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Forest Hydrology – Results of Research in Germany and Russia Forest Hydrology – Results of Research in Germany and Russia

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Forest Hydrology – Results of Research in Germany and Russia Forest Hydrology – Results of Research in Germany and Russia IHP/HWRP - BERICHTE HEFT 6 KOBLENZ 2007 Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia AUS DER ARBEIT DES HEFT 6/2007 HEFT DEUTSCHEN IHP/HWRP - NATIONALKOMITEES ISSN 1614-1180 IHP – INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME OF UNESCO HWRP – HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME OF WMO IHP/HWRP - BERICHTE Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia Editors Part I: H. Puhlmann, R. Schwarze Editors Part II: S.F. Federov, S.V. Marunich (dec.) Koblenz 2007 IHP – International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO HWRP – Hydrology and Water Resources Programme of WMO BfG – Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany A German contribution to Phase VI of the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO, Theme 3: Land Habitat Hydrology. Authors Part I: Burkhard Beudert (Section 2.1) Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany Beate Klöcking (Section 2.1) Bureau for Applied Hydrology, Munich, Germany Benjamin Marcq (Section 2.3) Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany Jörg Niederberger (Section 2.3) Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany Heike Puhlmann (Sections 2.2, 2.3) Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany Robert Schwarze (Sections 1.1, 2.1) Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany Klaus-Hermann von Wilpert (Sections 1.2, 1.3, 2.2, 2.3) Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany Part II: Stepan Fedorovich Federov State Hydrological Institute, St. Peterburg, Russia Sergey Victorovich Marunich (dec.) State Hydrological Institute, St. Peterburg, Russia Herausgeber: Deutsches Nationalkomitee für das International Hydrological Programme (IHP) der UNESCO und das Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) der WMO Koblenz 2007 ISSN 1614-1180 © IHP/HWRP-Sekretariat Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde Postfach 200253 56002 Koblenz, Deutschland Fax +49 (0)261 1306 5422 Foreword Foreword Forest plays a key role for many aspects of water resource management and environmental protection. The impact of forest on water quality and the characteristics of hydrological processes in forested catchments are of paramount importance for sustainable human development and the preservation of natural habitats. This impacts not only directly on the socio-economic situation of people living in forested environments, but also affects whole societies via the close links of forestry, sustainable water resource management and other aspects of human economic behaviour such as agriculture, energy supply and trade. This report aims at helping us to clarify some of the main characteristics of forest hydrology in order to provide a sound basis for planning and operational purposes for both water managers and forest officials. It is based on scientific research in the Black Forest and Bavarian Forest, located in Germany (Part I), as well as a thorough study of the hydrological characteristics of Valday forests in Russia (Part II). The Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg has a long tradition of studying forest hydrology in the Black Forest with the main objective of improving water resources management and water ecology in forested areas. With this end in view, the status of water quality and how it has changed has been studied in various forested catchments. To ensure the quality of drinking water, whether it comes from ground or surface water, seepage or discharge water quality in the forest has to be controlled. Climate change and the risk of water stress are also aspects that require consideration. Extensive dieback of coniferous trees is often the result not only of anthropogenic activities but also of ecological variations such as the change of vegetation following attacks by vermin, the bark-beetle for example. This latter aspect was studied in the Bavarian Forest by the Dresden Technical University. In the Valday, extensive studies of forest hydrology were carried out over a long period. Focus was mostly on the water balance, runoff formation and effects of clear-cutting and reforestation on the hydrology of the catchment. Considerable attention was paid to the methods of measuring precipitation and its interpolation within the catchment area, and to the determination of evapotranspiration in forested and non-forested regions. The report Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia has been produced jointly by the Valday branch of the State Hydrological Institute (SHI), Russia and the German IHP/HWRP National Committee. Already in the 1990s the German IHP/HWRP National Committee and the SHI cooperated well. Focus was on the exchange of information and study results regarding experimental hydrology with reference to hydrological processes in small research basins. Fortunately, the continuation of this cooperation has resulted in the publication of this report. iii Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia The publication Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia is a contribution to Phase VI of the IHP of UNESCO, Theme 3: Land Habitat Hydrology. With this publication a contribution is made to the determination of parameters and processes in forested catchments, but also to the clarification and significance of man-made or ecologically induced variations. Many thanks are extended to the authors of this report, Burkhard Beudert, Beate Klöcking, Benjamin Marcq, Jörg Niederberger, Heike Puhlmann, Robert Schwarze, Klaus-Hermann von Wilpert (Part I) and Stepan Federovich Federov, Sergey Victorovich Marunich (dec.) (Part II). Dr J. Cullmann Director of the German IHP/HWRP Secretariat iv Contents Contents Foreword ……...…………………………………………………………………….. ix Part I Results of research in Germany …………...…………………..…. 1 Chapter 1 Objectives of hydrological research in forested catchments …..……. 3 1.1 Runoff formation and water balances of forested catchments .………………. 3 1.1.1 Runoff formation ……………………………………………………. 3 1.1.2 Results from regional studies of land-use influence on runoff formation ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.3 Hydrological implications of forest damage ...……………………… 11 1.1.4 Residence and transit times …………………………………………. 17 1.2 Chemical deposition and seepage water quality in forests …………………... 23 1.2.1 Soil acidification ……………………………………………………. 25 1.2.2 Base saturation ……………………………………………………… 29 1.2.3 Nitrogen saturation ………………………………………………….. 30 1.2.4 Element budgets and their disturbances …………………………….. 31 1.2.5 Exceedance of critical loads ………………………………………… 33 1.2.6 Effect of deposition on seepage and groundwater quality …...……... 35 1.3 Silvicultural management of water quality …………………………………... 36 1.3.1 Tree species selection for controlling seepage water quality …...…... 37 1.3.2 Thinning strategies for controlling seepage water quality …...……... 38 1.3.3 Forest liming for enhancing seepage water quality ….……………… 39 Chapter 2 Selected case studies of forest-hydrological research in German low mountain ranges ………………………………………………………. 41 2.1 Große Ohe: impact of bark beetle infestation on the water and matter budget of a forested catchment ………………………….…………………………… 41 2.1.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………... 41 2.1.2 Research area ………………………………………………………... 42 2.1.3 Monitoring programme ……………………………………………... 43 2.1.4 Process analysis ……………………………………………………... 46 2.1.4.1 Methods …………………………………………………… 46 2.1.4.2 Results …………………………………………………….. 47 2.1.5 Modelling …………………………………………………………… 58 2.1.5.1 The river basin model ……………………………………... 58 2.1.5.2 Model validation …………………………………………... 59 2.1.5.3 Scenario simulations ………………………………………. 60 2.1.5.4 Conclusions ……………………………………………….. 62 v Forest hydrology – results of research in Germany and Russia 2.2 Conventwald: silvicultural management of seepage water quality …………... 63 2.2.1 Research focus ………………………………………………………. 63 2.2.2 Site characteristics …………………………………………………... 64 2.2.3 Instrumentation – configuration of the stratified approach …………. 67 2.2.4 Measurements – results and discussions ……………………………. 70 2.2.4.1 Precipitation and deposition load …………………………. 70 2.2.4.2 Element concentrations in the soil matrix, the seepage and the catchment outlet ……………………………………….. 71 2.2.4.3 Soil hydrological dynamics ……………………………….. 76 2.2.5 Modelling water flow ……………………………………………….. 78 2.2.5.1 Model boundary conditions ……………………………….. 79 2.2.5.2 Soil hydraulic characteristics ……………………………… 80 2.2.5.3 Model calibration ………………………………………….. 81 2.2.5.4 Results …………………………………………………….. 82 2.2.6 Modelling ion fluxes ………………………………………………... 87 2.2.6.1 Model setup ……………………………………………….. 87 2.2.6.2 Spatial effects on ion fluxes ……………………………….. 87 2.2.7 Discussion …………………………………………………………... 90 2.2.7.1 Site drift …………………………………………………… 90 2.2.7.2 Spatial variability of water and matter fluxes ……………... 90 2.2.7.3 Forest management options to improve seepage water quality ……………………………………………………... 90 2.3 Kleine Kinzig: forest liming to enhance the water quality in the catchment of a drinking-water reservoir ……………………………………………………. 91 2.3.1 Research focus ………………………………………………………. 91 2.3.2 Site characteristics …………………………………………………... 91 2.3.3 Instrumentation and sampling ………………………………………. 94 2.3.3.1 Climate and deposition ……………………………………. 95 2.3.3.2 Surface water, perched groundwater and soil water ………. 95 2.3.3.3 Soil chemistry ……………………………………………... 96 2.3.3.4 Electrical Resistivity Tomography ………………………... 96 2.3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………….
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