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EDORA 2.13 WP 11-22 Exemplar Region Reports

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EDORA 2.13 WP 11-22 Exemplar Region Reports The ESPON 2013 Programme Applied Research Project 2013/1/2 EDORA (European Development Opportunities for Rural Areas) EXEMPLAR REGIONS REPORT: CHELMSKO-ZAMOJSKI, POLAND Professor Jerzy Ba ński Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Working Paper 11 July 2009 EUROPEAN UNION Part-financed by the European Regional Development Fund INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION . 3 2. NARRATIVE OF CHANGES . 4 2.1. Population . 4 2.2. Farming . 7 2.3. Non-agricultural activity . 9 3. RELATIONS TO THE “GRAND NARRATIVES” . .12 3.1. Agri-centric . 12 3.2. Urban-rural . 14 3.3. Capitailst (or capital) penetration . 15 4. IMPLICATION FOR POLICY . 16 4.1 Challenges 4.2 Possible Scenarios 5. REFERENCES . 18 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION Chelmsko-zamojski region is located in the eastern part of Lublin voivodship (Fig.1). In terms of economy it is one of the most rural and agricultural region in Poland. Rural areas are characterised by: high share of farmland, high input of labour into agriculture, high ratio of employed in agriculture, very high number of relatively small farms and peripheral meaning of other economic functions. The agricultural land is the dominant form of land use in the region as it accounts for 70% of the total territory. Therefore, arable land prevails, accounting for approximately 90% of the total farmland. The region is characterized by a relatively high soil quality. In the structure of farming an important role is played by field plant production (mainly - wheat, sugar beet, corn, other cereals; locally – vegetables, hop, tobacco). Over the last years no significant changes occurred in the land use structure. Fig. 1. Chelmsko-zamojski region localization Source: own study The region of Chelm and Zamosc belongs among the poorest in Poland. Low values of GDP per capita are mainly associated with high shares of employment in non-commercial farming and a lack of investments into modern branches of the economy. A significant share in industrial production is occupied by food processing industry, associated with the local supply in agricultural products and wood. The remaining branches are of lesser importance and concentrate in the biggest towns. The region of Chelm and Zamosc has a high share of population employed in agriculture (approximately 50%), much above the national average (12%). A lack of industry and a low degree of urbanization mean that only around 10% of agricultural population, can take up additional jobs outside of farming. Photo 1. Typical agricultural landscape of the chelmsko-zamojski region ( J. Ba ński ) In the 1990s, due to structural changes in the economy, reflected, in particular, through reductions in employment, layoffs affected the farm population first. This was caused not only by the generally low professional skills of this population, but also by the possibility of getting odd jobs in farming. There was a drastic drop of the number of bi-occupational population, linking work on the farm and outside of it (Ba ński 2004). 2. NARRATIVES OF CHANGE 2.1 Population The rural character of the region of Chelm and Zamosc is demonstrated by a clear domination of the population living in the countryside. In 2005 urban population amounted to 246,227 persons (37%), while the rural population was 411,351 persons (63%). In terms of demographic situation the region can be classified as a problem area (Ba ński 2001). It is characterized by depopulation, ageing of the population and problems with rates of fertility. For more than ten years there has been a decrease of the population number in the region, both women and men (fig. 2). This is the effect of the natural decrease as well as migration outflow to other regions of Poland and abroad. The region of Chelm and Zamosc has a disadvantageous age structure of the population. The consequence of the decrease in the number of births is the drop in the number of young persons in the age bracket of 0-14 years . This is accompanied by a slow increase of the share of persons in post-productive age . Fig. 2. Areas of excessive outflow of population in the period 1998-2007 A – areas of constant and strong outflow, B – areas of constant and reasonable outflow, C – areas of reasonable outflow, miasta – towns Source: own study based on data of CSO (Central Statistical Office) A very important indicator of the demographic condition of the area is the coefficient of feminization of the marrying age group. In these terms a major part of the region is characterized by a distinct shortage of women , which is especially pronounced in the countryside. This fact has a negative impact on the demographic development of rural areas. On the average, one in ten men does not find a partner for marrying. Another disadvantageous phenomenon in the region is high share of the elderly (fig. 3). This phenomenon is observed first of all in rural areas and is strongly connected with the disadvantageous sex structure and the process of outflow of the young to towns. Mainly the active and the enterprising young migrate to towns and outside of the region. This produces a negative influence on the capacity of economic activation of the region . The region is also characterized by a constant migration outflow of the population . Due to limitations on the labour market and the increase of unemployment this phenomenon was curbed in the 1990s (Flaga 2002). The rural population, relatively less educated, had limited possibilities of finding jobs outside farms. The region is a depopulation area and one should not expect changes with this respect in the near future. Recently, the outflow of population in the age of 20-40 years got more intensive. The most recent reasons for the emigration of this population are the new possibility of earning money abroad, as well as increasing possibilities of studying outside of the region. This emigration is particularly disadvantageous, since it causes, in addition, an increase of the share of population in post-productive age, and also limits the capacities of local entrepreneurship through the decrease of the number of educated people. Hence, it can be expected that the population number in the region shall continue to gradually decrease and that this process shall be accompanied by the ageing of the rural population. Fig. 3. Share of the population in the post-productive age, 2002 (%) Source: own study based on data of CSO Photo 2. Abandoned house in the Dubienka village - the negative consequences of demographic processes ( J. Ba ński ) Owing to the low number of investment projects in manufacturing and low intensity of entrepreneurship of the population , as well as overpopulation in farming , unemployment is higher than on the average in Poland. This value is, though, better now than in the preceding years, since joblessness both in the country as a whole and in the region decreases. The decrease is associated with creation of new jobs in the country, largely owing to foreign investments, having intensified after the accession of Poland to the European Union, and with the possibility of job-related emigration of the population not finding employment in Poland. The highest percentage share of the unemployed living in the countryside is observed in the south-eastern provinces of Poland, that is – on the areas, where there is a relatively high share of rural population. Unemployment is, in fact, higher than the figures show because there are people not fully employed on the farm, but not registered as unemployed - this phenomenon being referred to as hidden unemployment in agriculture . The tendencies typical for south-eastern Poland concern also the region of Chelm and Zamosc. The “financial crisis” is too recent for any estimations, but there is an observed decrease of workplaces and increase of unemployment. 2.2 Farming In the structure of farming an important role is played by field plant production (mainly wheat, sugar beet, corn, other cereals; locally – vegetables, hop, tobacco) – see fig. 4. Therefore, arable land prevails, accounting for approximately 90% of the total farmland. The role of other categories of land is marginal. Fig. 3. Share of arable land in total agricultural land, 2006 Source: own study based on data of CSO The pattern of spatial differentiation of the share of agricultural land in the area of the region is the function of two essential elements: the demographic pressure, displaying varying intensity, and the degree of utility of the natural conditions for farming. High concentration of land used by agriculture is observed first of all on the areas featuring fertile soils. The region of Chelm and Zamosc – and especially its central part – is characterized by the appearance of soils of very good quality. These are, first of all, the complexes of brown and lessive soils, as well as chernozems having emerged on loesses. All crops appropriate for these latitudes can be grown on such soils. Soil conditions in the northern part of the region are not bad, either. Photo 3. Tobacco's tillage ( J. Ba ński ) Agriculture makes inadequate use of the natural productive potential. Theoretically it is able to achieve much better production results than it does at present. Productivity is decreased by a flawed agrarian structure (small, fragmented farms – see fig. 4), limited expenditure on technical means of production, the low level of farmers’ education and ageing of the population (Ba ński 2004). Photo 4. Field under hop's tillage ( J. Ba ński ) Recently, no significant changes occurred in the land use structure . The area can be considered stable with this respect. In view of good agro-ecological conditions arable land dominates in a decisive manner in the structure of agricultural land. On the areas with lower soil quality or on the wet areas larger surfaces of meadows and pastures appear.
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