: _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta (Orientador - UFMG) _________________________________________________________ Prof.Dr. João Pinto Furtado (UFMG) _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Barbosa Sarmento (CPDOC/FGV) _________________________________________________________ Profa Dr a. Regina Horta Duarte (Suplente - UFMG) 5 6 Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o apoio financeiro do CNPq, que concedeu bolsa de estudos de mestrado1. 1 Traduzindo para a linguagem dos quadrinhos: “Grandes poderes trazem grandes responsabilidades”. 7 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao professor Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta, pela atenção, superpaciência e prontidão com que me orientou ao longo do mestrado. Meus agradecimentos aos professores João Pinto Furtado e à professora Regina Horta Duarte, pelas sugestões e críticas no momento de minha qualificação. Agradeço também à Regina por ter acompanhado desde o início de minha graduação meu interesse pelo uso de quadrinhos como fonte histórica, pelos puxões-de-orelha e por sempre atentar para a importância de princípios éticosna pesquisa. Agradeço também ao professor Luiz Arnaut pelo incentivo. Agradeço também aos funcionários do Departamento de História da UFMG pelo constante auxílio e boa vontade. Meus sinceros agradecimentos à Vilma Carvalho de Souza e aos demais funcionários da biblioteca da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da UFMG, pelo auxílio prestado. Aos alunos da graduação que se matricularam na disciplina “Caricaturas e Histórias em Quadrinhos – Usos e Possibilidades como fontes para a História”, que ministrei, ao lado de André Mascarenhas Pereira, no primeiro semestre de 2010. Agradeço aos alunos pelo interesse e pela participação nas discussões. Agradeço ao André, colega de mestrado que se tornou um superamigo, por ter ministrado ao meu lado a disciplina. A experiência de estágio docente contribuiu em muito para a minha formação. Agradecimentos especiais à Aline Lemos, minha melhor aluna na disciplina, pelas informações referentes aos super-heróis brasileiros Fantar, Fantastic e Super Heros. Agradeço também aos amigos/colegas da graduação Matheus Zica – o Primo – e Tião, alter-ego de Rafael da Cruz. Meus agradecimentos ao superamigo Carlos Perini, por ter auxiliado na montagem de meu bat-computador. Agradeço também ao camarada Pablo Lima, pelo incentivo durante a realização desta pesquisa. Aos colegas da pós-graduação em História e aos colegas da revista discente Temporalidades – gestão 2010. Que a revista seja sempre discente! 8 Ao Quarteto Fantástico formado por Augusto Dewas (proprietário da Banca Nona Arte e “meu segundo orientador”), Pierre Picasso Pimenta, Gustavo Tanus e Paulo Correa. Agradeço aos quatro pela amizade e pelas sugestões no que se referem às HQs. Ao duende da Quinta Dimensão Jandinho D’Omolu, produtor cultural, pelos desafios sempre instigantes e por algumas dicas valiosas. Ao superamigo Farley Bertolino, pelo apoio durante os meses finais de escrita da dissertação. À minha prima Lucineia Reis, residente em Metropólis, por ter facilitado a compra de alguns quadrinhos e livros teóricos estrangeiros utilizados nesta pesquisa. À Fabiana Cristina, pelo apoio incondicional. Aos meus pais, Ivânia e Hamilton, sem os quais não seria possível chegar até aqui. 9 RESUMO Dentre as várias manifestações culturais conhecidas, que participam da construção do imaginário social, uma, em particular, será tomada aqui como base para compreender a Guerra Fria: as Histórias em Quadrinhos (conhecidas também pela sigla HQs). Lançamos um olhar sobre algumas das vertentes do período e, mais especificamente, sobre algumas das HQs do roteirista britânico Alan Moore, escritas na década final da Guerra Fria, a década de 1980. A saber, “Watchmen” (minissérie publicada originalmente entre 1986 e 1987 pela DC Comics) e “V for Vendetta” (publicada entre 1982 e 1988). Até meados dos anos 1980, o mundo vislumbrou a ameaça de guerra nuclear entre as duas potências emergentes do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial: os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética. Em virtude dessa probabilidade, difundiu-se o temor de um apocalipse nuclear, em que todas as formas de vida do planeta fossem erradicadas. Esse temor de um holocausto nuclear aumentava na mesma proporção em que as duas potências e seus aliados aprimoravam seus meios de destruição em massa. Inserido nesse contexto, Moore procurou, através dos quadrinhos, se pronunciar sobre esse estado de coisas. Longe de ser apresentada como mero pano de fundo, a Guerra Fria, com seus diversos desdobramentos, constitui nas obras de Moore um objeto de reflexão. Deste modo, a ideia aqui é precisamente a de aproximar o posicionamento de Moore, para quem “All comics are political” (MOORE apud Sabin, 1993, p. 89), ao seu próprio trabalho como roteirista com a intenção de abordar uma questão central: Como e em que termos a Guerra Fria aparece representada particularmente nas obras selecionadas. Busca-se identificar se as obras do roteirista, ao se apropriarem de repertórios culturais de seu tempo e se inscreverem em um terreno de disputa e negociação que reproduz os dilemas e paradoxos em torno da Guerra Fria, justificam algum programa de ação política. 10 ABSTRACT Among several cultural events known, involved in the construction of the social imaginary, one in particular will be used here as a basis to understand the Cold War: the comics (also known by the Brazilian acronym HQs). Glancing over of some aspects of this period and more specifically about some of the comics’ writer Alan Moore, written in the final decade of the Cold War, the 1980s, titled, “Watchmen” (miniseries originally published between 1986 and 1987 by DC Comics) and “V for Vendetta” (published between 1982 and 1988). Until the mid-1980s, the world saw the menace of nuclear war between the two emerging superpowers after the Second World War: the United States and the Soviet Union. Because of this probability, the fear of nuclear apocalypse was wide spread, in which all forms of life on the planet could have been eradicated. This fear of a nuclear holocaust increased in the same proportion as the two Superpowers and their allies were improving their weapons of mass destruction. Inserted in this context, Moore tried through the comics, to utter his opinion about this situation. Far from being presented as mere background, the Cold War, with its various ramifications, is in the works of Moore an object of reflection. Therefore, the idea here is precisely to bring the point of Moore, for whom “All comics are political” (Moore apud Sabin, 1993, p. 89), to his own work as a writer with the intent to address a central question how and on what terms the Cold War appears particularly represented in his selected works. There is an attempt to identify if, by incorporating cultural repertoires of their time thus enrolling in a land dispute and a negotiation that reproduces the dilemmas and paradoxes surrounding the Cold War the writer’s works , justify some sort of program for political action. 11 SUMÁRIO Introdução.................................................................................................................................12 Capítulo 1: Apontamentos para uso das Histórias em Quadrinhos como fonte da História Política......................................................................................................................................18 1.1. Breves notas sobre o preconceito com os quadrinhos........................................................18 1.2. Histórias em Quadrinhos e temas políticos........................................................................24 1.3. Histórias em Quadrinhos como fonte histórica..................................................................27 1.4. Considerações teórico-metodológicas................................................................................44 Capítulo 2: Alan Moore: uma voz de esquerda nos quadrinhos...............................................52
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