Hydrogeography – Linking Water Resources and Their Management to Physical and Anthropogenic Catchment Processes

Vol. 149, No. 2-3 · Editorial

Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management DIE ERDE to physical and anthropogenic Journal of the Geographical Society catchment processes of Berlin

Daniel Karthe1,2, Peter Chifflard3, Thomas Büche4,5

1 Environmental Engineering Section, German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology, 2nd khoroo, Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, [email protected] 2 Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany 3 Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35032 Marburg, Germany, [email protected] 4 Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany, [email protected] 5 now at WipflerPLAN Planungsgesellschaft mbH, Hohenwarter Straße 124, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany

1. Introduction to the thematic issue

This thematic issue was initiated by the working group on hydrology within the German Geographical The sufficient availability and quality of water is a Association (for details,th see http://www.ak-hydrologie.- prerequisite not only for all forms of plant, animal and de) ahead of its 50 anniversary meeting in 2018, and human life, but also for socioeconomic development,- (followsChifflard up on Karthe several 2014; other Cyffka thematic issues Karthe (co-)or 2013; with particularly strong links to the agricultural,- Kartheganized by the workingSun group in the past few years mining and industrial sectors. As one of the most fun and and damental sub-disciplines of geography, hydrogeogra Geographica et al. 2017; Augustanaet al. 2018).. The working group phy does not only describe the uneven distribution of also publishes annual conference proceedings in the water resources at the regional and global scale, but series also seeks to explain such differences on the basis of 2. State of the Art the physical environment and human interferences with nature. Hydrogeography (in contrast to a purely- physical hydrology) has therefore turned into a truly- geographical science – considering the complexWinkler in 2.1 Hydrology in the geographical perspective - 1970;terlinkages Uhlig between the physical and the human en - vironment – more than half a century ago ( Both at the global and regional scale, hydrologyCrutzen is in 1971). Hydrogeography continuesCommis to be- fluenced by physical and anthropogenic drivers. How- siona highly for relevantWater Sustainability geographical subdiscipline, as is for ever, in the era of the Anthropocene ( 2002), example evidenced by the existence of the Interna- the distinctions between ‘natural’ and ‘anthropogen- tional Geographical Union. (for details, please see ic’ processes have become less clear, because human- https://iguwater.wordpress.com) within the influences are now manifested in all parts of the natu ral environment. Global change “is marked by the in

Daniel Karthe, Peter Chifflard, Thomas Büche 2018: Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes. – DIE ERDE 149 (2-3): 57-63

DOI:10.12854/erde-2018-412

DIE ERDE · Vol. 149 · 2-3/2018 57 Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes

(terdependenceGermer of physical, biogeochemical, economic, 2.2 Water quality and river ecology in the geographi social, cultural, demographic and political processes”- cal perspective et al. 2011: 1). In this context, water plays a prominent role in two ways: on the one hand, signifi- In a hydro-ecological perspective, riparian floodplains cant shifts in global and regional water distribution are an integral part of river systems, despite the fact are expected; on the other hand, various earthSteffen sys that their environment may seem more terrestrial tems (e.g. climates, soils, vegetation) are connected than aquatic, except for flood periods. The state of by oceanic currents and hydrologicalInternational flows ( As- river and riparian ecosystems is shaped not only sociationet al. 2005), of Hydrologicaland are thus Sciencesaffected (byIAHS the changes. It by natural hydrology, hydromorphology and water is therefore not surprising that the quality, but also by many other external effects. ) underlines the importance of interdisciplinary research efforts From a hydrogeographical perspective, it is important (inMontanari the context of 2013). the scientific decade “Panta Rhei – to understand that hydrology, water quality and river Everything flows: changes in hydrology and society” ecology are closely interlinked. For example, water et al. quality in a river depends not only on the amount of pollutant influx, but also on its hydrology (i.e. Historical hydrology reconstructs past river courses (itsChalov dilution capacity)Völker and ecological state (i.e. the or specific discharge events based on different types functioning of biogeochemical filtration mechanisms) of evidence, such as sediment records, historical et al. 2017; et al. 2013). Despite all documents on meteorological conditions, river basin progress in agricultural, mining, industrial and conditions and flood Deutsch events, photographs,Ruiz-Bellet official municipal water management,Karthe a good chemical statusUNEP documents,Roggenkamp news reports, personalHerget accounts and local of2016; rivers Völker remains a challenge in many parts of the historians’ research ( et al. 2010; world, including Germany ( et al. 2017; et al. 2015; and 2014, 2016). et al. 2013). In mining regions throughout the world, water,Winde sediment and soilThorslund pollution are often Hydrology investigates water flows both on the particularly problematic, even after mining activities (surfaceRogger and below the surface, often looking at the have ceased ( et al. 2004; et al. 2012). scale of river catchments or meaningful subunits - et al. 2017). The different flow pathways The ecological assessment of water bodies requires the are governed by various drivers which include (a) monitoring not only of hydrological, hydro-morphologiBorchardt the characteristics of a precipitationChifflard event, (b) the cal andRichter physico-chemical water quality parameters, but Hortonhydraulic properties of subsurface layers (soils and also function-oriented biological indicators ( - underlying rock formations) ( et al. 2018a; and 2003). Because aquatic ecosystems depend 1933) and (c) surface cover propertiesGermer such as on functioning riparianAishan ecosystems,Stammel the ecological res 2010;vegetation Pistocchi or artificial surface sealing, including any toration of floodplains has received increasing attention- anthropogenic modifications thereof ( et al. in recent years ( Tomscha et al. 2015; et al. 2016), et al. 2015). in particular regarding the provision of regulating eco system services ( et al. 2017). Today, the majority of the world’s large rivers are dammed in at least some sections. Dams, no matterHauer for which purpose they are erected, do not only 2.3 Water management and hydro-geography - modify the temporalHahn pattern of Mack discharge ( et al. 2016), but also affect physico-chemicalChalov waterWohl In the context of efficient water usage and manage- characteristicsRathburn ( et al. 2016; et al. 2013), ment, hydrogeography turns into a more applied and- sediment transportVörösmarty regimes ( et al. 2016; solution-oriented science. Maximizing water use effi and 2003) and the connectivity of river ciency is a prominentKarthe goal for water managers in dry- systems ( et al. 2010). Moreover, in dry land regions such as the continental parts of Central regions, dams lead to significantBarbier evaporation 2006). losses and Eastern Asia ( 2018). Very important wa which may result in the evaporation of half the storage ter users in this region include agriculture,Feike and other volume during a single year ( 2015;forms Guoof vegetation such as trees planted for erosion control, in oasis or for urban greening ( et al. 58 et al. 2016). DIE ERDE · Vol. 149 · 2-3/2018 Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes

- - Because many major riversBoklan cross internationalJanusz-Pawletta bor one of the key factors of surface runoff generation ders, river basin management often requires a trans due to its high spatial and temporal variability. A self- boundary perspective ( and - constructed rainfall simulator is used to compare 2017). In such cases, a common understanding about- the runoff generation of four horse and cattle grazed water managementVölker goals is essential, as it is practical pastures, respectively, with different antecedent soil ly exemplified by the EuropeanHeldt Water Framework Di moisture but homogeneous geological underground rective ( et al. 2013) which is being considered a and soil types. The experimental approach reveals reference even outside the EU ( et al. 2017). distinctively higher runoff coefficients for sites grazed by horses than by cattle and confirms the Despite all (justified) criticism of purely technocratic strong importanceChristian of the Reinhardt-Imjela, antecedent soil Katja moisture. Maerker, approaches, water management in the anthropocene Achim Schulte Arno Kleber also requires the development and implementation The paper by of water-related technologies. Wastewater treatment and investigates the role is a point in case: while water quality in many rivers- that periglacial cover beds play for near-surface water of the developed world continued to deteriorate until flow processes in the Ore Mountains (Germany), which- the 1950s, the widespread construction of wastewa like most Central European mountains were glaciated ter treatment plants andSeeger their continuous upgrading- during the Pleistocene. One important hydraulic prop have led to significant water quality improvements in- erty of these near-surface layers is their anisotropy, receiving water bodies ( 1999). However, tech- which plays an important role for modelling surface nical solutions should always consider the environ and below-surfaceNASIM water flows during heavy rainfall- mental and socioeconomic and demographic frame- events. In a case study on the Upper Flöha watershed- work conditions. Demographic developments (both- and using the rainfall-runoff model, the au growth and shrinkage) have the potentialKarthe to signifi thors show that periglacial cover beds are very im 2016;cantly Londong modify the dimensioning requirements of wa portant elements for flood model parameterization, ter infrastructures over their lifetime ( et al. Julianand that J. Zemke their correct representation is essential for- et al. 2011). the efficiency of flood models. The manuscript by- 3. This special issue’s focus assesses the alteration of runoff process es in a headwater catchment in the Hunsrück-Hoch wald National Park in Germany. In the study region, slope bogs and waterlogged soils have been drained by 3.1 Hydrology Mathias Deutsch, Tobias Reeh a dense network of trenches in order to support fore- Daniel Karthe stry. The author shows that the moisture content of- The study presented by - former slope bogs has decreased significantly (even and investigates historical floods for the after short dry periods), but also argues that his find River Roda in Thuringia, Germany. The authors com ings can supportAhmed a future El-Shazli, rehabilitation Georg ofHörmann, the bog land.Paul bine different sources of informationth th to reconstruct- D. Wagner Nicola Fohrer past flood events for the 16 to 19th century. For the The article by severe flood events of the late 19 century, they iden- and analyzes the suitability- tify interesting parallels to more recent floods (e.g. of different methodological approaches to estimate- the role of land use change). Ultimately, they conclud evaporation losses from the Aswan High Dam Reser ed that historical accounts are an important basis for voir in Egypt. According to the authors’ findings, sim future flood preparedness, particularly with regard ple water balance approaches yield suitable results- to heavy regionalized rainfall for small watersheds. over longer periods of time. However, for more short- term investigations, especially during the hot sum Three manuscripts in this collection deal with the mer months, water balance-based estimates differ relevance of near-surface andPeter land Chifflard, cover properties Dennis significantly from calculated evaporation rates. Given Moulding,for the generation Jann-Thorben of runoff, Petri, interflow Julian and J. infiltration.Zemke and the very high evaporation losses of about 5.5 mm/day MartinThe study Reiss presented by (annual average), the authors conclude that for vast- reservoirs such as that of the Aswan High Dam, the addresses the surface runoff of horse usage of water balance equations can lead to substan grazed pasture areas. Special focus is given on the tial biases in the estimation of evaporation losses. antecedentDIE ERDE · Vol. soil 149 moisture · 2-3/2018 as this is indicated to be 59 Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes

3.2 Water qualityJens and Hahn, river Nina ecology Zitzer Gabriela routines and legislation in the up- and downstream Laufenberg riparian subbasinsMaierdang (countries). Keyimu, Ümüt Halik, Zongshan The article by and - Li, Abdulla Abliz Martin Welp presents a case study on heavy metals in The article by Morus alba the former mining region around Braubach in Ger Fraxinus sogdiana and Platanusinvestigates acerifolia the many. Forest soils of this region are characterized- suitability of three different tree species ( by acidic pH-conditions and local enrichments of Pb L., Bunge and (strong), Cd and Zn (moderate). In river channel sedi (Aiton) Willd.) for urban greening in Aksu, an arid ments, the authors find the more mobile elements (Cd, oasis city in northwestern China. The authors Zn) in more strongly elevated concentrations, as they- identify considerable differences regarding the water did for surface water. They conclude that this results- consumption by these species (more thanMorus factor alba four), from the mobilization of both elements from catch- but also regarding their water-use efficiency. They ment soils to water courses, but also from the relative conclude that the native tree species ( L.) ly high sorption capacity of channel sediments. Con was best adapted to the arid environment and thus trastingly, Pb appears to beBarbara retained Stammel in forestMira soils. Amt - best suited for urban greeningChristian projects. Opp, Bastian Ziebolz mann Marion Gelhaus Bernd Cyffka Michael Groll - The study presented by , The study presented by - , and investigates and discusses the factors to be consid anthropogenic impacts on riverine floodplains on ered for upgrading and renewing wastewater treat ecosystem services at the example of a 35 km stretch ment plants (WWTPs) in rural areas, considering- along the Danube river in Germany.th Following river- wastewater composition, receiving water characte- course rectifications in the late 19 century and the ristics, life cycle assessment of the WWTP, and region- construction of dams for flood protection, the devel- al socio-economic and demographic trends. For their- opment of a navigable channelth and the erection of a specific study area (which is characterized by rela- hydropower plant in the 20 century, the river’s ac- tively unpolluted receiving water bodies and a shrink tive floodplain was reduced to one-fifth of its original- ing population), the authors conclude that maintain size. The authors show that this coincided with a sig- ing existing WWTPs is preferable to upgrading them- nificant decrease of ecosystem functions such as wa to more state-of-the-art technologies (which are more ter storage, carbon sequestration and nutrient reten costly and do not result in notable net benefits for re tion (which were reduced by 40% to 80%). Similarly, ceiving water ecology). they observe a notable loss of habitats (which is much 4. Conclusions more difficult to quantify, though).

st 3.3 Water use and managementFabian Krengel, Christian In the early 21 century, hydrogeography is still based Bernhofer, Sergey Chalov, Vasily Efimov, Ludmila on fundamental hydrological insights that were gained Efimova,The contribution Liudmila Gorbachova, by Michal Habel, Björn by geographers and hydrologists around a century ago Helm, Ivan Kruhlov, Yuri Nabyvanets, Natalya (a nd somet imes even before). W h i le t he u nder s t a nd ing Osadcha, Volodymyr Osadchyi, Thomas Pluntke, Tobias of most hydrological processes has more or less Reeh, Pavel Terskii Daniel Karthe gradually evolved over the years, hydrogeography has developed very dynamically in more recent decades. and analyzes the This is largely due to the following trends: (1) there challenges for transboundary river management in has been a (renewed) focus on interdisciplinary Eastern Europe using the example of three specific approaches, thus linking human and physical river basins, namely that of the Desna (shared by geography; (2) various phenomena related to global Russia and Ukraine), the Western Dvina (shared change (e.g. climate change, demographic change, by Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia) technogenic developments) directly alter regional and the Western Bug (shared by Ukraine, Belarus hydrology and water quality; and (3) the arrival and Poland). Despite similarities regarding size, of modern monitoring and modelling techniques climate and hydrological characteristics, the authors related to hydrological processes and their drivers find considerable differences regarding pollutant have catapulted hydrogeography into the age of ‘big discharge,60 hydrological modifications, monitoring data’. Despite all these advances,DIE ERDE and · Vol. a vast149 · 2-3/2018range of Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes

- racteristics of flood events. A statistical analysis in two perspectives ranging from microscopic and local to 66 nested catchments. – Journal of Hydrology and Hydrome the entire hydrosphere, modern hydrogeography still Chifflard, P., D. Moulding, J.-T. Petri, J.J. Zemke M. Reiss chanics (1): 1-11, doi:10.1515/johh-2017-0037 considers water resources and their management in - the context of physical and anthropogenic catchment and 2018b: Surface runoff of horse grazed pasture – a dis processes. 149 regarded hydrological response unit in low mountain Special Dedication 2018-383 ranges. – Die Erde (2-3): 76-85, doi:10.12854/erde- Crutzen, P.J. 475

2002: Geology of mankind. – Nature : 23, Cyffka, B. D. Karthe The three editors of this thematic issue do not only share a doi:10.1038/415023a - passion for hydrogeography, but all of us have just become and 2013: Water resources and riverine fathers. We would therefore like to dedicate this thematic ecosystems in Eastern Central Asia: Management per - 34 (1-2): 3-4 issue to our beloved children: Lukas Minho Karthe; Lukas spectives in the context of multiple stressors. – GeoÖko Deutsch, M., R. Glaser, K.-H. Pörtge, M. Börngen, A. Drescher, Büche; Joshua Nicolas and Zoe Louisa Chifflard. We sincere B. Martin, D. Riemann J. Schönbein ly hope that the research presented here contributes not only to a holistic understanding of hydrogeography but also and 2010: Historische 62 (3): 18-24 towards the sustainable use and management of the aquatic Hochwasserereignisse in Mitteleuropa. – Geographische Deutsch, M., T. Reeh D. Karthe and terrestrial environment. Rundschau and 2018: Severe historical References 149 (2- floods on the river Roda, Thuringia: from reconstruction to implications for flood management. – Die Erde Aishan, T., U. Halik, A. Kurban, B. Cyffka, M. Kuba, F. Betz El-Shazli, A., G. Hörmann, P.D. Wagner N. Fohrer 2018: 3): 64-75, doi:10.12854/erde-2018-343 M. Keyimu - and and - 2015: Eco-morphological response of flood Comparison of water balance method and alternative - 149 plain forests (Populus euphratica Oliv.) to water diver evaporation methods applied to the Aswan High Dam 73 erde-2018-349 sion in the lower Tarim River, northwest China. – Envi Reservoir. – Die Erde (2-3): 117-131, doi:10.12854/ s12665-013-3033-4 Feike, T., Y. Mamitimin, L. Li R. Doluschitz - ronmental Earth Sciences (2): 533-545, doi:10.1007/ Barbier, B.Y., Y. Dembelé L. Compaoré - and 2015: Develop - and 2006: L’eau au Bur ment of agricultural land and water use and its driving 14 73 kina Faso: usages actuels et perspectives. – Sud Sciences forces along the Aksu and Tarim River, P.R. China. – En Boklan, D. B. Janusz-Pawletta & Technologies : 20-29, doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.06.004 vironmental Earth Sciences (2): 517-531, doi:10.1007/ Germer, S. O. Bens R.F. Hüttl and 2017: Legal challenges s12665-014-3108-x 142 to the management of transboundary watercourses in , and 2011: Global Change: 76 (1-2): 1-2 Central Asia under the conditions of Eurasian economic challenges for regional water resources. – Die Erde 10.1007/s12665-017-6741-3 Germer, S., C. Neill, A.V. Krusche H. Elsenbeer - integration. – Environmental Earth Sciences : 437, Borchardt, D. S. Richter - - doi: and 2010: In - and 2003: Identification of signifi fluence of land-use change on near-surface hydrologi 48 380 cant pressures and impacts upon receiving waters. – cal processes: undisturbed forest to pasture. – Jour Water Science & Technology (10): 33-38, doi:10.2166/ nal of Hydrology (3-4): 473-480, doi:10.1016/j. Chalov, S., J. Thorslund, N.S. Kasimov, J. Nittrouer, E. Iliyecheva, Guo, H., H. Ling, H. Xu B. Guo 2016: wst.2003.0532 jhydrol.2009.11.022 J. Pietron, G. Shinkareva, M. Lychagin, D. Aybullatov, A. and Study of suitable Kositky, M. Tarasov, Y. Akhtman, E. Garmaev, D. Karthe oasis scales based on water resource availability in an J. Jarsjö 2017: 75: 984 arid region of China: a case study of Hotan River Basin. – Hahn, J., C. Opp, N. Zitzer G. Laufenberg and The Selenga River delta: a geochemical Environmental Earth Sciences 17 - barrier protecting Lake Baikal waters. – Regional and 2016: Impacts of s10113-016-0996-1 Environmental Change (7): 2039-2053, doi:10.1007/ river impoundment on dissolved heavy metals in flood Chifflard, P. D. Karthe 75 plain soils of the Lahn River (Germany). – Environmental 68 Hahn, J., N. Zitzer G. Laufenberg - and 2014: Water in research Earth Sciences : 1141, doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5950-5 - and practice. – Erdkunde (1): 1-2, doi:10.3112/ and 2018: The effect of catch Chifflard, P, J. Kranl, G. zur Strassen H. Zepp erdkunde.2014.01.01 ment soils on heavy metal concentrations in a brook situ 149 and 2018a: ated in the historic mining region of Braubach, Germany. The significance of soil moisture in forecasting cha- – Die Erde (2-3): 132-144, doi:10.12854/erde-2018- DIE ERDE · Vol. 149 · 2-3/2018 61 Hydrogeography – linking water resources and their management to physical and anthropogenic catchment processes

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